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Topic: Patellar reflex

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	Patellar reflex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The patellar reflex or knee jerk is a monosynaptic reflex.
		The patellar tendon reflex tests the function of the femoral nerve and spinal cord segements L2-L4.
		The patellar reflex is a clinical and classic example of the monosynaptic reflex arc.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Patellar_reflex (309 words)

	Reflex arc - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A reflex arc is the neural pathway that mediates a reflex action.
		In the case of peripheral muscle reflexes (patellar reflex, achilles reflex), brief stimulation to the muscle spindle results in contraction of the agonist or effector muscle.
		Patellar reflex: when the patellar tendon is tapped just below the knee, the patellar reflex is initiated and the lower leg kicks forward (via contraction of the quadriceps).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reflex_arc (400 words)

	Reflex - MSN Encarta
		Reflex, in physiology, involuntary response to a stimulus by the animal organism.
		The normal pathways of many reflexes are generally known, and the presence, absence, or exaggeration of the normal physical responses to certain stimuli are symptoms used by neurologists to determine the condition of the neural pathways involved.
		A familiar reflex commonly tested by physicians is the patellar reflex, in which an involuntary jerk of the knee is evoked by lightly striking the tendon of the patella, or kneecap, indicating the efficiency of certain nerve tracts in the spinal cord.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761563890/Reflex.html (371 words)

	Neonatal Reflexes Information on Healthline
		The Babinski reflex is characterized by a fanning of all five toes and the stretching forward of the big toe when the bottom of the foot is stroked or tickled.
		It is replaced with the plantar reflex found in young children and adults; this reflex involves curling of the toes in response to the stroking of the sole of the foot.
		The palmar grasp reflex is characterized by the grasping of an object that is placed crosswise on the palm of a newborn infant, or neonate.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/neonatal-reflexes (1006 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		The presence of this reflex indicates integrity of the first lumbar nerve segment of the spinal cord or its root; absence indicates damage of the first lumbar nerve segment or its root or lesion of the corticospinal tract.
		reflex vomiting caused by irritation of the fauces, cf.
		a reflex in the female corresponding to the cremasteric reflex in the male; i.e., on stroking of the inner anterior aspect of the upper thigh there is a contraction of the muscular fibers at the upper edge of Poupart's ligament; cf.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_r_06zPzhtm (4671 words)

	Spinal Reflexes - Myotactic (Stretch) Reflexes - Biceps Reflex
		This reflex uses the biceps brachii muscle and brachialis muscles, which are flexors of the elbow.
		The origin of this reflex is C6-C8 in the spinal cord.
		The expected response is a slight flexion of the elbow.
	www.tufts.edu /vet/neurology/tutorial/036-bic.htm (63 words)

	reflex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		It is the simplest reflex arc and the integration center is the synapse itself.
		More complex reflexes may have their integration center in the spinal cord, in the brainstem, or in the cerebrum where conscious thoughts are initiated.
		The primary purpose of the patellar reflex, which is the stretch reflex of the quadriceps femoris muscle in your anterior thigh, is to prevent the stretching of the quadriceps.
	csm.jmu.edu /biology/danie2jc/reflex.htm (1912 words)

	Bravo Smokes
		The reflex was recorded with the use of a strain gauge transducer and the electromyogram of the ipsilateral quadriceps femoris muscle.
		Inasmuch as nicotine produces a dramatic reduction of the patellar reflex of animals, probably as a result of a direct action of the central nervous systems it would be of considerable interest to know if this pharmacological effect can be produced in man by small doses of nicotine as absorbed during cigarette smoking.
		The patellar reflex was elicited with a mechanical rubber-tipped hammer and monitored before, during, and after smoking by recording simultaneously the isometric contraction with a Grass Model FT 10 strain gauge and the electromyogram of the quadriceps muscle by surface electrodes attached to the overlying skin.
	www.bravosmokes.com /clinical2.asp (3632 words)

	UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1959 Issue 2 - 002
		Other stretch reflexes were also observed, although the changes were not as marked as those observed in the testing of the patellar reflex.
		The depression of tendon reflex responses persisted during the course of meprobamate administration, although there was a slight tendency for reflexes to return towards, normal on the fourth and fifth days of therapy.
		Because of' the ability of meprobamate therapy to depress reflex responses, it was thought possible that the failure of meprobamate to relieve the general weakness characteristic of the abstinence syndrome might be due to the substitution of a "drug-induced" weakness for that normally present during the withdrawal period.
	www.unodc.org /unodc/bulletin/bulletin_1959-01-01_2_page003.html (7017 words)

	WSAVA 2001 - The Neurological Examination
		The patellar reflex (tendinous or monosynaptic reflex) is elicited by tapping the patellar tendon.
		To elicit the reflex, the limb is positioned in a relaxed flexion to tighten the patellar tendon.
		The patellar reflex may be absent or decreased in a dog with a cruciate rupture because the tension in the tendon cannot be raised.
	www.vin.com /VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00160.htm (1462 words)

	Hexapedia - Reflex action (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		A reflex action or reflex is a biological control system linking stimulus to response and mediated by a reflex arc.
		Reaction time For a reflex, reaction time is the time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds.
		Processes such as breathing, digestion and the maintenance of the heartbeat can also be regarded as reflex actions, according to some definitions of the term.
	www.hexafind.com.cob-web.org:8888 /encyclopedia/Reflex (175 words)

	Spinal Reflexes - Myotactic (Stretch) Reflexes - Patellar Reflex
		The patellar reflex is an excellent example of the myotactic stretch reflex.
		The impulse is derived from the reflex hammer striking the patellar ligament.
		The motor component of this reflex arises from L4-L6 in the spinal cord which is the origin of the femoral nerve.
	www.tufts.edu /vet/neurology/tutorial/031-pat.htm (92 words)

	The Nature Institute - Seeing Things Right-side Up: The Implications of Kurt Goldstein's Holism
		The patellar reflex is a classic example of the reflexes one learns about when studying human or animal behavior and the nervous system.
		The patellar reflex is elicited under very particular conditions: the person sits with one leg crossed over the other; the hanging leg is relaxed and then the tendon below the knee is tapped.
		If, in examining a man's pupillary reflex, we obtain a relatively constant contraction of the iris, this is possible only because the individual, so to speak, surrenders his eye to us and completely foregoes the usual act of seeing, i.e.
	natureinstitute.org /pub/ic/ic2/goldstein.htm (3606 words)

	Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
		The homeostatic reflex response to high blood pressure is just as much a reflex as the physical drawback from a painful touch.
		(in a muscular reflex such as this, the muscles that extend the leg as a response are allowed to do so by the inhibition of their antagonistic muscles.
		The muscles required in the reflex carry out their actions, and the muscles that do the opposite action are inhibited.
	www.angelfire.com /ok5/group2/spinalcord.htm (1134 words)

	Washington Running Report -- Feature Article
		Patellar inflammation is usually related to chronic stress of the extensor chain as in downhill skiing or downhill running where the extra stress overloads the patella on a repetitive basis.
		Patellar pain may be fully treated with early selective quadriceps muscle strengthening over the last 30 degrees of extension.
		Use of a patellar tendon strap or a patellar stabilizing brace can help to insure smooth tracking of the patella in the trochlea until the supporting muscles are stronger and balanced.
	www.runwashington.com /features/arakneepain.html (1468 words)

	Knee jerk definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		What is tapped to elicit this reaction is the patellar tendon, the tendon that runs down from the quadriceps muscle in the front of the thigh, over the kneecap (the patella), down to the lower leg.
		Absence of the knee jerk can be due to an abnormality in the "reflex arc" required for the reflex to occur (the muscle "spindles" or the nerve fibers going from the patellar tendon to the spinal cord and returning from the spinal cord to the quadriceps).
		It is less often referred to as the knee phenomenon, the knee reflex, the patellar tendon reflex, or the quadriceps reflex.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4116 (441 words)

	Motor lab protocol for PHSL 410b
		Reflex action is initiated by an input stimulus and results in an output response.
		Reflex activity ranges from the simple reflex, which are mediated by neuronal connections within the spinal cord to the complex reflexes in which higher brain centers are involved.
		Door jam Reflex- This exercise is designed to demonstrate the activity of the muscle spindle by having the subject stand in the doorway and extend both arms to the side, pressing against the door jam.
	www.siumed.edu /~bkinney/cnsprotocol3.html (2880 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		Patellar Reflex: Have your partner sit on the lab stool with one leg crossed.
		Sharply tap the patellar tendon of the crossed leg with the blunt side of the reflex mallet and note the response.
		Repeat the above, but have your partner perform Jendrassik's maneuver; that is, clasping his or her hands at chest level in front of your body with fingers locked, have him or her try vigorously to pull the hands apart while you tap the patellar tendon as before.
	student.biology.arizona.edu /sciconn/Neuroscience/reflexes.html (149 words)

	Lecture Notes: Assessment of the Reflexes
		the afferent (sensory) limb of the reflex arc is stimulated
		the stimulated afferent (sensory) limb of the reflex arc conducts afferent (sensory) impulses through the dorsal root of the spinal nerve to the spinal cord
		the afferent (sensory) impulses synapse in the gray matter of the spinal cord with the efferent (motor) limb of the reflex arc
	www4.desales.edu /~sey0/reflexassessment.html (1760 words)

	(A Practical Guide to Clinical Medicine)
		When the tendon is struck by the reflex hammer, stretch receptors contained within it generate an impulse that is carried via sensory nerves to the spinal cord.
		Identify the patellar tendon, a thick, broad band of tissue extending down from the lower aspect of the patella (knee cap).
		A similar pattern is seen with the death of the cell body of the UMN (located in the brain), as occurs with a stroke affecting the motor cortex of the brain.
	medicine.ucsd.edu /clinicalmed/neuro3.htm (4296 words)

	patellar reflex 엽가 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		patellar reflex란 있는 가구들은 별로 움직인 흔적이 없었다.
		결합을 patellar reflex을 막으며 정자 식작용을 통하여 수정을 방해한다.
		보거나 patellar reflex다 땅 바닥을 긁어 대며 딴 청을 부렸다.
	www.adomall.co.kr /adomall706174656C6C6172207265666C6578 (115 words)

	Ch. 17 - CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
		Pavlov was not reproducing a reflex when he caused dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell after he had paired that sound with the odor of meat.
		The method by which this reflex occurs is that whenever urine in the bladder of a newborn reaches a certain level, the bladder automatically opens to release it.
		An eye-blink, on the other hand, is a reflex when it follows a puff of air to the cornea; but in the experiments now being recalled, the blink took on the form of an emotional reaction when it was paired with the sound of a bell (or an increase in illumination).
	members.aol.com /psychquery/PT17.html (4677 words)

	Notes on the Patellar Reflex and Its Function (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		When the stretch receptors in the patellar tendon detect that the tendon has been stretched, a sensory neuron in the quadriceps muscle carries an impulse to the spinal cord, where it synapses directly with a motor neuron.
		As you begin to lose your balance from an upright position the patellar tendon which is carrying the load of your weight, is suddenly slack, this causes the patellar reflex to be triggered.
		The knee-jerk reflex is a falling reflex that, when we are off balanced, 'kicks' us into the air to help us recover our footing.
	ofinterest.net /patellar (256 words)

	Tale of the Almost Was: E.B. Twitmyer
		He was interested in the effect of emotions on the patellar reflex, or knee jerk.
		The patellar reflex was very important because it could be used to diagnose spinal injuries.
		Twitmyer had discovered the conditioned reflex, a response pattern upon which a dozen different psychological learning theories would eventually be built.
	www1.appstate.edu /~beckhp/twitmyer.htm (580 words)

	patellar reflex yubkisex.com patellar reflex미숙아casestudy patellar reflex뿌까퍼니레이스 다운받기 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		patellar reflex yubkisex.com patellar reflex미숙아casestudy patellar reflex뿌까퍼니레이스 다운받기 patellar reflex patellar reflex
		이 다가가자 그가 사람 좋은 미소를 patellar reflex보다 지으며 재차 입을 열었다.
		의 전반적인 상화을 조금 더 이해한 뒤에 보는 patellar reflex은 것이 좋겠다고 생각했다.
	www.hotel-business.co.kr /hotel-business706174656C6C6172207265666C6578 (145 words)

	Patellar Reflex
		Note that even though the patellar reflex is a monosynaptic reflex, we have included an association neuron in the diagram to illustrate a bisynaptic reflex arc for instructional purposes.
		A spinal reflex is one in which the decision to react is made at the level of the spinal cord, allowing extremely rapid reaction without awaiting the participation of the brain.
		6) Describe the reflexive reactions of the R versus the L leg of your benchmates, record in the data table.
	biology.clc.uc.edu /fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_%26_Physiology/A%26P202/Nervous_System_Physiology/Patellar_Reflex.htm (393 words)

	www.whonamedit.com
		Reflexes characteristic of choreatic (particularly chorea minor) or choreatiform movement disturbances.
		Attention reflex with contraction of pupils without alteration of the eye’s position (accommodation or convergence) when attention is on a bright object in the periphery of vision.
		A strike of the reflex hammer on the spina iliaca causes a reflexive contraction of the contralateral adductors.
	www.whonamedit.com /syndlist.cfm/80 (883 words)

	Star-Gazette.COM News to Use (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		A reflex is a quick, automatic response to a stimulus - pulling your hand away from a hot stove or blinking when something comes close to your eyes are examples.
		The doctor is actually tapping a tendon, the patellar tendon, that stretches over the knee cap, Levitt says.
		There are many stretch reflexes in the body that work together to maintain balance and keep us upright, especially when walking or running.
	www.stargazettenews.com /newstouse/health/bodyworks/072302.html (382 words)

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