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Topic: Pathogenic weapons

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	Chemical Weapons
		Pathogenic micro-organisms, mainly viruses and bacteria, are classed as biological weapons.
		Although environmentalist groups have legitimate concerns that the weapons be disposed of in an environmentally safe manner, weapons experts generally agree that it is environmentally much more dangerous for the weapons to remain in storage for the additional years required to develop alternative methods of destruction.
		In the case of chemical weapons, the threat of proliferation is much smaller than that of nuclear or conventional weapons.
	www.wilpf.int.ch /disarmament/chemicalweapons.htm (3740 words)

	Biological warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As a tactical weapon, the main military problem with a biological warfare attack is that it would take days to be effective, and therefore, unlike a nuclear or chemical attack, would not immediately stop an opposing force.
		In response to suspected biological weapons development in Germany and Japan, the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada initiated a BW development program in 1941 that resulted in the weaponization of anthrax, brucellosis, and botulism toxin.
		Diseases such as wheat blast and rice blast were weaponized in aerial spray tanks and cluster bombs for delivery to enemy water sheds in agricultural regions to initiate epiphytotics (epidemics among plants).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biological_weapons (2402 words)

	Biological Warfare - Early History of Biological Warfare, Modern History of Biological Warfare
		In contrast to bioterrorism, biological warfare is defined as the "statesanctioned" use of biological weapons on an opposing military force or civilian population.
		Chemical/biological warfare agent R400 aerial bombs, destroyed by the United Nations weapons inspectors after the 1991 Persian Gulf War, are seen at the Muthanna State Establishment in Iraq in 1998.
		This treaty, ratified in 1925, prohibited the use of biological weapons; however, it was not effective as Germany, the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union all had biological weapons programs up to the 1960s.
	www.espionageinfo.com /Ba-Bl/Biological-Warfare.html (1291 words)

	Crimes Of War Project > The Book
		In terms of a threat to human life they are on a scale comparable to a nuclear weapon as a weapon of mass destruction, and some major powers view them as the strategic equivalent.
		The hardest part of a BW program to conceal is the weapons end of the process, when the organism or toxin is put into a missile warhead, bomb, artillery round, or aerial spray tank.
		This protocol was itself derived from an ancient customary law of war restricting the use of “poisonous” weapons or substances in armed conflict that had first been codified in the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907.
	www.crimesofwar.org /thebook/biologocal-weapons.html (1045 words)

	The Biological Weapons Convention - An overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The UN report concluded that certain chemical and biological weapons cannot be confined in their effects in space and time and might have grave and irreversible consequences for man and nature.
		Although simultaneous prohibition of chemical and biological weapons had been considered for many years as both desirable and necessary, towards the end of the 1960s it became clear that such a prohibition was not achievable.
		A factor which facilitated this development was the unilateral renunciation of biological weapons by the United States, announced on 25 November 1969, and the decision by the US government to destroy its stockpile of these weapons, irrespective of a possible future international agreement [6].
	www.icrc.org /Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList512/81EA052111C18EA5C1256B66005AA5AA (5336 words)

	Biological Weapons
		Biological weapons introduce a bacteria or virus into an environment for hostile purposes, that is not prepared to defend itself from the intruder.
		In one analysis, the comparative cost of civilian (unprotected) casualties is "$2,000 per square kilometer with conventional weapons, $800 with nuclear weapons, $600 with nerve-gas weapons, and $1 with biological weapons." Not surprisingly, biological weapons have long since become known as the poor man's atom bomb.
		The UN report concluded that certain chemical and biological weapons cannot be confined in their effects in space and time and might have grave and irreversible consequences for man (sic) and nature.
	www.wilpf.int.ch /disarmament/biologicalweapons.htm (4671 words)

	Biological Weapons
		Biological weapons are seen as weapons of mass destruction.
		Biological weapons use pathogenic microorganisms from humans, plants, or animals to sicken, weaken, or kill, by infection of a disease.
		If the right level 4 virus were to be used as a biological weapon it could easily wipe out a place the size of Texas in a time span of about 2 to 3 weeks.
	members.tripod.com /nrrudat/bioweapon.html (1327 words)

	Bulletin 19 - Biotechnology, Ethics of Research and Potential Military Spin-off
		This development was soon perceived as a potential threat to biological weapons control, and fears were raised that totally new types of microorganisms with qualities more suitable for battlefield use might be fabricated.
		Genome analyses and nucleotide sequencing are being intensively applied to pathogenic microorganisms, with the aim of discovering and identifying new virulence determinants.
		In regard to genetic weapons being directed against humans, it is known that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most frequent type of variation in the human genome.
	www.inesap.org /bulletin19/bul19art05.htm (3507 words)

	Bush U-Turn on Bioweapons & GM
		In a dramatic, sweeping statement, President George W. Bush is calling for procedures to address Biological Weapons Convention compliance, oversight for genetic engineering of pathogenic organisms, a universal ethical code for biosciences and responsible conduct in the study, use, modification and shipment of pathogenic organisms.
		All civilized nations reject as intolerable the use of disease and biological weapons as instruments of war and terror.
		The United States is committed to strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) as part of a comprehensive strategy for combating the complex threats of weapons of mass destruction and terrorism.
	www.i-sis.org.uk /BushonBioweapons.php (645 words)

	The U.S. Army Professional Writing Collection
		How to turn modern biotechnology to make actual weapons today is still not known, but with their capability of attacking targets accurately and producing ultramicro, nonlethal, and reversible damage, such weapons might nally change the methods of "physical annihilation" or "destruction within the killing range" which have characterized war since the invention of gunpowder.
		Unlike weapons that use ammunition whose damaging effects can only be ascertained after shooting, we can test in a laboratory the degree of damage biotechnological weapons produce.
		Biological weapons of mass destruction originated from the idea that the more they kill and the ercer the disasters they produce, the better they are.
	www.army.mil /professionalwriting/volumes/volume3/october_2005/10_05_4_pf.html (2381 words)

	White House Reports on Sanctions, Arms Exports to Iraq
		Multilateral organizations in the area of chemical and biological weapons and missile proliferation were established and strengthened during the decade.
		For certain other chemicals which are chemical weapons precursors or have potential use as chemical weapons, the convention requires data reporting on aggregate export and import of chemicals, and on-site inspections of facilities producing, processing or consuming the chemicals.
		The indictments are the culmination of a three-year investigation in connection with the construction of the Samarra chemical weapons complex.
	www.fas.org /news/iraq/1991/910917-197305.htm (4764 words)

	Native Americans & Weapons of Mass Destruction - Annihilation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In regards to defining weapons of mass destruction, the term, as used today, may be considered relevant to the times.
		A submachine gun may be termed a weapon of mass destruction in comparison to a single shot rifle not only in effectiveness, but in terms of capability to kill many more people.
		By 1607, with the first small colony of 104 that settled at Jamestown, the continent was already reeling under a massive invasion of diseases and violence that had reduced the population to near extinction in comparison to what it was.
	www.apfn.org /THEWINDS/1998/03/weapons_of_destruction1.html (2273 words)

	Biological Weapons Treaties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Biological weapons are described as weapons that project, disperse, or disseminate biological agents or toxins.
		These are: 1) the projection, dispersal, or dissemination of small amounts of biological agents sufficient to cause disease or illness among the targeted population; and 2) small incubation periods (hours to days) make it difficult to determine the time, location, and direction of attack before signs are manifested among the targeted population.
		Weapons, equipment, or means of delivery designed to use such agents or toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflict.
	www.nawcwpns.navy.mil /~treaty/BWC.html (1151 words)

	Biological Weapons - Introduction
		Thus, as much as 100 times more pathogen or toxin could be produced per cell than that which could be produced by naturally occurring strains.
		General robustness or survivability of a pathogen under the environmental stresses of temperature, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and desiccation (drying) can also be genetically improved to promote stability during dissemination; nutrient additives are used to enhance survival of selected biological agents in aerosols.
		Controlled persistence of a pathogen to permit survivability under specified environmental conditions may eventually be possible.
	www.geocities.com /area51/shadowlands/6583/project307.html (1071 words)

	Defense Applications
		Unlike conventional weapons, pathogenic microorganisms have the ability to replicate and spread, they do not distinguish between the soldier and the civilian, and once released they can not be recalled or controlled.
		Specifically, by utilizing novel enzymes required for the transport and/or assembly of the proteins and structures that bacteria require for adhesion or colonization, SIGA is developing new classes of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
		Anti-Smallpox Drugs: While deliberate introduction of any pathogenic agent would be devastating, the one that holds the greatest potential for harming the general U.S. population is smallpox.
	www.siga.com /4a_DefenseAppl.html (670 words)

	Biological Weapons
		There is a clear distinction between processing materials for biological or toxin agent weaponization and processing protective agents to be used for countermeasures or personnel performance enhancement.
		Powdering and milling is the technique generally used to produce BW and toxin weapons (TW) agent particles having diameters less than or equal to 10 mm, the size most effective for respiratory delivery.
		Toxins and pathogens that affect animals, such as anthrax, brucella, plague, and tularemia, are widespread.
	www.fas.org /nuke/intro/bw/production.htm (2454 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| DNA databases 'no use to terrorists'
		Genome pioneer Dr Claire Fraser, of The Institute for Genomic Research (Tigr), says that although the genetic data of human pathogens is public, no one knows enough to turn this information into bioweapons.
		At Tigr, scientists have sequenced nearly 20 pathogens, including those that cause cholera, pneumonia, anthrax, meningitis, and syphilis.
		Although scientists have a lot of genetic information about bacteria and viruses that could, in principle, be used to generate superbugs, Dr Fraser said there was so much we did not understand about gene function that such information would be of no practical use to a bioterrorist.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/2660753.stm (683 words)

	Long grim story of bio-war
		Biological weapons may seem a modern phenomenon, but they have a long, ugly history.
		A 1941 attack on Changteh kills at least 1,700 Japanese troops, demonstrating that biological weapons are tricky to use.
		The U.S. begins an offensive biological weapons program at Camp Detrick, Md. Tests with anthrax and other pathogens are hampered by a lack of safe enclosures.
	whyfiles.org /059bio_war/history.html (822 words)

	portland imc - 2003.01.24 - New US Bioweapons Threat on Colombia
		The weapons are pathogenic strains of fungi designed to kill drug crops.
		In 2001, the US defended the plan at the Biological Weapons Convention, where US Ambassador Don Mahley said it is needed in order "to fight the Medellin Cartel", an anachronistic reference to a criminal organization dismembered by Colombian police a decade ago.
		Ignoring the colossal hypocrisy of promoting US biological weapons in the midst of the Iraq showdown, they are taking advantage of Colombia's stressed diplomatic position to press for biological escalation of the Colombian conflict.
	portland.indymedia.org /en/2003/01/41996.shtml (1352 words)

	Global Beat: Valentin Yevstigneyev On Issues, Relating To Russian Biological Weapons
		There was an order to create such weapons but they were never taken seriously as a real offensive means and there were no plans for their use.
		A.: Thanks to geneticists, it became possible to change the characteristics of a pathogen with a help of genetic manipulations and to obtain a biological agent that would be less vulnerable to external conditions and more efficient in making its way through the human immune system.
		Biological weapons, with all their tactical drawbacks, are the cheapest kind of WMD in terms of production.
	www.bu.edu /globalbeat/nuclear/PIR071299.html (6072 words)

	Emerging Threats Assessment
		While biological weapons require a reasonable level of sophistication to manufacture and deploy, they are generally more accessible to a terrorist group than nuclear materials and technology.
		By utilizing a mixture of DNA primers representing genes from suspected organisms, the pathogenic DNA sequences in a sample could be amplified and labeled with fluorescent markers.
		One scenario could be to produce a pathogenic organism genetically resistant to three or four of the most common antibiotic treatments.
	engineering.dartmouth.edu /~ethreats/ethreats7.html (1362 words)

	CNN.com - Bush urges improvements in biological weapons convention - November 1, 2001
		The landmark accord -- the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention -- prohibits the possession of all biological weapons.
		The White House has said that the effectiveness of such inspections could not be verified, leaving countries still able to produce biological weapons.
		It is not clear if these proposals, if agreed upon by the other parties to the treaty, would need to be enacted through an amendment to the treaty or through some other mechanism.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/ALLPOLITICS/11/01/bush.bioterror (451 words)

	Bush Proposes Steps to Strengthen Biological Weapons Pact, 11/1
		President Bush November 1 proposed a series of steps to be taken by all parties to strengthen the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC).
		Rogue states and terrorists possess these weapons "and are willing to use them," he added.
		However, if we can strengthen the Convention against the threat of biological weapons, we will contribute to the security of the people of the United States and mankind as a whole.
	www.usembassy.it /file2001_11/alia/a1110113.htm (571 words)

	[No title]
		The international legal analysis focuses on two policy aspects of infectious diseases and armed conflict: (1) the intentional use of pathogenic microbes during war, and (2) the general public health consequences of armed conflict.
		While there has been use of pathogenic microbes as weapons, the historical evidence suggests that the greatest opportunities for pathogenic microbes develop through the general environmental alterations and destruction created during armed conflict.
		Yet, as recent concerns about the proliferation of biological weapons suggest, international legal regulation of biological weapons has not been successful.
	www.eli.org /ecw/fidwar.htm (604 words)

	What are weapons of mass destruction
		"pathogenic microorganisms or biologically produced toxins that can cause illness and death in human, animal, or plant populations"
		"weapons which release enormous amounts of energy through one of two processes: nuclear fission or nuclear fusion"
		NBC weapons are seen as "taboo" by almost all states
	www.u.arizona.edu /~gcdixon/courses/pol365/pol365s03_d14.html (521 words)

	Bioterrorism: Implications for the Clinical Microbiologist -- Klietmann and Ruoff 14 (2): 364 -- Clinical Microbiology ...
		weapon that was used and in alerting authorities.
		The concept of biological agents as weapons is hardly a novel idea.
		Table 6 summarizes some of the characteristics of the agents discussed above that relate to their use as bioterrorist weapons.
	cmr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/14/2/364 (10057 words)

	President's Statement on Biological Weapons
		The United States unilaterally destroyed its biological weapons stockpiles and dismantled or converted to peaceful uses the facilities that had been used for developing and producing them.
		Today, we know that the scourge of biological weapons has not been eradicated.
		The ideas we propose do not constitute a complete solution to the use of pathogens and biotechnology for evil purposes.
	www.whitehouse.gov /news/releases/2001/11/20011101.html (458 words)

	BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION EXPERT MEETING CONCLUDES
		As well as national delegations, participants in the Meeting included government scientists, experts from international organizations, representatives of international and regional academies of science, professional associations, academic institutions, individual scientific researchers, scientific publishers, research funders, and biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry associations.
		The Meeting of States parties to be held in December 2005 will conclude this three-year programme. In 2006, the Sixth Review Conference will consider the work of the programme and decide on any further action.
		The Biological Weapons Convention, which opened for signature in 1972 and entered into force in 1975, is the first multilateral disarmament treaty banning an entire category of weapons. It currently has 155 States Parties, with a further 16 having signed but not yet ratified.
	www.un.org /News/Press/docs/2005/dc2973.doc.htm (397 words)

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