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Topic: Patient controlled analgesia

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	Patient-controlled analgesia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		PCA has passed into medical jargon to mean the electronically controlled infusion pump that delivers a prescribed amount of intravenous or epidural analgesic to the patient when he or she activates a button.
		It saves time between when the patient feels pain and/or the need to receive analgesia and when it is administered (activation automatically pumps the dose into a pre- existing IV line into the patient).
		Patients may be unwilling to use the PCA or be physically or mentally unable to.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Patient-controlled_analgesia (354 words)

	Patient Controlled Analgesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		As you are in control of the pump, you can give yourself as much or little of the pain reliever as you need.
		The idea is to use the PCA until you have minimal pain and then use it enough to keep this level of comfort.
		You may need to use the PCA quite often in the first 24 hours after your operation when pain levels are the highest.
	www.fhhs.health.wa.gov.au /anaesthesia/PCA.htm (866 words)

	Analgesia Controlada Por El Paciente (Acpp) / Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA), Cincinnati Children's Hospital ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		PCA stands for "patient-controlled analgesia" which means that the patient is in control of his / her pain medicine.
		When the patient begins to have pain, he / she pushes the button and a certain amount of pain medicine goes into the vein through the IV (intravenous) tubing.
		Patients who are taking an opioid medication for 10 days or longer may develop a tolerance to the medication.
	www.cincinnatichildrens.org /health/info/pain-mgt/pain/pca.htm (741 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The quality of analgesia was comparable between both regional techniques but the incidence of side effects was significantly lower with femoral catheter suggesting the femoral catheter as a first choice for analgesia after knee surgery.
		Analgesia after hip arthroplasty is achieved with a single shot posterior lumbar plexus block associated to either iv PCA or regular subcutaneous morphine injections.
		Analgesia after foot surgery is highly controlled with the use of continuous sciatic block inserted in the popliteal fossa.
	www.md.ucl.ac.be /virtanes/esralect2.html (2208 words)

	PATIENT CONTROLLED ANALGESIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Furthermore, patients with good pain control tend to make faster progress and, on average, leave hospital earlier.
		PCA pumps have been in use for many years now and they incorporate a number of safety features.
		You will only be on PCA for a relatively short period of time.
	www.umanitoba.ca /womens_health/painpca.htm (379 words)

	Module 6: Pain Management: Pediatric Pain Management
		Patient controlled analgesia (PCA) is widely used for postoperative pain relief in both children and adults.
		The lockout interval is the period during which the PCA unit is refractory to further demands by the patient, and is necessary to prevent patients from taking an additional dose before appreciating the effect of the preceding dose.
		PCA may be administered either alone or in conjunction with a low-dose continuous infusion.
	www.ama-cmeonline.com /pain_mgmt/module06/06phar/08_01.htm (355 words)

	ProStrakan - Patient Controlled Analgesia
		PCA is a pain-control system where a patient can treat his own pain rather than wait for a nurse to give more medication.
		When the pain control is administered intra-muscularly, it usually takes about half an hour to feel the pain relieving effects of the medication because it is absorbed more slowly into the bloodstream.
		When given by intravenous infusion or administered by the patient, morphine is recognised as an effective method for postoperative control of pain, without the need for intramuscular injections of analgesics.
	www.strakan.com /pca.html (326 words)

	Sentinel Event Alert, Issue 33 - December 20, 2004
		Patient controlled analgesia (PCA) is an effective and efficient method of controlling pain, and when it is used as prescribed and intended, the risk of oversedation is significantly reduced.
		PCA by proxy errors are highly preventable and can be significantly reduced with adequate and appropriate education and training of staff and family members.
		Some patients may not be appropriate candidates to receive PCA because of their age (infants and young children are not appropriate candidates); their mental state (confusion, agitation, restlessness); or due to their level of consciousness, psychological stability, or intellectual capacity.
	www.jcaho.org /about+us/news+letters/sentinel+event+alert/sea_33.htm (860 words)

	Patient Controlled Analgesia in Palliative Care
		PCA is an effective, safe and well accepted treatment for post-operative pain, sickle cell crisis pain (as young as age 4), and cancer pain.
		PCA is also indicated for use as a method of rapid dose titration and dose finding in acute severe pain.
		Risk of Overdose The patient who is pushing his or her own PCA button will fall asleep before serious signs of overdose occur as long as only the patient pushes the button (Special care is needed for patients with sleep apnea as they will be more sensitive to opioids).
	www.mywhatever.com /cifwriter/library/eperc/fastfact/ff92.html (867 words)

	Nursing: Introducing patient-controlled oral analgesia
		Patients in the NAOA group were asked to write down the time they pushed the call light for pain medication, their pain rating at the time of the request, and the time they received the dose.
		Like patients in the control group, those in the PCOA group were asked to document their pain rating 1 hour after administration and note whether they were meeting the target pain level.
		Patient satisfaction with pain management was 3.6 on 4.0 Likert scale in the PCOA group, compared with 3.4 for the NAOA group.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3689/is_200409/ai_n9424714 (802 words)

	PATIENT CONTROLLED ANALGESIA
		Two standard osteoarthritis measures were used to assess patient response: The WOMAC Index, a self-administered patient questionnaire, and the Patient and Investigator Global Assessment of Response to Therapy scale.
		Patients who are at a high risk of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, have a history of intolerance to non-selective NSAIDs, or are not doing well on non-selective NSAIDs may be appropriate candidates for Cox-2 selective agents..
		For the past three months arthritis patients have seen their drug options dwindle to a point where some people suffering from arthritis have refused to take any medication for their pain..
	celebrex-n-vioxx-alternatives.com /patient_controlled_analgesia.html (1450 words)

	ASA: Patient Controlled Analgesia Associated with Lower Infection Rates than Epidural Analgesia in Morbidly Obese ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		ORLANDO, FL -- October 16, 2002 -- In morbidly obese patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery, patient controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine is an effective method of postoperative pain control and is associated with a lower rate of wound infection compared with epidural analgesia, new research suggests.
		Patients who received epidural analgesia had a greater risk of wound infection than did patients receiving PCA (39 percent versus 15 percent, p=0.02).
		The two groups had similar quality of pain control at rest, need for extra analgesia, frequency of nausea and pruritus, time to ambulation, return of gastrointestinal function, and length of stay in the intensive care unit and in hospital.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/22065a.htm (502 words)

	Patient-Controlled Intravenous Analgesia (PCA)
		PCA is a medication-dispensing unit equipped with a pump attached to an intravenous line, which is inserted into a blood vessel in the patient's hand or arm.
		However, prior to release from the hospital, the patient is weaned from the PCA and given oral medication to control pain.
		Patients who are given control over their pain ambulate sooner, which promotes circulation and healing.
	www.spineuniverse.com /treatment/pain/tk_071200pain_pca.html (406 words)

	Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Pump
		When a patient feels pain, he or she can press the button on the pump for additional pain medication.
		Patients should not press the button on the machine if they are feeling too sleepy.
		The more alert the patient is, the more likely he or she is to participate in a therapy program to aid and possibly shorten recovery.
	clevelandclinic.org /health/health-info/docs/3600/3665.asp?index=12057 (315 words)

	PATIENT CONTROLLED ANALGESIA FOR CHILDREN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Patient controlled analgesia (ah-null-G-z-uh) or "PCA" is a way to use pain medicine without the need for repeated injections (shots).
		PCA can be used for children as young as 6 or 7 if they are able to understand that after pushing a button the pain is less.
		PCA may only be used for a few days depending on the injury or illness your child has.
	www.medformation.com /ac/mm_qdis.nsf/qd/nd6037g.htm (1479 words)

	Patient-controlled analgesia with nalbuphine during labor -- Podlas and Breland 70 (2): 202 -- Obstetrics & Gynecology
		The effectiveness and safety of nalbuphine administered via the patient-controlled analgesia system were investigated in 82 parturients during labor.
		Comparison of nalbuphine via the patient-controlled system versus 66 control patients receiving the same drug via intermittent intravenous bolus injections revealed it to be safe and effective in both cases.
		Patients receiving nalbuphine by the pump had less drowsiness and were more satisfied with their analgesia than those in the control group.
	www.greenjournal.org /cgi/content/abstract/70/2/202 (139 words)

	Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA)!
		Analgesia means ‘without pain.’ PCA is a wonderful invention designed to help people of all ages control pain after surgery.
		Patients are given a little push button device to hold in their hand.
		PCA helps patients control their own pain without waiting for a nurse or needing shots.
	www.spineuniverse.com /kidsplanet/treatment/pca.html (384 words)

	Patient-Controlled Analgesia
		The patient has a button on the end of a cord which she can push at will whenever more pain medicine is desired.
		The modern approach to pain control is to give the patient control over the administration of the analgesia so that she doesn't have to wait for the nurse to draw up the medicine and come down the hall to administer it.
		It perpetuates the pain by requiring the patient to wait until she is actually in pain to ask for more pain medicine.
	www.drbeckwith.com /PCA.php (629 words)

	AAMI: December 22, 2004: 2005: JCAHO Issues Alert on Patient Controlled Analgesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Well-intended family members and caregivers who want to keep patients from suffering may actually be putting them at risk by becoming involved in administering patient controlled analgesia, according to a new warning issued by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO).
		Patient controlled analgesia (PCA) is a pain control system that allows patients to treat their own pain rather than wait for a nurse or other health care professional to give more medication.
		The patient can receive the pain medication by pressing a button, allowing that individual greater control in managing the pain he or she is experiencing.
	www.aami.org /news/2004/122204.pcas.html (281 words)

	Patient-controlled analgesia in postoperative pain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Patient preference for PCA had an NNT of 1.9 (1.6 to 2.5) for at least satisfactory analgesia when compared with conventional analgesia at 24 hours in patients with postoperative pain.
		Patient satisfaction was measured using the Eisenbach and Ellis scales or as a patient preference for PCA versus conventional therapy.
		PCA was associated with significantly better pain relief than conventional analgesia.
	www.jr2.ox.ac.uk /bandolier/booth/painpag/Acutrev/Other/AP050.html (533 words)

	Patient-controlled analgesia
		PCA is a technique which allows patients to self-administer small doses of an analgesic drug within preset limits.
		As it is impossible to predict any patient’s absolute requirement for the analgesic drug, however, the use of a continuous background infusion may lead to an increased risk of side effects (Notcutt & Morgan 1990).
		In a recently published survey of 1057 patients receiving postoperative PCEA with bupivacaine and fentanyl the incidence of respiratory depression was 0,19% (Wigfull & Welchew 2001).
	herkules.oulu.fi /isbn9514267958/html/x499.html (710 words)

	Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Pump
		The patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump is a computerized machine that is attached to a patient’s intravenous (I.V.) line.
		Patients recovering from surgery often are equipped with PCa pumps.
		Children who are four to six years old may be able to use PCA with the help of a parent or nurse.
	www.clevelandclinic.org /health/health-info/docs/3600/3665.asp?index=12057 (315 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		a technique for pain control using an infusion pump so that small doses of a narcotic can be administered intravenously by the patient; it includes safeguards against overdose.
		patient controlled analgesia in which a narcotic or local anesthetic is administered into the epidural space via a catheter.
		group therapy in which interpretation is given to the patients and insight is evoked on the basis of the communication and interactions occurring within the group.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_a_34zPzhtm (2165 words)

	ASA: Noninvasive Patient-Controlled Analgesia Relieves Acute Postoperative Pain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Patients were also educated before and after surgery about postoperative pain management and assessment.
		The primary efficacy measure was the percentage of patients who stopped their treatment because of inadequate pain control at least 3 hours after starting treatment.
		Application-site reactions were reported by fewer then 5% of patients in each treatment group, and, in all but 1 patient, were of mild or moderate severity.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/23ebca.htm (608 words)

	Patient Controlled Analgesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		P.C.A., or Patient Controlled Analgesia, is a system of medicine delivery that lets you safely manage your own pain through a pump with tubing that is attached to you.
		You control the infuser with a hand held device that functions similarly to a call button.
		The PCA infuser has a lockout period that prevents the delivery of doses too close together.
	www.corninghospital.com /Educate/PCA.htm (235 words)

	Intravenous Patient Controlled Analgesia for Labour and Delivery
		PCA is a technique that allows the mother to administer her own pain relief.
		Although a variety of analgesic agents can be given via a patient controlled device, fentanyl is the one most commonly used for the woman in labour.
		It should be explained to her that complete analgesia is not a realistic goal using a PCA technique, but it can still be used very effectively to provide her with pain relief.
	www.manbit.com /obstetspain/peth9.htm (802 words)

	Parenteral Basal/Patient Controlled Analgesia Dosing
		In contrast, if a patient is unable to push the PCA button (due to illness or altered mental status, such as dementia), either the basal rate must be emphasized or nursing staff (or family) instructed to assess and administer the PCA dose as needed.
		If pain was not well controlled with this combination of basal and PCA dosing, a higher basal dose, 10-12 mgs, for example, may be needed.
		Such patients may state that pain is well controlled while awake, but when they fall asleep (and thus cannot push the button) they may suddenly awaken in pain and play "catch-up" with PCA doses.
	www.mywhatever.com /cifwriter/library/70/4931.html (960 words)

	Patient Controlled Analgesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This project focused on the use of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) on an acute surgical ward in a district general hospital.
		The ward had acquired 3 PCA machines and the nurses had started to use these (in collaboration with anaesthetists) with patients undergoing major surgery.
		A review of the relevant literature showed that an experimental group of patients who had received a written pamphlet and structured pre-operative teaching on the use of PCA managed their pain significantly better than a control group who received usual pre-operative preparation prior to use of PCA (Timmons and Bower 1993).
	www.fons.org /ahcp/archive/analgesia.asp?sub=sub1 (283 words)

	Patient Controlled Analgesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Note: Meperidine should not be used >48 hours or at doses >600 mg/day in patients with normal renal function.
		Patients receiving MAO inhibitors or who have received MAO inhibitors in the past 14 days.
		Patients with untreated hypothyroidism, Addison's disease, BPH/urethral stricture, and seizure disorder.
	academyconnect.uchospitals.edu /v1/4901/mod_02/UCH_PCA_2_06.htm (154 words)

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