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	Chile encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Chile politics and officials, Chile History. Travel to Chile
		Chilean independence was formally proclaimed on February 12, 1818, and the last of its territory, Chiloé, was wrested from Spanish rule by 1826.
		Chile\'s constitution was approved in a fraudulent national plebiscite held in September 1980.
		In 2002 Chile signed an association agreement with the European Union (comprising FTA, political and cultural agreements), in 2003, an extensive free trade agreement with the United States, and in 2004 with South Korea, expecting a boom in import and export of local produce and becoming a regional trade-hub.
	www.chileiworld.com /wiki-History_of_Chile (3472 words)

	Flag of Chile - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During Chile's struggle for independence, the government of José Miguel Carrera called for the creation of a national flag, the first one for the country.
		Nevertheless, this flag didn't survive the Old Country ("Patria Vieja") and in May of 1814 upon the signing of the Treaty of Lircay, Colonel Francisco de la Lastra, enemy of Carrera, commanded that the flag be taken down and replaced by the Spanish flag.
		Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago · Uruguay · Venezuela
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Flag_of_Chile (784 words)

	Augusto Pinochet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		His opponents charge him with destroying Chile's democracy, including by repressing groups such as MIR pushing for change, pursuing a policy of state terrorism, catering exclusively for private interests, and adopting economic policies that favored the wealthy and hurt the country's middle- and low-income sectors.
		During 1977 and 1978, Chile was on the brink of war with Argentina (also ruled by a military government) over a disagreement regarding the ownership of the strategic Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands at the southern tip of South America.
		The situation in Chile came to international attention in September 1976, when Orlando Letelier, a former Chilean ambassador to the United States and minister in Allende's cabinet, was assassinated in Washington, D.C. by a bomb in his car.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Augusto_Pinochet (4966 words)

	Chilean Flag History - Chile Facts - Pepe's Chilean Adoration Page
		Long ago when Chile still struggled for its independence, the government of José Miguel Carrera called for the creation of a national flag, the first one for this country.
		Nevertheless, this flag didn't survive the Old Country (Patria Vieja) and in May of 1814 upon the signing of the Treaty of Lircay, Coronel Francisco de la Lastra, enemy of Carrera, commanded that the flag be taken down and replaced by the Spanish flag.
		Today's Chile flag was conceived by José Ignacio Zenteno and designed by Antonio Arcos, although some afirm that is was Gregorio de Andía y Varela who drew it.
	www.joeskitchen.com /chile/facts/bandera.htm (461 words)

	Latin American Issues - Volume 1 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In Chile, institutionalization of the political process was high and had preceded the increase in popular political participation; this would seem to favor a civic society and decrease the likelihood of military intervention in politics.
		After the independence of Chile was achieved under the leadership of Bernardo O'Higgins, a period of civil strife between liberals favoring federalism and conservatives favoring centralism was resolved in favor of the conservatives by Diego Portales.
		In Chile it was the opposition small owners and professional middle classes that was crucial; and it was the military that was estimating the strength of that opposition.
	webpub.alleg.edu /group/LAS/LatinAmIssues/Articles/Vol1/LAI_vol_1.htm (15697 words)

	The Shadow of Bolivar
		The outstanding leader in the struggle for Venezuela's independence from Spanish colonial rule in the early 19th century, Bolivar went on to liberate four other South American countries - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia (his namesake).
		They aimed to resurrect some of the central values of Bolivar, that in their view had been lost in modern Venezuela: national independence, economic self-sufficiency, and an ethic of service to the people.
		While the elites of these countries have been wary of supporting his position, the realities on the ground, with millions from Chile to Chiapas feeling the negative effects of Washington's neo-liberal economic policies, point to a fertile ground for such a vision.
	www.chavezthefilm.com /html/backgrd/bolivar.htm (1873 words)

	Freedom of Expression and the Public Debate in Chile
		For much of the nineteenth century, however, Chile was governed by conservative civilian leaders who answered to a small governing class that included the landowners who controlled the semi-feudal rural estates known as haciendas, domestic capitalists and mine-owners.
		During the early 1980s Chile was hit by a deep recession after the bonanza years of the late 1970s, stirring the first open resistance to the Pinochet regime.
		Despite this financial independence, however, TVN was by no means immune from political pressures, which affected the transmission of controversial programs, as we note in Chapter IV.
	www.hrw.org /reports98/chile/Chilerpt-03.htm (8673 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Ecuador (Site not responding. Last check: )
		After nearly 300 years of Spanish colonization, Quito was a city of about 10,000 inhabitants, and it was there on August 10, 1809, that the first cry for independence was heard.
		After independence forces defeated the royalist army in 1822, Ecuador joined Simon Bolivar's Republic of Gran Colombia, only to become a separate republic in 1830.
		Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago · Uruguay · Venezuela
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Ecuador (3077 words)

	Ecuador - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
		Its largest city is Guayaquil, located in the province of Guayas in the Costa.
		Cotopaxi, which is located just south of Quito, in the neighbouring province of that same name, is often wrongly claimed to be the world's highest active volcano, but several peaks in northern Chile and southern Peru are higher and (at least currently) more active.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ecuador (3029 words)

	Chile / Bibliography
		Chile's Middle Class: A Struggle for Survival in the Face of Neoliberalism.
		Chile in the Nitrate Era: The Evolution of Economic Dependence, 1880-1930.
		In additon, electoral data for the 1973 elections from República de Chile, Dirección del Registro Electoral [Santiago] and the 1989 and 1993 elections from República de Chile, Servicio Electoral [Santiago] were used.) Chapter 5 Americas Watch.
	www.country-data.com /frd/cs/chile/cl_bibl.html (6200 words)

	Uruguay - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		In the early 19th century, independence movements sprung up across South America, including Uruguay (then known as the Banda Oriental, or "Eastern Area", referring to the area east of the Río de la Plata).
		The original population of Charrúa Indians was gradually decimated over three centuries, culminating on 11 April 1831 in a mass killing at Salsipuedes, which was led by General Fructuoso Rivera, Uruguay's first president.
		It is situated near the confluence of the Paraná and Uruguay rivers, a mere kilometre inside Uruguayan waters, about 3.5 km from the Uruguayan coastline, near the small city of Martín Chico (itself about halfway between Nueva Palmira and Colonia).
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/u/r/u/Uruguay.html (1768 words)

	INFO OF -Flag of Chile (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nevertheless, this flag didn't survive the Old Country ("Patria Vieja") and in May of 1814 upon the signing of the Treaty of Lircay, Colonel Francisco de la Lastra, enemy of Carrera, commanded that the flag be taken down and replaced by the Flag of Spain.
		Today's Chile flag was conceived by Bernardo O'Higgins 's Minister of War José Ignacio Zenteno and designed by Antonio Arcos, although some afirm that is was Gregorio de Andía y Varela who drew it.
		The Flag of Texas is similar to the Chilean flag, which was created and introduced twenty-one years before the flag of Texas.
	www.cwap.org /en/flag+of+Chile (818 words)

	CIENCIA ergo sum
		This sentiment of independence was clearly expressed in the early 1950's by the nationalist leader Juan Domingo Perón who was ousted in 1955 by an unpopular military movement called Los Gorilas.
		Indigenous peoples of Argentina and Chile also had been (and still are in most cases) equated with the generic economic and political concept of campesino (peasant).
		In Chile, Salvador Allende, a Socialist representing a large leftist coalition, won the national elections and the "Peaceful Road to Socialism" experiment began.
	ergosum.uaemex.mx /julio01/Pino.html (3173 words)

	Reporters sans frontières - Cuba - Annual Report 2004
		Nueva Prensa agency, was arrested in Havana on 18 March and was sentenced on 5 April to 27 years in prison, the longest sentence passed on an independent journalist.
		Nueva Prensa agency was attacked at the railway station in Santa Clara on 28 September.
		Nueva Prensa agency’s correspondent in the central city of Camagüey, was interrogated by a state security agent on 21 July.
	www.rsf.org /article.php3?id_article=10020&Valider=OK (8560 words)

	Flag of Chile (Site not responding. Last check: )
		According to the CIA World Factbook the design was influenced by the flag of the United States.
		According to Chilean law, citizens are required to display the Flag on certain national holidays including independence day (September 18).
		If the Chile Flag is displayed with those of other countries, they should all be of equal size and raised to the same height.
	flag-of-chile.mindbit.com (609 words)

	Stephen Roth Institute: Antisemitism And Racism
		Most antisemitic activity in Chile in 2003 was expressed in threats and insults, which remained at the same level as in 2002.
		The Jewish community of Chile, numbering approximately 15,000 out of a total population of 14.5 million, is mostly concentrated in the city of Santiago de Chile, with a scattering in the provinces of Iquique, Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Concepción, Temuco and Valdivia.
		After the Iranian embassy in Buenos Aires was closed in 1998, the security services concluded that Chile might have been the transit center for cells of Hizballah and other Islamist groups connected to the AMIA bombing, as well as to the 1992 attack on the Israeli embassy.
	www.tau.ac.il /Anti-Semitism/asw2003-4/chile.htm (1848 words)

	sfweekly.com \| News \| La Vida Nueva
		On the menu: Nuevo Latino, as can be found at much-celebrated Patria in that great bastion of Latin culture, New York City.
		As it was set before me, the borego -- braised lamb shank over white arepa ($16) -- exuded the most heavenly scent I've come across in some time, the meat tender enough to be cut with a fork, bathed in a rich, almost gravy-like red wine and banana sauce.
		The pescado -- local sea bass ($17) -- was also brilliantly done, and came with a complex, equally well-prepared assortment of sides: pasilla chile and bacon mashed potatoes, tomato-tequila relish, and a splendid pumpkin-seed pesto.
	www.sfweekly.com /issues/2000-01-12/eat2_full.html (1054 words)

	Cuba: "Essential measures"? Human rights crackdown in the name of security. - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The text of law 88 may be determined to lead to arbitrary detention in some or all cases, in that it imposes unjustifiable limits on freedom of expression, association and assembly based on the potential foreign reaction to or possible economic ramifications of such acts, in violation of international standards as described above.
		Similarly, with regard to article 91 of the penal code regarding 'an act with the objective of damaging the independence or territorial integrity of the Cuban state,' the behaviour which the article is meant to prohibit is ill-defined and open to subjective interpretation, potentially opening the door to arbitrary detention.
		The full exercise of the right to defence is also problematic, as lawyers are employed by the Cuban state and as such may be reluctant to challenge prosecutors and the evidence presented by the security apparatus.
	web.amnesty.org /library/Index/ENGAMR250172003 (16454 words)

	LA NUEVA CUBA
		Castro continuously promoted the independence of Puerto Rico and supported the Macheteros who committed terrorist acts and bank robberies in the United States.
		Cuban military and intelligence personnel aided Middle Eastern groups and regimes in their struggle against Israel, and Cuban troops fought on the side of Arab States, particularly Syria, during the Yom Kippur war.
		The Tupamaros were one of the first terrorist groups to use guerrilla warfare in urban areas and established independent terrorist cells throughout the country.
	www.lanuevacuba.com /archivo/notic-01-10-600.htm (5307 words)

	Commentary: Bolivarism and the Cultural Compatibility of Independence : CMI-PR
		Known as the "Columbian Union" or "Gran Columbia", it was constructed of the newly independent former Spanish colonies of Ecuador, Venezuela, and Columbia.
		The remaining postcolonies would have followed if it were not for disputes over foreign-drawn borders and greedy regional generals and politicians who carved their chunks of power from the area.
		The South American struggle for independence is actually quite Bolivarist nature, where South Americans crossed the borders of colonies that weren't theirs In the name of continental independence.
	indymediapr.org /news/2003/11/587.php (1742 words)

	Past news
		He said the wall, a symbol of the tragedy of the Korean nation unjustly bisected by the U.S. imperialists after the Second World War, is a political and physical wall blocking the independent and peaceful reunification of Korea.
		It is justifiable that the DPRK should resort to whatever means to defend its independence and the system it has chosen.
		Pyongyang, May 9 (KCNA) -- An extraordinary meeting of the world communist and labor parties for solidarity with the DPRK was held in Brussels on May 4 under the sponsorship of the Belgian Labor Party.
	www.kcna.co.jp /item/2005/200505/news05/10.htm (3480 words)

	Panama Encyclopedia Articles @ LittleLeagueUSA.com (Little League USA) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In November 1903, a small number of wealthy Panamanian landowners led by a covert Separatist Junta presided by Dr. Manuel Amador Guerrero, were encouraged to secede from Colombia with support from the United States.
		On November 3, 1903, Panama declared its independence from Colombia.
		Argentina • Bolivia • Brazil • Chile • Colombia • Ecuador • Guyana •
	www.littleleagueusa.com /encyclopedia/Panama (2165 words)

	New Left Review - David Rock: Racking Argentina
		Proclaiming the colonelâs ideals of âeconomic independenceâ and âsocial justiceâ, the state took over foreign trade, strategic industries and public services, redistributing income to workers and the urban poor.
		The 1991 law established the independence of the Central Bank, and stated that the elected government could never again order the printing of money.
		Cavallo argued that convertibility would encourage domestic savings, since every peso in the bank would always be worth the equivalent of a dollar; it would attract foreign investment and help to repatriate Argentine funds from abroad, as holding money at home would be as safe as keeping it in the United States.
	newleftreview.org /A2410 (10760 words)

	Willie Colon/Ruben Blades
		Rubén Blades brought the lyrical sophistication of South American "nueva canción" and Cuban "nueva trova" to salsa, telling acidly-rendered stories of devastated lives, but with an everpresent message of hope.
		Colón had a huge hit with the Omar Alfanno composition "El Gran Varon," a sympathetic portrayal of a gay man who is abandoned by his family and eventually dies of AIDS; the tune switches from quiet pathos to swinging abandon punctuated with syncopated horn riffs, then back to pathos, back to abandon...
		Blades is also in fine form, with an easygoing sense of fun that takes some of the bleakness out of songs like "Decisiones" and "Cuentas Del Alma." The bad news is that the tunes stretch out for minute after minute, long after everyone's run of new things to say.
	www.warr.org /colonblades.html (4848 words)

	CUBA'S REPRESSIVE MACHINERY
		Cuban authorities continue to treat as criminal offenses nonviolent activities such as meeting to discuss the economy or elections, writing letters to the government, reporting on political or economic developments, speaking to international reporters, or advocating the release of political prisoners.
		On July 16, 1997, Cuban police arrested the four leaders of the GTDI, categorizing their peaceful protests as "counterrevolutionary crimes." The government sent each of the leaders to separate prisons, where they were held with convicted violent criminals and subjected to the extremely poor conditions prevailing in Cuba's prisons.
		Cuban police arrested Lázaro Constantín Durán, the leader of the Friends Club of the College of Independent Teachers (Club de Amigos del Colegio de Pedagogos Independientes), on December 10, 1998, when he was participating in a celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of HumanRights in the Butari Park in Havana.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1999/cuba/Cuba996-04.htm (5413 words)

	Bolivia - map, flag, geography, culture, music, history, etc
		Stretching in a broad arc across western Bolivia, the Andes define the country's three geographic zones: the mountains and Altiplano in the west, the subtropical Yungas and temperate valleys of the eastern mountain slopes (the western part of the Amazon Rainforest), and the tropical lowlands or plains (llanos) of the eastern lowlands, or Oriente.
		The olive branches are symbolic of peace, and the condor perched upon the shield is symbolic of a willingness to defend the nation and its liberty.
		In the 1980s, Chilean nueva cancion (which had arisen from Bolivian fusion music) was imported to Bolivia and changed into canto nuevo, which was popularized by performers like Emma Junaro.
	photo.goliathus.com /bolivia/bolivia.php (3162 words)

	ART / 4 / 2DAY
		Benton rejected academic methods and was exposed to both the Louvre and modernist styles; his interests seem to have focused on Impressionism and Pointillism.
		In 1795, he opened his own art academy, which was not a success, and in 1805, he became one of the founders of the Pennsylvania Academy.
		Optimism is embodied in the general’s glowing face: Confident and self-possessed, this is the definitive image of George Washington at the apogee of his vigorous manhood and military career.
	www.safran-arts.com /42day/art/art4apr/art0415.html (10781 words)

	Ecuador - General Information
		One of Bolivar’s generals and statesmen Antonio José de Sucre led the independence troops into battles against the Spanish Royalist Army and at the foothills of Pichincha; the volcano overlooking the capital city, victory was finally secured on May 24, 1822.
		It consists of the Supreme Court of Justice (CSJ) whose justices are appointed by the Congress, civil and criminal trial courts, the appeals courts, and the Court of Cassation.
		The symbolism of the colours is as follows: Red stands for the blood shed by the soldiers and martyrs of the independence battles.
	www.embajada-ecuador.se /Info.HTM (3815 words)

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