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	Patriarch Nikon - Definition, explanation
		Nikon (Ни́кон), born Nikita Minin (1605-1681), was patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church from 1652 to 1658.
		At last the matter was submitted to an ecumenical council, or the nearest approach to it attainable in the circumstances, which opened its sessions on the 18th of November 1666 in the presence of the tsar.
		Nikon survived the tsar (with whom something of the old intimacy was resumed in 1671) five years, expiring on the 17th of August 1681.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/p/pa/patriarch_nikon.php (1043 words)

	Patriarch Nikon: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		...Patriarch Nikon Patriarch Nikon Nikon (1605 - 1681) was patriarch of the...assertion that the Patriarch was the equal of the Tsar was heretical, and Nikon was deposed and...
		Nikon (1605-1681) was patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church from 1652 to 1658.
		Nikon was born a peasant and rose through the ranks of the Church to eventually become its head.
	www.encyclopedian.com /pa/Patriarch-Nikon.html (360 words)

	Patriarch Nikon (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nikon (Russian: Ни́кон, Old Russian: Нїконъ), born Nikita Minin (Никита Минин; May 7, 1605 Valmanovo, Russia—August 17, 1681), was the seventh patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church.
		On the 12th of December the council pronounced Nikon guilty of reviling the tsar and the whole Muscovite Church, of deposing Paul, bishop of Kolomna, contrary to the canons, and of beating and torturing his dependants.
		Nikon survived the tsar (with whom something of the old intimacy was resumed in 1671) five years and was allowed to return to Moscow, expiring on his way thither, after crossing the Kotorosl River in Yaroslavl, the August 17, 1681.
	en.askmore.net /Patriarch_Nikon.htm (1208 words)

	Nikon
		Nikon was summoned and appeared before the synod in his patriarch's robes.
		Nikon defended himself ably; the synod lasted a week; but at last in its eighth session it declared him deposed from the patriarchate, suspended from all offices but those of a simple monk, and sentenced him to confinement in a monastery (Therapontof) on the White Sea.
		Nikon's fall, the animosity of the tsar, and of the synod that deposed him remain mysterious.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/n/nikon.html (1634 words)

	Patriarch Nikon
		It was only with the utmost difficulty that Nikon could be persuaded to become the arch-pastor of the Russian Church, and he only yielded after imposing upon the whole assembly a solemn oath of obedience to him in everything concerning the dogmas, canons and observances of the Orthodox Church.
		At last the matter was submitted to an ecumenical council, or the nearest approach to it attainable in the circumstances, which opened its sessions on the 18th of November 1666 in the presence of the tsar.
		Nikon survived the tsar (with whom something of the old intimacy was resumed in 1671) five years, expiring on the 17th of August 1681.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/Patriarch_Nikon (930 words)

	Nikon of Moscow - OrthodoxWiki
		Nikon of Moscow was patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church from 1652 to 1658, during which years he oversaw and enforced extensive revision of the church service books and practices in Russia to bring them inline with the books and practices of the Churches of Constantinople, Jerusalem, and Alexandria.
		The future Patriarch Nikon was born Nikita Minin on May 7, 1605 into a peasant family in the village Valmanovo, near Nizhny Novgorod.
		As the resistance to the reforms mounted among primarily the "white" clergy, the staff of the patriarchate used the full authority of Nikon's position to ruthlessly enforce the reforms, even with imprisonment and exile of the Old Believers as the opposition became known.
	orthodoxwiki.org /Nikon_of_Moscow (832 words)

	Search Results for "Nikon"
		Nikon, (ne´kon) (KEY), 1605-81, Russian churchman, patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (1652-66).
		The reforms of Patriarch Nikon resulted in a dangerous schism in the Russian Church, and Nikon's deposition...
		Nikon had the support of the tsar until a break in 1658.
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=Nikon (148 words)

	Full article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nikon agreed on condition that his word would be the final word for both the czar and the nobility.
		Nikon's high position and his ambition to rule the country caused envy and irritation among the boyars in the czar's entourage, and his pride and attempts to dominate his friendship with the czar estranged Alexis.
		Nikon gave much attention to the construction of the Cathedral of the Resurrection, copied from the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, which was built in the 4th century by the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great and his mother Helena.
	www.whererussia.com /msk/fullarticle?id=4074 (1250 words)

	Orthodox Holiness :: The Greatest Man in Russian History
		Nikon must have understood what would be necessary if Russia were to remain an Orthodox land and the measures that would have to be taken if the problems that had accumulated were to be dealt with.
		This action was deeply symbolic, for it signified the desire of the Patriarch that Orthodoxy be purified and renewed, freed from the ever-growing menace of the West.
		Patriarch Nikon, on the other hand, did not persecute, even though he knew that many of the ‘old’ rites were in fact relatively recent innovations.
	www.orthodoxengland.btinternet.co.uk /nikon.htm (3510 words)

	History of OldBelievers (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Patriarch Nikon thought the best way to rectify the situation was to use the most recent Greek manuscripts in the Church.
		In February of 1654, Patriarch Nikon began to reform the Russian Church believing the Greeks translation as "necessary for salvation." Some Russian Orthodox followers thought the Church should be able to create its own traditions and that Patriarch Nikon idea's were inappropriate.
		Avvakum Petrovich, a Muscovite Russian priest, opposed Nikon's reform and was burnt at the stake in 1682 because of it.
	influx.uoregon.edu /2001/stories/veil/multimedia/history.html (347 words)

	Dissertation Archive, WMU Graduate College
		Abstract: This dissertation investigates representations of Nikon, Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia (1652-1666).
		Nikon conceived complex religious and political doctrines that included the reform of the Russian church and the preservation of ecclesiastical prerogatives against the burgeoning encroachments of the state, while simultaneously promoting the national myth and hence the religious and temporal legitimacy of the Romanov dynasty.
		Nikon was a significant and influential patron of the arts who created comprehensive and lasting iconographic expressions of his principal beliefs and initiatives.
	www.wmich.edu /graduate/dissertation/dis-archive/kain.htm (338 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Nikon
		During the reign of Alexis, Nikon built three monasteries, one of which, made after the model of the Anastasis and called "New Jerusalem," is numbered among the famous Lauras of Russia.
		The patriarchate remained vacant and Nikon, in spite of his resignation, attempted to regain his former place.
		Nikon wanted to be too independent of the tsar, and this independence was concerned, naturally, with ecclesiastical matters.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11077b.htm (1304 words)

	A Brief Summary of the Russian Patriarchal Period
		Patriarch Hermogenes acted practically as Tsar after the death of Tsar Basil (Shuisky) (1610-1612), and Tsar Michael (Romanov) greatly influenced Church policy in the period between Hermogenes and Patriarch Philaret (1612-1620), as the questions of caesaropapism of the Second Rome became increasingly relevant in the Third.
		The patriarchal period in Russia began at the request of Tsar Theodore [2] to the Antiochian Patriarch Joachim to elevate the autocephalous Russian Church [3] to a Patriarchate.
		The patriarchate of Pitirim, Joasaph’s successor was not terribly noteworthy.
	www.orthodoxtheologicalschool.org /journal/VanOpstall_Ruspat.html (3968 words)

	Russian Life magazine: Online Archive
		Nikon was born to peasant stock in 1605 and went by the name of Nikita.
		Nikon was accused of being a traitor to Russian and for trying to Hellenize the nation and corrupting the old faith.
		Nikon was replaced by Joasaph II (1667 - 1672), formerly the archimandrite of the Trinity Lavra in Moscow.
	www.rispubs.com /article.cfm?Number=191 (2065 words)

	Информационный бюллетень ассоциации "История и компьютер", N 30, ...
		Patriarch Nikon (1652-1667) is well known in historical literature for struggling to preserve and expand traditional ecclesiastical prerogatives and for imposing the textual and liturgical reforms that led to the raskol [schism] of the Russian Orthodox Church.
		Yet, although Nikon's image became a fixture of Russian national life and a staple of Russian art, there is no study of his continuous resonance and significance in Russian artistic, political and religious culture.
		The purpose of this paper is to 1) highlight the previously neglected sources of Patriarch Nikon's image and the methods used to analyze and interpret them; 2) present the tentative conclusions and demonstrate the contributions of the project; 3) discuss the role electronic technology plays in my research; and 4).
	kleio.asu.ru /aik/bullet/30/91.html (1651 words)

	Eastern Orthodox Church, Orthodox Catholic, Greek Orthodox (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 1589 the patriarchate of Moscow was established and formally recognized by Patriarch Jeremias II of Constantinople.
		Except for the brief reign of Patriarch Nikon in the mid-17th century, the patriarchs of Moscow and the Russian church were entirely subordinate to the tsars.
		The Orthodox Tradition is the theological tradition, generally associated with the national churches of the eastern Mediterranean and eastern Europe and principally with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, whose distinguishing characteristic consists in preservation of the integrity of the doctrines taught by the fathers of the seven ecumenical councils of the fourth through eighth centuries.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txc/orthodox.htm (6037 words)

	A History of the Orthodox Church: The Church of Russia (1448-1800)
		In 1686 the Ukraine was finally reunited with Muscovy, and the metropolitanate of Kiev was attached to the patriarchate of Moscow, with approval given by Constantinople.
		Though strong patriarchs of Constantinople were generally able to oppose open violations of dogma and canon law by the emperors, their Russian successors were quite powerless; a single metropolitan of Moscow, St. Philip (metropolitan 1566-68), who dared to condemn the excesses of Ivan IV, was deposed and murdered.
		Nikon (reigned 1652-58), a strong patriarch, decided to restore the power and prestige of the church by declaring that the patriarchal office was superior to that of the tsar.
	www.orthodoxinfo.com /general/history5.aspx (1414 words)

	Visual Images of Patriarch Nikon
		In 1666, he was tried by a church council, removed from the patriarchal chair and sentenced to exile in a remote northern monastery.
		The possibility to trace and analyze artistic representations of the patriarch across all genres of the visual arts and over a period of nearly 400 years is unique.
		The images presented here were originally published in books, including biographies of patriarch Nikon and historical fiction, journals, descriptions [opisanie] of and guides [putevoditeli] to monasteries, as well as catalogues of museum and art exhibits.
	www.hist.msu.ru /ER/NIKON/nikon_e.htm (869 words)

	PDS Russia Religion News December 2000
		Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow and All Russia on Friday asked Russian President Vladimir Putin to support the church in the protection of family values.
		According to the patriarch, the breakup of families was "a result of a multi-year policy imposed by the state ideological machine." The patriarch held government responsible for lack of a timely family strategy.
		Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow and All Russia on Friday severely criticised some clergymen for their eagerness in the pursuit of material gain.
	www.stetson.edu /~psteeves/relnews/0012c.html (3417 words)

	Russian Orthodox Church
		In the mid-17th century the Russian patriarch Nikon, pursuing the ideal of a theocratic state, attempted to establish the primacy of the Orthodox church over the state in Russia, and he also undertook a thorough revision of Russian Orthodox texts and rituals to bring them into accord with the rest of Eastern Orthodoxy.
		Nikon was deposed in 1666 by tsar Alexis, but the Russian church retained his reforms and anathematized those who continued to oppose them; the latter became known as Old Believers and formed a vigorous body of dissenters within the Russian Orthodox church for the next two centuries.
		In 1721 Tsar Peter I the Great abolished the patriarchate of Moscow and replaced it with the Holy Governing Synod, which was modeled after the state-controlled synods of the Lutheran church in Sweden and Prussia and was tightly controlled by the state.
	russia-in-us.com /Religion/Christianity/hist_wes.html (911 words)

	Development of Russian part singing / Russian Orthodox Hymnody / Veliky Novgorod
		To clarify it, a group of the parisheners of the Cathedral of St.Apostle John in Moscow appealled to the Patriarch Macarious of Antioch and Paisius of Alexandria.
		The answer given in 1668 by the two Patriarchs read as follows: "Though the kind of singing which is called part singing, appeared not in the Eastern church, it has never been condemned by anyone".
		It was the choir of the Patriarch's deacons - choristers in Moscow.
	www.novgorod.ru /eng/cult/cd2/hist_e4.htm (3333 words)

	GB-Russia Society Journals
		Nikon’s prayers for safety were answered when the little boat was washed up on the south shore of an uninhabited island.
		In 1649 Nikon was established as metropolitan of Novgorod — a significant move up the ecclesiastical career ladder and one in which the hand of the tsar was evident.
		By 1661 Nikon was living permanently in his monastery at New Jerusalem where he stayed until he was officially removed from the position of patriarch and sent to live in Ferapontev monastery.
	www.gbrussia.org /reviews.php?id=144 (2489 words)

	Russian Orthodox church: early history
		In 1589 Job, the metropolitan of Moscow, was elevated to the position of patriarch with the approval of Constantinople and received the fifth rank in honour after the patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.
		Nikon, pursuing the ideal of a theocratic state, attempted to establish the primacy of the Orthodox church over the state in Russia, and he also undertook a thorough revision of Russian Orthodox texts and rituals to bring them into accord with the rest of Eastern Orthodoxy.
		Nikon was deposed in 1666, but the Russian church retained his reforms and anathematized those who continued to oppose them; the latter became known as Old Believers and formed a vigorous body of dissenters within the Russian Orthodox church for the next two centuries.
	www.cs.toronto.edu /~mes/russia/moscow/history.html (1455 words)

	Orthodoxy and Extremism
		Patriarch Nikon's character and attitudes foreshadowed in many ways the temperament often found in Orthodoxy today, and his effect on the Church in Russia offers a timely warning whose importance cannot be minimized.
		Nikon influenced Alexis to issue decrees against drunkenness, and the Tsar began to raise the level of piety throughout the realm, beginning with his own court.
		Nikon, by attempting an artificial, academic recreation of a theoretically superior Orthodoxy having nothing in common with the organic continuity of Holy Russia, destroyed himself and shattered the Church.
	www.roca.org /OA/56/56g.htm (2219 words)

	Russian Church Overview
		Nikon also set up his own political bureaucracy to carry out his conservative program.
		But, by the middle 1600's, after the final deposition and exile of Nikon, Ukranian and Western Russian hierarchy were replacing the older great Russian church administration, and a sovereign secular state similar to those of western Europe was evolving.
		A large number of clergy and laymen had refused to accept the reforms Nikon put into effect and separated themselves from the official Church, insisting that they alone were the true heirs of Orthodoxy.
	www2.sptimes.com /Treasures/TC.5.4.7.html (1288 words)

	Patriarch Nikon - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		Nikon (Ни́кон), born Nikita Minov (Ники́та Мино́в) (1605-1681), was patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church from 1652 to 1658.
		This was one of the most important periods in the Church's history, as Nikon introduced many reforms which eventually lead to a schism.
		It was ruled that his assertion that the Patriarch was the equal of the Tsar was heretical, and Nikon was deposed and sent into exile in a monastery of Northern Russia.
	www.music.us /education/P/Patriarch-Nikon.htm (457 words)

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