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	Patriarch Photius I of Constantinople - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The way to public life was probably opened for him by the marriage of his brother Sergius to the princess Irene, sister of Theodora, who upon the death of her husband Theophilus in 842, had assumed the regency of the empire.
		Photius became the champion of Eastern Christianity against Latin pretensions; and when in 863 Nicholas finally anathematized and deposed him, he replied with a counter-excommunication.
		The fall of Photius followed; he was removed from his office and banished about the end of September 867, a few days after the accession of Basil, and Ignatius was reinstated on November 23.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Patriarch_Photius_I (914 words)

	PHOTIUS I. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Februar 897 in Bordi (Armenien) war Patriarch von Konstantinopel von 858-861 und 878-886 und gilt bis heute in der östlich-orthodoxen Kirche als einer der bedeutendsten Patriarchen und Heiliger, während er von der römisch-katholischen Kirche sehr kritisch betrachtet wird.
		Photius wurde noch während des byzantinischen Bilderstreits geboren und war davon auch direkt betroffen: eine Synode 837 verurteilte ihn und seinen Vater zusammen mit dem Patriarchen Tarasius.
		Photius ignorierte das offiziell, verfasste jedoch für den Kaiser einen Brief, in dem Nikolaus als Untertan des Kaisers angeredet wurde -- was nicht überraschend eine hitzige Antwort von Rom bewirkte.
	www.toonorama.com /encyclopedia/P/Photius_I. (1512 words)

	Patriarch Photius I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Photius Ninth century Patriarch of Constantinople, whose election caused a schism in the Church.
		Holy Hierarch Photios, Patriarch of Constantinople Biographical details and description of the conflict between the East and the West during the ninth century.
		Hui-Neng Biography of Hui-Neng the Sixth Patriarch of Chinese Zen lineage.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Patriarch_Photius_I.html (229 words)

	Photius I of Constantinople: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Photius I of Constantinople
		The way to public life was probably opened for him by the marriage of his brother Sergius to the princess Irene, sister of Theodora, who upon the death of her husband Theophilus II in 842, had assumed the regency of the empire.
		Ignatius was arrested and imprisoned (858), and upon refusing to resign his office was illegally deposed, while Photius, a layman, was inducted into the priesthood within six days, and was installed as patriarch in his place.
		Photius felt himself the champion of Eastern Christianity against Latin pretensions; and when in 863 Nicholas finally anathematized and deposed him, he replied with a counter-excommunication.
	www.encyclopedian.com /ph/Photius.html (918 words)

	Photius I. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Februar 897 in Bordi (Armenien) war Patriarch von Konstantinopel von 858 - 861 und 878 - 886 und gilt bis heute in der östlich-orthodoxen Kirche als einer der bedeutendsten Patriarchen Heiliger während er von der römisch-katholischen Kirche sehr kritisch betrachtet wird.
		Photius wurde noch während des byzantinischen Bilderstreits geboren und war davon auch direkt eine Synode 837 verurteilte ihn und seinen zusammen mit dem Patriarchen Tarasius.
		Photius ignorierte das offiziell verfasste jedoch den Kaiser einen Brief in dem Nikolaus Untertan des Kaisers angeredet wurde -- was überraschend eine hitzige Antwort von Rom bewirkte.
	de.freeglossary.com /Photius_I. (1324 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Photius of Constantinople
		The emperor sent an answer dictated by Photius saying that nothing Nicholas could do would help Ignatius, that all the Eastern Patriarchs were on Photius's side, that the excommunication of the legates must be explained and that unless the pope altered his decision, Michael would come to Rome with an army to punish him.
		Photius was banished to a monastery at Stenos on the Bosphorus.
		That Photius was one of the greatest men of the Middle Ages, one of the most remarkable characters in all church history, will not be disputed.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12043b.htm (3875 words)

	Photius Biography / Biography of Photius Biography
		Photius was recalled, ordained priest and bishop within 6 days, and then appointed patriarch to replace Ignatius, who had been forced to resign by the new regent, Bardas.
		Photius was excommunicated by Nicholas, and he responded by summoning a synod in 867 and proposing to condemn all papal interference in the Eastern Church.
		Photius is an important figure both in the history of relations between Eastern Orthodoxy and the Roman Catholic Church and in the literature and learning of Eastern Christianity.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-photius (570 words)

	Western Christianity
		The Photian schism was the result of a dispute between the Byzantine patriarch, Photius (c.
		In response to this Photius convened a church council in 867 in which he condemned and excommunicated Nicholas and refused communion with Rome.
		A Latin patriarch was appointed to rule over Constantinople and the Greek church was placed under the authority of the Pope.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/christ/west/westessay.html (2127 words)

	Milton V. Anastos - 16. The Patriarch Photius and his disputes with Rome
		For the dour Ignatius, the antithesis of the learned and versatile Photius, was the head of the conservative anti-intellectual monastic party that was opposed to the use of logic and philosophy in theological discussion.
		At the very beginning of his career Photius had difficulty with Pope Nicholas Î (858-67), who insisted that Photius's election was invalid and that Ignatius was the only true Patriarch, although papal legates had already confirmed the deposition of Ignatius and the election of Photius at a synod held in Constantinople in 861.
		Papadopulos-Kerameus, "The Patriarch Photius as a holy father of the Orthodox Catholic Church" (in Greek), Î’Î—, 8 (1899), 646-71.
	www.myriobiblos.gr /texts/english/milton1_16.html (2164 words)

	Encyclopedia: Patriarch Photius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Constantinople ca. 820 - Bordi (Armenia), February 6, 891) is widely regarded as the greatest patriarch of Constantinople (858-861 and 878-886) since the times of John Chrysostom.
		The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox Communion.
		Events Patriarch Ignatius is imprisoned and (December 25) deposed to be succeeded by patriarch Photius I. Louis the German invades West Francia, hoping to secure Aquitaine from his brother Charles the Bald, but fails.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Patriarch-Photius (1998 words)

	Photius I.
		Februar 897 in Bordi (Armenien) war Patriarch von Konstantinopel von 858 - 861 und 878 - 886 und gilt bis heute in der Kirche als einer der bedeutendsten Patriarchen und Heiliger während er von der römisch-katholischen Kirche sehr kritisch betrachtet wird.
		Ein weiteres Konzil mit wenigen Teilnehmern in der katholischen Kirche das vierte Konzil von Konstantinopel und kontrolliert von päpstlichen Legaten exkommuniziert verbannt Photius.
		durch Marinus I. abgelöst der Photius wieder exkommuniziert Photius seine Abhandlung über die Mystagogie des Heiligen Geistes veröffentlicht in der er neben Bibelauslegungen Zitaten der östlichen Kirchenväter auch spezifisch Ambrosius von Mailand Augustinus von Hippo und Hieronymus sowie Päpste von Damasus I. bis Hadrian III.
	www.uni-protokolle.de /Lexikon/Photius_I..html (1363 words)

	JÎ¿hn Î. Karmiris - The Schism of the Roman Church - Chapter II
		Towards this end, Photius issued his famous encyclical in the year 866(29) with the approval of the resident synod of Constantinople(30), entitled Â«to the hierarchal thrones of the EastÂ»(31), in which the heterodox teachings and anti-canonical acts of Rome and her Pope Nicholas Î are denounced with force rarely expressed and with orthodox zeal(32).
		Accordingly, Photius, who for centuries was misinterpreted and slandered by fanatic heterodox theologians and historians, was not the Â«father of the schismÂ», but rather the pioneer and apostle of the reconciliation and union of the two Churches(66), whose unity was troubled by Rome.
		The Patriarch Photius was duly and sincerely reconciled with Pope John VIII, and the Council of 879 - 880 officially sanctioned this reconciliation.
	www.myriobiblos.gr /texts/english/roman_church_2.htm (8626 words)

	Photius, SAINT
		Patriarch of Constantinople (858-867 and 877-886, feast day February 6), is considered the greatest of all Byzantine patriarchs.
		In addition, Photios established, or reorganized, the patriarchal school in Constantinople for the education of priests in literature and philosophy as well as in theology.
		It was the precedents and the increase in patriarchal authority that developed under Photios which enabled the Church and subsequent patriarchs to surmount the difficult times which followed for both the state and Church.
	members.fortunecity.com /fstav1/people/photius.html (616 words)

	Adrian II Constantinople-4
		Photius did this in such a way that as a result all the existing bishops and priests, that is, the other patriarchal sees and all the clerics within them, were included in the same anathema, for all were most certainly in communion with the leading bishop, and amongst them himself and his followers.
		As for the churches which Photius and those who were ordained by him are thought to have consecrated and the altars which they are thought to have renovated after they had been torn down, we decree that they are to be consecrated, anointed and renovated again.
		However, if the patriarch of Constantinople and his suffragan bishops come to know of any others who have committed crimes of this kind and neglect to act against them with the necessary zeal, they must be deposed and debarred from the dignity of their priesthood.
	www.ewtn.com /library/COUNCILS/CONSTAN4.HTM (6611 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Saint Nicholas I
		In the matter of the emperor and the patriarchs of Constantinople Nicholas showed himself the Divinely appointed ruler of the Church.
		In violation of ecclesiastical law, the Patriarch Ignatius was deposed in 857 and Photius illegally raised to the patriarchal see.
		In a letter addressed (8 May, 862) to the patriarchs of the East, Nicholas called upon them and all their bishops to refuse recognition to Photius, and at a Roman synod held in April, 863, he excommunicated Photius.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11054a.htm (1278 words)

	LIVES OF THE SAINTS - Holy Hierarch Photios, Patriarch of Constantinople (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is said that Boris, Prince of Bulgaria was baptized by Patriarch Photius himself, that subsequently Holy Hierarch Photius dispatched an archbishop and priests to Bulgaria to baptize the Bulgarian people, and that in 865, he sent Sts.
		Holy Hierarch Photius, a staunch defender of the Truth and denouncer of untruth, issued an encyclical advising the Eastern Church of the Pope’s actions and pointing out the Roman Church’s departure from the ancient Orthodoxy, not only in terms of ritual but in terms of confession of faith.
		He responded only to the question of whether he was prepared to repent, by asking “And have the judges themselves thought better of it?” After lengthy argument, St. Photius’ opponents prevailed, and without any basis for their judgment, pronounced anathema over Patriarch Photius and all of the bishops who had defended him.
	www.stjohndc.org /russian/saints/e_0102c.htm (862 words)

	HISTORY OF THE BYZANTINE GRECO-SLAV SCHISM
		Two Councils were then held in Constantinople (the 8th Ecumenical Council in 869 A.D. which condemned and deposed Photius as Patriarch) and the Council of 879-880 A.D. which rehabilitated Photius with the consent of Pope John VIII who sought to restore peace and unity among the Byzantines.
		Though the Byzantine Greco-Slav Schism did not finalize with the Patriarch Photius or even later with the Patriarch Michael Cerularius in 1054, Photius' attacks on latin liturgical practices and discipline and, more grave, his doctrine denying that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father and the Son were to spread among the Byzantines.
		When the Crusaders set up their chosen Patriarch for the See of Antioch in 1100 A.D., with Constantinople and the Greeks supporting a rival Patriarch in exile, a schism was created between Latins and Greeks which would spread as rival hierarchies resulted from the further establishment of a Latin Empire in the East.
	credo.stormloader.com /byschism.htm (1805 words)

	Which Councils are Ecumenical? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Photius was reinstated by the numerous conciliar Fathers with the assent of the papal legates and the representatives of the other Patriarchs.
		Even if Photius had composed this profession during his first patriarchate, there is no reason not to suppose that he used this formula also after the council of 879-880.
		We shall see presently that Photius was primarily interested in the ecumenicity of the seventh council and wished that it should be solemnly proclaimed by the representatives of all the patriarchs.
	www.orthodoxchristianity.net /texts/Dvornik_whichcouncils.html (5441 words)

	Saint Photius -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		patriarch of Constantinople (858–867 and 877–886), defender of the autonomous traditions of his church against Rome and leading figure of the 9th-century Byzantine renascence.
		Byzantine monk, theologian, and chronicler, coauthor of a report on the situation of the Eastern Church during the turbulent reign of Photius (858–867 and 878–886), the controversial patriarch of Constantinople.
		Byzantine patriarch of Constantinople (901–907; 912–925), who contributed measurably to the attempted reunion of the Greek and Roman churches and who fomented the tetragamy controversy, or the question of a fourth marriage for the Eastern Orthodox.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9059792?tocId=9059792 (645 words)

	Patriarch of Constantinople (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The authority of the Patriarch of Constantinople was motivated in a formal fashion by the fact that he was the Bishop of the "New Rome," where the emperor and the senate also resided (canon 28 of the Council of Chalcedon, 451).
		In the area of faith and doctrine, the emperors could never impose their will when it contradicted the conscience of the Church: this fact, shown in particular during the numerous attempts at union with Rome during the late medieval period, proves that the notion of caesaropapism is not unreservedly applicable to Byzantium.
		Without the military backing of a strong empire, the Patriarchate of Constantinople was, of course, unable to assert its jurisdiction over the Churches of Bulgaria and Serbia, which had gained independence during the days of the Latin occupation.
	www.reu.org /public/theological/Schism1054/webdoc6.htm (3330 words)

	Photius I. - netlexikon
		Photius I. Article in English: Photius I of Cons...
		Photius I. (griechisch φoτιoς Photios, Fotios) oder Photios der Große (* etwa 820 in Konstantinopel; † 6.
		Der erste Patriarch nach dem Bilderstreit, Methodios I., gehörte zur moderaten Fraktion, sein Nachfolger Ignatios I. war ein Radikaler.
	www.lexikon-definition.de /Photius-I..html (1612 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. (i.xiv.iv)
		Photius was born in Constantinople in the first decade of the ninth century.
		It is, however, to be borne in mind that the object of the work was to mention only those books which had been read in the circle to which he and his brother belonged, during the absence of the latter; that it was hastily prepared, and was to have been followed by a second.
		The first is a history of the old and new Manichaeans, written during Photius’ first patriarchate, and apparently largely borrowed from a contemporary author; the remaining three are polemical treatises upon the new Manichaeans, in which biblical rather than philosophical arguments are relied upon, and mostly those which had already been used against the Manichaeans.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc4.i.xiv.iv.html (1541 words)

	PHOTIUS ON FILIOQUE BY YVES CONGAR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Photius regarded the monarchy of the Father as the principle both of the Spirit and of the monogenous one, and as the principle of their consubstantiality.
		Photius enshrined pneumatology in a form of expression which put out of the question an agreement with the West or even with those Latin Fathers whom the Orthodox Christians accept as their own.
		Photius, encyclical letter to the Bishops of the Eastern Church, 867 (PG 102, 721-741); letter to Walpert, the Metropolitan of Aquileia, probably 882 (PG 102, 793-821); Amphilochia, q.
	praiseofglory.com /photius.htm (1970 words)

	BASIL I. - LoveToKnow Article on BASIL I. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		One of his first acts was to exile the patriarch Photius and restore his rival Ignathis, whose claims were supported by the pope.
		In 877 Photius became patriarch again, and there was a virtual though not a formal breach with Rome~ Thus the independence of the Greek Church may be said to date from the time of Basil.
		Bury, London, 1898); Hergenrother, Photius, Patriarch von Constantine pet, vol.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BA/BASIL_I_.htm (736 words)

	Photius
		In 867, Photius summoned a council that deposed Nicholas.
		A reconciliation eventually occurred between Ignatius and Photius, and Photius was restored (878) to the patriarchate after the death of Ignatius.
		Dvornik, Francis, The Patriarch Photius in the Light of Recent Research (1958) and The Photian Schism, History and Legend (1958); Gerostergios, Asterios, St. Photios the Great (1980; Haugh, Richard, Photius and the Carolingians (1974); Meyendorff, John, Orthodoxy and Catholicity (1966); White, Despina S., Patriarch Photius and His Correspondence (1978).
	mb-soft.com /believe/txs/photius.htm (354 words)

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