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	ElisÈe Reclus and Patrick Geddes: Geographies of the Mind, the Regional Study in the Global Vision
		Patrick Geddes (1854-1932) was a biologist, sociologist, and town planner with a strong interest in theories of education and knowledge, the arts, history and many other subjects.
		Geddes was convinced that that he had developed a new philosophy of education and indeed the cross-disciplinary, open-ended, direct-participation approaches he fostered, has been leitmotivs in adult education ever since.
		Geddes also took from Comte the belief in sociology as the supreme organisation of knowledge and the need to create an elite teaching core of non-specialist intellectuals who were capable of achieving a synthesis of all knowledge.
	www.haussite.net /haus.0/SCRIPT/txt2000/04/reclus_geddes.HTML (6527 words)

	William Patrick Geddes buildings in Edinburgh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Geddes was born in Ballater in Scotland on 2 October 1854.
		As the son of a regular soldier, Geddes had none of the privileges of wealth or position, yet by the age of 24 he was a biologist of great promise, his research papers already published by the Royal Society.
		Geddes was based principally in Edinburgh at this time and alongside academic employment he became interested in urban and regional planning and urban renewal issues.
	www.edinburgh.gov.uk /libraries/artsphere/architects/geddes/geddes.html (869 words)

	Patrick Geddes - PS776 Class Project
		Geddes was also interested in civics, which studied the relation of individuals and the environment.
		Geddes held summer meeting at the Edinburgh school, utilizing the Outlook Tower to preach his three S's; 1) sympathy for people and the environment, 2) synthesis of all factors relating to a case, and 3) synergy—the combined cooperative action of everyone involved (Boardman 15).
		Geddes left his mark on the university with the building of the Dome which he envisioned as a sign of unity.
	www.uky.edu /Classes/PS/776/Projects/Geddes/geddes.htm (1631 words)

	The Project Gutenberg eBook of Civics: As Applied Sociology, by Patrick Geddes.
		Geddes' next paper should give us a definition of progress, and it is better that we begin to fight over a definition of progress, in order to get a dynamic agreement, than that we should multiply the archaeological study of many towns.
		Geddes decides that the City may be taken "as the integrate of study." Whether any modern towns, and, if so, what, may be taken as integrates in the sense which would undoubtedly apply to ancient Athens or to mediaeval Florence, may be questioned; but it is too soon to interrupt our author....
		Geddes' method is that he does not limit himself to the greater cities, but also, and perhaps by preference, deals with the smaller, and with their physical environment; and, above all, that he attempts not merely to observe closely and thoroughly, but to generalise as the result of his observation.
	www.gutenberg.net /1/3/2/0/13205/13205-h/13205-h.htm (16306 words)

	PATRICK GEDDES AND THE OUTLOOK TOWER
		Geddes was officially a botanist and biologist, but was involved in a multitude of other activities, and is perhaps best remembered for his work in the field of town planning.
		Geddes intended to transform the building into a 'place of outlook and a type-museum as a key to a better understanding of Edinburgh and its region, but also to help people get a clear idea of its relation to the world at large'.
		Geddes believed that a tour of the Outlook Tower should begin at the top of the building on the flat roof terrace where a general idea of the Edinburgh region and 'one of the great views of the world' could be seen.
	members.fortunecity.com /gillonj/patrickgeddesandtheoutlooktower (752 words)

	The Nation, 05/04/1932 - Patrick Geddes by Ratcliffe, S. K.
		Patrick Geddes, who died at Montpellier in the south of France April 17, was one of the few men of indisputable genius produced by Britain.
		Geddes was a pure Scot, born at Perth in 1854, is instinct a wandering scholar.
		...What Geddes needed more than anything else was a partner like Arthur Thomson in the adventure of the social sciences, Into which, during the' second half of his life, he threw himself with unresting energy and with a steadiness of purpose joined to a power of improvisation that was a continual marvel to his friends...
	www.nationarchive.com /Summaries/v134i3487_09.htm (1215 words)

	Encyclopedia: Patrick Geddes
		Sir Patrick Geddes (1854 - 1932) was Scottish biologist and botanist, known also as an innovative thinker in the fields of urban planning and education He was responsible for introducing the concept of "region" to architecture and planning.
		Geddes strongly influenced the thinking of the American urban theorist Lewis Mumford, as well as many other 20th Century thinkers.
		As an introduction to his work, Rutgers University Press has published the text of Geddes first significant 1904 work, City Development, A Report to the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Patrick-Geddes (879 words)

	Strathclyde University Archives-Special Collections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Sir Patrick Geddes (1854-1932) was a biologist, sociologist, and town planner with a strong interest in theories of education and knowledge, the arts, history and many other subjects.
		Geddes propagated a highly individualistic theory of societies and cities drawing from regional theories in biology and geography, philosophical ideas (especially those of Plato) and political anarchist thought.
		In the late 1910s Geddes was commissioned by the Zionist Organization to design and plan the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, garden suburbs for the cities of Jerusalem and Haifa, and a number of settlements elsewhere in Palestine.
	www.strath.ac.uk /archives/geddes.html (1547 words)

	Place Article: Patrick Geddes: Visionary Planner
		Geddes had been a professor in Dundee in botany, another illustration of his many-sidedness, and there he closed the herbarium and took his classes out into the fields to see how plants grew and they themselves studied the genetics of plants in the wild.
		Geddes had bought the Chateau d’Alsace, a lovely eighteenth century chateau which he said represented the continuity of history because there the Counts of Alsace, not distinguished beyond their locality, had lived and the community had been organised since the tenth century.
		Geddes didn’t write, he talked, and I think it is known that his writing, such that survived, is not of any distinction.
	www.the-cutting-edge.freeserve.co.uk /place/geddes2.htm (1893 words)

	Custom written biography on Patrick Geddes, Sir \| Essays on Patrick Geddes, Sir
		The Scottish sociologist, biologist, educator, and town planner Sir Patrick Geddes (1854-1932) is famous for his concepts and achievements in town planning.Patrick Geddes, born in Ballater on Oct. 2, 1854, was brought up near Perth.
		Through boyhood explorations of Perthshire and the Highlands, Patrick learned to see rural and urban life as a whole and began to study all living things, including man, in relation to their environment.
		Patrick Geddes: a symposium, 1 March 1982, Dundee: Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art: University of Dundee, 1982.
	www.swiftpapers.com /biographies/Patrick_Geddes_Sir-32894.html (267 words)

	School of Town & Regional Planning, Patrick Geddes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Patrick Geddes is correctly described as one of the founders of modern town and regional planning.
		Patrick Geddes was born in Ballater but spent his early childhood in Perth.
		Geddes was based principally in Edinburgh during this time and in parallel to his academic interests became interested in urban and regional planning and urban renewal issues.
	www.trp.dundee.ac.uk /general/geddes.html (359 words)

	The RTPI in Scotland
		An equally enthusiastic devotee of Patrick Geddes as the first lecturer in 2004, Jonathon Porritt, he needed only to brandish frequently a well-thumbed copy of the 1968 edition of Cities in Evolution to animate his theme of 'Cities in Devolution'.
		He suggested that Geddes was the founding father of regeneration while he also clearly understood the principles of sustainability at both community and the global levels.
		Geddes spent much of his time looking for the alternatives to the impacts brought about by urbanisation on the back of industrialisation - and we are still searching in the post industrial age.
	www.scotland.rtpi.org.uk (493 words)

	AllRefer.com - Sir Patrick Geddes (Sociology, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Sir Patrick Geddes[ged´is] Pronunciation Key, 1854–1932, Scottish biologist and sociologist, distinguished especially in town planning.
		In biology, Geddes was an authority on the evolution of sex, collaborating with Sir J. Arthur Thomson in several works on the subject.
		Geddes held professorships at Edinburgh, London, Aberdeen, St. Andrews, and Bombay and at his death was director of the Scots College, Montpellier, France.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/G/Geddes-S.html (295 words)

	Edinburgh University Architecture Department Patrick Geddes Planning Center
		The Patrick Geddes Centre for Planning Studies was established in 1985 by the late Professor Percy Johnson-Marshall, who also acted as its first director.
		Drawing on both the prominent position of the City in the Scottish and European Enlightenment, and the tradition of Edinburgh as a laboratory for innovative solutions to urban questions, the Patrick Geddes Centre is currently engaged in a major research project entitled 'The City and Spirituality in Modernity'.
		A collection of essays 'The City after Patrick Geddes', drawn on the successful international symposium held at the Department of Architecture in May 1998, was edited by Dr Volker Welter and Dr James Lawson and published in 2000 by P. Lang.
	www.caad.ed.ac.uk /units/GEDDES (395 words)

	PATRICK GEDDES’ OUTLOOK TOWER--AND OURS
		When the history of sustainable cities is written early in the next millennium, the figure of Patrick Geddes will find a prominent and honored place in the pantheon of this century’s interdisciplinary dreamers and practitioners.
		Biologist, geographer, educator, civics activist, urban planner, this Scottish urban visionary spent much of his active life from the 1890s until his death in 1817 exploring the implications of the major innovations and movements in nartural and social sciences for humankind’s place in the natural world.
		A man of action as well as of ideas, Geddes’ experiments in urban design are keynoted by his bold town plans and model colonies in India and Palestine--all marked by his regional approach to urban planning and his commitment to molding a built environment congenial to an active civic life for their citizens.
	www.uky.edu /%7Erlevine/GEDDES2.html (762 words)

	Sir Patrick Geddes + Sir William Ramsay + Sir Edward Burnett Tylor
		It was on this date, October 2, 1854, that the "father of town planning," Scottish biologist Sir Patrick Geddes was born in Ballater in Aberdeenshire.
		Geddes traveled widely and taught physiology, zoology, botany, sociology, civics and natural history — becoming a radical only in the sense that unlike his contemporaries, Geddes believed humans prospered where there was fresh air, gardens and good housing.
		Sir Patrick Geddes was a Freethinker and an Honorary Associate of the British Rationalist Press Association (RPA).*
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/1002almanac.htm (572 words)

	Patrick Geddes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Patrick Geddes (1854 - 1932) wasan innovative Scottish thinker, responsible for introducing the concept of "region"to architecture and planning.
		Geddes shared the belief with John Ruskin that social processes andspatial form are related.
		Volker M. Welter published an excellent account of Geddes life and work in 2002, Biopolis, PatrickGeddes and the City of Life.
	www.therfcc.org /patrick-geddes-111078.html (189 words)

	Patrick Geddes -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Geddes shared the belief with (British art critic (1819-1900)) John Ruskin that social processes and spatial form are related.
		Here, in this most dilapidated area, he used associations with prominent thinkers who lived there in the 18th and 19th century (like (Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)) Adam Smith), to establish residential halls.
		Pioneer of Sociology: The Life and Letters of Patrick Geddes (1957) (additional info and facts about Philip Mairet) Philip Mairet
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pa/patrick_geddes.htm (250 words)

	Patrick Geddes - a biography from the landscape architecture and Gardens Guide
		Patrick Geddes studied the theory of evolution with T H Huxley and used it as a basis for ethics, history, sociology and town planning.
		Patrick Geddes made a botanical garden for the University of Dundee which aimed to show the relationships between groups of plants and also their historical significance (eg a garden to show the Shakespearean flora).
		Geddes is regarded as one of the founding fathers of the town planning profession.
	www.gardenvisit.com /b/geddes.htm (177 words)

	Patrick Geddes Planner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A Scot who has been called the father of modern town planning, Geddes did much of his pioneering work in the Old Townof Edinburgh, having made his married home there in 1886.
		Geddes' name and spirit are imperishably associated with Ramsay Garden and the Outlook Tower, both in Castlehill.
		In his Outlook Tower Geddes presented interpretations of city, region, continent and world: the message was that life had to be seen as a whole, with many sides in proper relation to each other.
	www.edinburghplaces.com /folk/oldfolk/patrick-geddes.htm (178 words)

	Scotsman.com News - Granny's Green is lined up as Geddes memorial
		The life and work of Sir Patrick Geddes will be remembered in a special garden on Granny’s Green in the Grassmarket beside the award-winning Dance Base building in the shadow of Edinburgh Castle.
		He said: "Geddes wanted people to be active in shaping their local surroundings, and he always viewed himself as a gardener.
		BORN in 1854 in Ballater, Aberdeenshire, socially conscious Victorian Sir Patrick Geddes established himself as an artist and scientist of some standing after moving to the Capital.
	news.scotsman.com /index.cfm?id=376512005 (987 words)

	Glasgow University Archive Services - About Us - Publications - Dunaskin News - April 2002 - Featured Collection: ...
		The papers of Sir Patrick Geddes are probably some of the most heavily accessed items at Strathclyde University Archives.
		As a result of his diverse interests, the papers of Patrick Geddes offer a wealth of information to researchers in all the fields in which he was interested.
		Geddes was a good friend of Mackintosh and his wife, Mary MacDonald, and it is possible that it was Geddes that commissioned their design.
	www.archives.gla.ac.uk /about/dunaskin/apr2002/pgeddes.html (324 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Geddes, Norman Bel Geddes, Norman Bel: see Bel Geddes, Norman.
		Connaught, Arthur William Patrick Albert, duke of Connaught, Arthur William Patrick Albert, duke ofkŏn´ôt, 1850-1942, English prince; son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, brother of Edward VII.
		Patrick, 1865-1940, English actress, whose maiden name was Beatrice Stella Tanner.
	www.encyclopedia.com /search.asp?target=patrick+geddes&rc=10&fh=6&fr=11 (457 words)

	Sir Patrick Geddes, 1854 - 1932, A Scottish Genius, Ballater, Royal Deeside, Scotland
		It was in his feeling for nature, in his understanding and interpretation of the evolutionary drama of life that Geddes equalled, even surpassed, Charles Darwin.
		A Patrick Geddes Directory listing those (who have asked to be listed) world-wide, with an interest in, Patrick Geddes's Life and/or Work.
		Patrick Geddes with a planning collaborator in India in 1919.
	www.ballaterscotland.com /geddes (525 words)

	Scottish History - Summary Index
		He is Patrick Geddes, native of Perth, resident of Edinburgh, professor of Botany in Dundee, who also worked in France, Palestine and India.
		A passionate believer in the Auld Alliance, Geddes devoted much time in his later life to re-establishing the pre-Reformation Scots College in Montpellier where the building he put up still stands and there is a street that bears his name.
		The exhibition at the Outlook Tower is on the fourth floor, or contact the Patrick Geddes Centre on 0131 650 8971.
	www.scottish-history.com /geddes.shtml (1099 words)

	History of landscape architecture
		Olmsted was the first person to adopt landscape architect as a professional title, though he did non invent the term.
		Patrick Geddes, the first British citizen to call himself a landscape architect, was an admirer of Olmsted and Repton.
		Geddes commented that 'City improvers, like the gardeners from whom they develop, fall into two broadly contrasted schools, which are really, just as in gardening itself, the formal and the naturalistic' [Geddes, City development (Edinburgh, 1904)].
	www.gardenvisit.com /landscape/LIH/history/history.htm (504 words)

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