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Topic: Patriot missile defense

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	Patriot Missiles, Schema-Root news (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Those were the days of scouts and Patriot missiles, when you had to wear a gas mask until whether or not the rockets bore nuclear heads could be determined.
		Patriot missile batteries, tanks and armored personnel carriers rolled on the stretch of highway south of Kuwait City, while F-18 fighter jets made...
		Patriot missile batteries are deploying to nearby countries (Saudi Arabia, Israel) to help protect them from Iranian retaliation.
	www.schema-root.org /military/weapons/missiles/surface-to-air/patriot (1063 words)

	Encyclopedia: Patriot missile defense
		The Patriot missile battery at Dharan had been in operation for 100 hours, after which time the clock had drifted by one third of a second, equivalent to a position error of 600m.
		With no missile, the initial detection was assumed to be a false alarm and the missile was removed from the system.
		It is also worth noting that the Patriot system was originally intended for use primarily against aircraft and cruise missiles - although the original specification called for the ability to intercept short range ballistic missiles, this capability was still being introduced during Operation Desert Storm.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Patriot-missile-defense (1146 words)

	Bush speech at Raytheon
		Indeed, Bush’s presence at the Raytheon plant was a testament to the importance of the Patriot missile as a rhetorical lever in the administration’s unfolding Gulf War narrative.
		However, Patriot interceptors are designed to fly to the neighborhood of a targeted incoming ballistic missile, self-detonate, and scatter a stream of lethal metal debris in the path of the enemy target.
		Missile defense advocates have extended the line of argumentation set down by President George Bush in his 1991 Raytheon address, employing various rhetorical strategies to keep the credibility of the story intact.
	www.pitt.edu /~gordonm/JPubs/PatriotQJS.html (11800 words)

	Defense Tech: "HUNDREDS" OF PATRIOT FALSE ALARMS
		The Patriot missile defense system had a slew of problems during the Iraq invasion -- problems which are only now slowly coming to light.
		"Spurious 'ghost' missile tracks showed up on Patriot Missile battery radars hundreds of times before and during the invasion, causing chaos and confusion as soldiers struggled to determine the real from the false," notes KTVT-TV reporter Robert Riggs, who's been leading the press' investigation of the anti-missile system.
		Victoria Samson, a spokeswoman for the Center For Defense Information, an independent defense department watchdog group, said the Army is trying to blame the friendly fire incidents on anything but the Patriot missile defense system.
	www.defensetech.org /archives/000999.html (252 words)

	friendly printed version:Hold your applause: the Patriot missile defense system’s wartime record reveals a ...
		The Patriot missile defense system was involved in three friendly fire incidents resulting in the deaths of one American and two British pilots.
		What seems to be gaining popularity as an explanation is that, due to the extremely cluttered environment the Patriots were operating in and the resulting electronic interference that may have been generated by the radars operating in close proximity, the radar system simply failed to recognize the aircraft as aircraft.
		The Patriot will undoubtedly be deployed in the future against countries which have cruise missiles; that the Patriot failed to even note the missiles is discouraging.
	www.cdi.org /friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=999 (2040 words)

	Patriot Missile Software Problem
		A report from the United States General Accounting Office begins ``On February 25, 1991, a Patriot missile defense system operating at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, during Operation Desert Storm failed to track and intercept an incoming Scud.
		The computer used to control the Patriot missile is based on a 1970s design and uses 24-bit arithmetic.
		The Patriot system tracks its target by measuring the time it takes for radar pulses to bounce back from them.
	www.cs.unc.edu /~dm/UNC/COMP205/LECTURES/ERROR/lec23/node4.html (429 words)

	guided missile on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Missiles may be aerodynamic, i.e., controlled by aerodynamic surfaces and following a straight-line trajectory to the target, or ballistic, i.e., powered during flight and following a parabolic trajectory.
		Air-to-air missiles are fired by aircraft at enemy aircraft and are often guided by self-contained controls that detect and target the missile toward heat sources.
		Cruise missiles, which are launched like a missile but use flipout wings and a turbofan engine to fly like an airplane to the target at altitudes of about 50 ft (15 m), are either air-to-surface or surface-to-surface missiles.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/g1/guidedmi.asp (1040 words)

	Army Technology - Patriot Missile - Air Defense System
		Patriot is a long-range, all-altitude, all-weather air defence system to counter tactical ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and advanced aircraft.
		Patriot (MIM-104) is produced by Raytheon in Massachusetts and Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control in Florida.
		The target acquisition system in the missile acquires the target in the terminal phase of flight and transmits the data using the TVM downlink via the ground radar to the engagement control station for final course correction calculations.
	www.army-technology.com /projects/patriot (1032 words)

	The Patriot Missile Failure in Dhahran: Is Software to Blame?
		Although controversy persists concerning the actual effectiveness of the Patriot missile in the Gulf War, one thing is certain: the Patriot failed to intercept a Scud missile which hit an American military barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, on February 25, 1991.
		The Patriot tracks a target by first noting the location of the original radar sighting, then by using knowledge of the characteristics of a ballistic missile in flight to anticipate where the target should be at the next radar sighting--a fraction of a second later.
		The Patriot missile failure is a perfect example of a system so complex that one simple cause cannot easily be found: instead, several problems exist which, taken together, caused a catastrophic failure.
	shelley.toich.net /projects/CS201/patriot.html (1959 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Patriot missiles were stationed across the country for the last time in 2003 during the Iraq War.
		The Patriot system, which was initially designed to serve as an air defense platform, later assumed the role of an anti-ballistic system.
		The Patriot is still in use in Israel, and the country simultaneously continues to develop the Arrow missile aimed at intercepting ground-to-ground missiles fired at the country.
	www.ynetnews.com /articles/0,7340,L-3276133,00.html (231 words)

	Gulf War
		Iraq launched missile attacks on coalition bases in Saudi Arabia and on Israel, in the hopes of drawing Israel into the war and drawing other Arab states out of it.
		Many American journalists remained stationed in the Iraqi capital Baghdad throughout the war, and footage of incoming missiles was carried almost immediately on the nightly television news and the cable news channels such as CNN.
		America's Patriot missile defense was used for the first time in combat.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/g/gu/gulf_war.html (4018 words)

	Gulf War -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The sorties were launched mostly from (An absolute monarchy occupying most of the Arabian Peninsula in southwest Asia; vast oil reserves dominate the economy) Saudi Arabia and the six coalition (A large warship that carries planes and has a long flat deck for take-offs and landings) aircraft carrier groups in the Persian Gulf.
		Afterwards, it was demonstrated that the Patriots' effectiveness was primarily psychological: some claim that their effectiveness was as low as between 0% to 10%.
		The higher figures tend to be calculated based on the percentage of Scud warheads which were known to have impacted and exploded compared to the number of Scud missiles launched, but due to factors such as duds, misses and impacts which were not reported, this is not really a good way to measure effectiveness.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/gu/gulf_war.htm (5708 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: Army Report Details Patriot Record in Iraq War
		A new Army report reaffirms earlier Pentagon claims that the Patriot missile defense system destroyed all Iraqi missiles that it engaged during the invasion of Iraq, but does not fully account for why the system failed to target several other Iraqi missiles fired at U.S. forces and Kuwait.
		No official explanation is given for why the other nine Iraqi missiles were not fired upon, though the report implied that at least three might have been because their trajectories were judged to be non-threatening.
		Patriots also did not down any Iraqi cruise missiles, which are powered for their whole flight, can maneuver, and fly at low altitudes.
	www.armscontrol.org /act/2003_11/Patriotmissile.asp (711 words)

	Missile Defense - Center for Defense Information
		This weapon uses a hit-to-kill warhead to intercept enemy missiles and is being lauded by some as a litmus test for the effectiveness of missile defense in general.
		The Department of Defense spent $800 million over eight years to determine whether Boeing or Raytheon would win the EKV contract, only to be forced to hastily call off the competition in December 1998 and award it to Raytheon after discovering Boeing employees had misused proprietary software of Raytheon’s.
		President Reagan spoke repeatedly about his intent to share missile defense technology with the Soviet Union as a means that could ultimately lead to the elimination of offensive strategic ballistic missiles, a position reiterated by President Bush leading up to the St. Petersburg summit.
	www.cdi.org /missile-defense (1678 words)

	Patriot missile: friend or foe? \| The Register
		Having met all classification criteria, the Patriot crew launched the missile, and the Tornado, mistaken for an "Anti-Radiation Missile", was engaged in self-defence.
		Since the Patriot unit had one minute to decide whether or not to fire on a target classified as a HARM, this would mean that the HARM was roughly 120,000 to 140,000 feet downrange, or roughly 25 to 30 miles distance when Patriot's were launched.
		Since the Patriot unit fired when they had one minute to assess the approaching target, this suggests that the Tornado must have been at a range of roughly 50,000 to 70,000 feet (10 to 15 miles) when the Patriot interceptors were actually launched.
	www.theregister.co.uk /2004/05/20/patriot_missile (3025 words)

	The Patriot Missile Failure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Indeed, the Patriot battery had been up around 100 hours, and an easy calculation shows that the resulting time error due to the magnified chopping error was about 0.34 seconds.
		Because of the way the Patriot computer performs its calculations and the fact that its registers are only 24 bits long, the conversion of time from an integer to a real number cannot be any more precise than 24 bits.
		Consequently, performing the conversion after the Patriot has been running continuously for extended periods causes the range gate to shift away from the center of the target, making it less likely that the target, in this case a Scud, will be successfully intercepted.
	www.ima.umn.edu /~arnold/disasters/patriot.html (549 words)

	The Patriot Missile
		The Patriot is armed with a 200 pound high-explosive warhead detonated by a proximity fuse that causes shrapnell to destroy the intended target.
		Furthermore, the Patriot's success rate in Israel was examined by the IDF (Israel Defense Forces) who did not have a political reason to play up the Patriots success rate and even had reasons to downplay the Patriot's success rate.
		In a conventional war a Scud missile landing in the desert or the sea instead of a populated city is acceptable.
	www.newsmakingnews.com /patriotanalysis3,24,00.htm (2753 words)

	MissileThreat ::
		An explanation of what ballistic missiles are, how to defend against them, and the fundamental issues which drive the debate over whether or not to defend America.
		Ballistic missiles may be destroyed during their flight using systems based on land, sea, air, or space.
		Until President Bush withdrew the United States on June 2002, the ABM Treaty was the primary obstacle to deploying missile defenses for some thirty years.
	www.missilethreat.com /systems/patriot_pac-3_usa.html (397 words)

	BalancedPolitics.org - Missile Defense (Pros & Cons, Arguments For and Against)
		Although much of the money is lost in testing the defense, most government spending goes to workers and contractors, who can then in turn spend the money on other things in the economy.
		However, the development of a nuclear missile defense may just stop the spread of the weapons.
		If we spend it on missile defense, we have to take it away from other things we could spend it on; for example, education, homeless shelters, food programs, AIDS initiatives, health insurance, small business investment, tax cuts, etc.
	www.balancedpolitics.org /missile_defense.htm (1417 words)

	Expected Patriot Sale Panics Pakistan
		The Patriot is a long-range, all altitude and all weather air defense system to counter tactical ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and advanced aircraft.
		Patriots were first used by the Israelis in the first Gulf War against Iraqi missiles.
		They argue that it's these missiles that created the present level of deterrence between India and Pakistan and prevented the two nuclear-armed nations from going to war during the military standoff in 2002.
	www.spacewar.com /news/missiles-05m.html (1040 words)

	Report Examines Patriot Missile Problems
		A number of problems with Patriot missile defenses and related systems contributed to three friendly fire deaths during the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, according to a new Pentagon report, which nonetheless says the Patriot was a "substantial success" during the fighting.
		Patriots appear to have shot down nine incoming Iraqi short-range ballistic missiles during the invasion, says a summary of the report.
		Patriot crews are trained for situations where they face a rain of missiles, not one filled with a few missiles mixed in among friendly aircraft.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2005/03/04/national/w110955S71.DTL (673 words)

	GAO Report: Patriot Missile Defense-- Software Problem Led to System Failure at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
		Patriots had to be shut down for at least 1 to 2 hours to install each software modification.
		Patriot Project Office officials said that the Patriot system will not track a Scud when there is a range gate shift of 50 percent or more.
		Patriot locations was due to the time it took to arrange for air and ground transportation in a wartime environment.
	www.fas.org /spp/starwars/gao/im92026.htm (2714 words)

	NTI: Global Security Newswire
		Japanese defense chief Shigeru Ishiba said he “aggressively” supports a stronger missile defense and that buying the advanced Patriots is an option.
		Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz yesterday said the alert would be reviewed only after the possibility of an Iraqi missile attack had passed.
		European defense officials are moving forward to plan a joint, continental ballistic missile defense system, Aviation Week and Space Technology reported yesterday (see GSN, Dec. 20, 2002).
	www.nti.org /d_newswire/issues/thisweek/2003_4_7_misd.html (1484 words)

	security.itworld.com - Software bug may cause Patriot missile errors
		On Sunday, a Patriot Missile battery on the Kuwait border accidentally shot down a British Royal Air Force (RAF) Tornado GR-4 aircraft that was returning from a mission over Iraq.
		Defense industry experts disagreed about the possibility of a software problem being solely responsible for downing a friendly aircraft.
		But those who remember how claims about the Patriot's performance during the first Gulf War were later disputed say that it's reasonable to be skeptical of the claims made by Patriot boosters this time around.
	security.itworld.com /4341/030328patriotbug/page_1.html (944 words)

	JS Online: 2 Patriot missile mistakes raise questions
		U.S. defense officials said Tuesday that a Patriot system about 30 miles south of the Iraqi city of Najaf apparently "locked on" to an Air Force F-16 fighter Monday and prepared to fire.
		Defense officials at the Pentagon and at the air command center at Prince Sultan air base in Saudi Arabia were divided about the significance of the two incidents, both of which are under investigation.
		Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said on Sunday that the downing of the British aircraft earlier in the day might have been caused either by a problem with targeting recognition equipment or because the British aircraft was not beaming the proper signal indicating it was friendly.
	www.jsonline.com /story/index.aspx?id=128478&format=print (517 words)

	North Korean Missiles; Patriots in Iraq 4/14/03
		U.S. Patriot missile defense systems deployed in Iraq have continued their reported success against Iraqi short-range missiles but have raised concerns about the threat they may pose to coalition aircraft.
		Initial reports indicate that, although Patriot missiles have destroyed eight or nine of the 13 to 14 Iraqi missiles launched into Kuwait, batteries have also targeted three coalition aircraft, destroying one and possibly a second.
		However, it would not be surprising if the Patriots' performance was better than it was against longer-range Scuds, given their increased maneuverability, the relatively slow speed of the engaged missiles, and the fact that the targets probably did not break up during re-entry as they did in the 1991 Gulf War.
	www.ucsusa.org /global_security/securitynet/north-korean-missiles-patriots-in-iraq-41403.html (900 words)

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