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Topic: Patriotic Front (Zimbabwe)

	Zimbabwe - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Zimbabwe's official language is English, with Shona and Ndebele being the prominent African languages.
		Zimbabwe is a parliamentary democracy, governed according to the 1979 constitution as amended.
		In the elections of Apr., 1980, Robert Mugabe's ZANU-PF (Patriotic Front) party won by a comfortable margin, and he became prime minister of the Republic of Zimbabwe when independence was achieved on Apr. 18, 1980.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-zimbabwe.html (2435 words)

	Background Notes Archive - Africa
		Zimbabwe Since Independence Prime Minister Mugabe's policy of reconciliation was generally successful during the country's first two years of independence, as the former political and military opponents began to work together.
		In November 1982, Zimbabwe was chosen by the OAU to hold one of the nonpermanent seats in the U.N. Security Council for the following two years, which brought it onto the center stage of world events and gave it much needed experience in international affairs.
		Zimbabwe also has substantial coal reserves that are utilized for power generation, and recently discovered in Matabeleland province are coalbed methane deposits greater than any know natural gas field in Southern or Eastern Africa.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/af/zimbabwe9511.html (4980 words)

	FAST TRACK LAND REFORM IN ZIMBABWE
		Zimbabwe's several hundred thousand farm workers have been largely excluded from the program, and many have lost their jobs, driven from the farms where they work by violence or laid off because of a collapse in commercial agricultural production.
		Zimbabwe received financial assistance for land reform during the 1980s and 1990s from various governments.
		Other African states have often supported the Zimbabwe government in its allegations that the response of Britain, in particular, to the land crisis, is essentially racist.
	www.hrw.org /reports/2002/zimbabwe/ZimLand0302.htm (2256 words)

	Zimbabwe - February 2002 -- Genocide Watch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Zimbabwe's electoral supervisory commission has sole power to monitor the elections and has banned foreign monitors from six European Union countries, including the Swedish chairman of the EU monitoring group.
		Preparation: President Mugabe's latest moves to shut off Zimbabwe from monitoring by human rights groups, election monitors, and the press, and his new laws to criminalize anyone who criticizes him, are ominous signs that he is planning at least massive election fraud.
		Zimbabwe's leaders should be notified that if such massacres occur, the U.S. and EU will support armed intervention by a UN-authorized regional force, and President Mugabe and those who might perpetrate the crimes would be subject to prosecution.
	www.genocidewatch.org /alerts/zimbabwe200202.htm (835 words)

	All about Zim: Africa: Zimbabwe: News24 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Under the 1987 amendment to the constitution, executive authority in Zimbabwe is vested in a president, who is nominated and elected to a six-year term by the members of parliament.
		Zimbabwe, once considered the breadbasket of southern Africa and cited as an economic example to the continent, is undergoing an economic crisis, with rising unemployment, triple-digit inflation and plunging foreign exchange reserves.
		In 1998, Zimbabwe intervened militarily in the Democratic Republic of Congo on the side of the Kinshasa regime, which was threatened with a rebellion.
	www.news24.com /News24/Africa/Zimbabwe/0,,2-11-1662_1682112,00.html (811 words)

	THE MANY FACES OF ZIMBABWE by Isadel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Zimbabwe is found in the eastern and the southern hemisphere.
		The large mammals in Zimbabwe are elephants, lions, buffalo, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, gorilla, chimpanzee, baboon, giraffe, eland, gemsbok, waterbuk, and zebra.
		Zimbabwe's range of products is so large, it is the second largest of all of the countries in the world.
	www.crockerfarm.org /ac/rm10/Zimbabwe.htm (1025 words)

	Index of Economic Freedom 2006 - Zimbabwe
		Zimbabwe's trade policy score is 1 point worse this year; however, its fiscal burden of government score is 0.8 point better, its government intervention score is 0.5 point better, and its wages and prices score is 1 point better.
		Zimbabwe's top income tax rate is 41.2 percent, down from the 46.4 percent reported in the 2005 Index.
		Zimbabwe's relatively sophisticated financial system has deteriorated from government intervention, lack of adequate supervision, and repeated crises ever since the 1997 economic downturn.
	www.heritage.org /research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Zimbabwe (1075 words)

	The Dualities of Contemporary Zimbabwean Politics
		In the case of Zimbabwe, the new constitution was encumbered in the sense that it contained certain entrenched provisions which ensure that certain policies could not be changed until a specified time had elapsed or until the matter was determined by a specified majority vote in the House of Assembly.
		Inside Zimbabwe, it was predominantly the politics of the belly (hunger, unemployment, and frustration with inability to get ahead in life) that caused a large proportion of voters to desire a new government.
		Alternatively, the fact that Zimbabwe in recent years has ‘de-industrialised’ could mean that whilst industrialisation goes into a decline and the land reform project collapses, the extensive economic crisis in Zimbabwe might provide the backdrop for further deconstitutionalisation to aid political survival.
	www.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v7/v7i2a1.htm (10935 words)

	Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) has been the ruling political party in Zimbabwe since independence in 1980, led by Robert Mugabe, first as Prime Minister with the party simply known as ZANU, and then as President from 1988 after taking over ZAPU and renaming the party ZANU-PF.
		Zimbabwe African National Union was a party founded by Ndabaningi Sithole, Herbert Chitepo, Leopold Takawira and Henry Hamadziripi at former Defence minister Enos Nkala's house in Highfield in August 1963.
		In 1988 after eight years of low-level civil war termed Gukurahundi, the opposition Zimbabwe African People's Union, (ZAPU), led by Joshua Nkomo, merged with ZANU to form Zanu-PF with the added moniker of Patriotic Front, in what was seen as a step towards a one party state.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union_-_Patriotic_Front (493 words)

	Where is Zimbabwe headed?
		ZIMBABWE’S PRESIDENT Robert Mugabe has intensified repression of political opponents in a desperate attempt to maintain his 22-year grip on power.
		And the ISO is organizing protests at Zimbabwe diplomatic offices in New York and Washington, D.C., on March 1.
		IN 1980, the election victory of Mugabe and his Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) party was the climax of a 20-year guerrilla struggle for democratic rights in Zimbabwe, formerly known as Rhodesia.
	www.socialistworker.org /2002-1/396/396_08_Zimbabwe.shtml (1226 words)

	Zimbabwe Committee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The archive of the Dutch Zimbabwe Committee was transferred to the IISH.
		Its objective was to provide unconditional support to all organizations and individuals, especially the Patriotic Front, struggling against the oppression of the Zimbabwe population.
		The Patriotic Front was an alliance of the two liberation movements in Zimbabwe: the ZANU (Zimbabwe African National Union) and the ZAPU (Zimbabwe African Peoples Union).
	www.iisg.nl /collections/zimbabwekomitee.php (143 words)

	Inter Press Service News Agency
		HARARE, Jul 4 (IPS) - Discussions on Zimbabwe last week centred on the possibility of the two main parties - the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) and opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) - forming a government of national unity, or GNU as it is called in Zimbabwe.
		Zimbabwe's history with the government of national union is characterised by neutralising the opposition parties.
		The current political framework is not favourable for a government of national union, an agenda that seems to be pushed on Zimbabwe by external forces.
	www.ipsnews.net /africa/print.asp?idnews=19108 (874 words)

	The Political System
		Zimbabwe has eight provinces, each of which is administered by a provincial governor appointed by the president.
		It was founded in 1963 by the Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole and it was banned in 1964 by Ian Smith's Rhodesian Front government This party had organized a guerrilla war from Zambia against the Smith government.In 1976 an alliance was formed between the two Parties that were fighting for independence, ZAPU and ZANU.
		In 1962, the Rhodesian Front party won the elections in Southern Rhodesia and Ian Smith was appointed the Prime Minister.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~piaseth/classweb/Politics.html (1610 words)

	A short history of Zimbabwe
		Southern Rhodesia remains of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, but when Northern Rhodesia secedes from the federation the separate status is restored in 1963.
		He is succeeded in 1964 by Ian Douglas Smith of the Rhodesian Front (RF), successor of the DP.
		However the voter turnout is low and the campaign is not free and fair although the actual balloting is. Not satisfied with a de facto one-party state, Mugabe calls the ZANU-PF central committee to support the creation of a de jure one-party state in 1990 and lost.
	www.electionworld.org /history/zimbabwe.htm (786 words)

	Human Rights Watch: Publications: Africa : Zimbabwe
		International relief agencies in Zimbabwe fail to ensure that access to food is based on need alone and is not biased by domestic or international political concerns.
		This 51-page report documents how food is denied to suspected supporters of Zimbabwe's main opposition party and to residents of former commercial farms resettled under the country's "fast-track" land reform program.
		Zimbabwe has served as co-rapporteur of the SCE on General Status and Operation of the Convention.
	hrw.org /reports/world/zimbabwe-pubs.php (714 words)

	DFID \| Country Profiles \| Africa \| Zimbabwe
		Zimbabwe is experiencing one of the world’s worst HIV epidemics.
		Zimbabwe is on-track to achieve the MDG target on HIV and AIDS - to “have halted by 2015, and begun to reverse, the spread of HIV/AIDS.” Declining HIV prevalence is likely to be a result of high mortality rates and changes in sexual behaviour.
		Zimbabwe National AIDS council to increase access to anti-retroviral therapy in Zimbabwe.
	www.dfid.gov.uk /countries/africa/zimbabwe.asp (776 words)

	FRONTLINE/WORLD . Zimbabwe - Shadows and Lies . Recollections of Robert Mugabe . PBS
		Mugabe had formed a coalition "Patriotic Front" government with a rival guerrilla leader, Joshua Nkomo, but it soon fell apart when Mugabe accused Nkomo of plotting a coup against him.
		FRONTLINE was one of the few media outlets in the United States to sound the alarm, in the 1983 documentary Crisis in Zimbabwe, reported by Charlie Cobb, an African American journalist, who, like me, was dismayed to see Mugabe acting as brutally and repressively as the white-minority rulers he had replaced.
		In Zimbabwe, the Soviet Union backed Nkomo and China supported Mugabe, but Mugabe was pragmatic enough to realize that a repeat of Angola would be a disaster.
	www.pbs.org /frontlineworld/stories/zimbabwe504/profile.html (3349 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: News :: Patriotic Front Official Expects Liberation Soon
		Countering reports of a split between the two major groups in Zimbabwe's Patriotic Front, an official in the Front said yesterday the fl nationalists will remain united when they come to power within three to four months.
		Josiah Chinamano, vice-president of the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), said in an interview yesterday that Robert Mugabe, leader of the Zimbabwe African Nationalist Union (ZANU), assured him three months ago that he is committed to the unified Patriotic Front.
		He is also alleged to have said that the ZANU forces had done most of the fighting and therefore was the major force in the Front.
	www.thecrimson.com /article.aspx?ref=346767 (600 words)

	O R Tambo - 1980
		The imperialists, headed by Britain, are running a campaign to portray the ceasefire agreement as a signal of the end of the revolutionary struggle in southern Africa and a return to the policy of a "voluntary" improvement by the racists of the life of the oppressed and exploited masses.
		The presence of South African troops in Zimbabwe is consistent with Pretoria's role of gendarme protecting its own interests and the interests of imperialism as a whole.
		This solidarity enabled the people of Zimbabwe led by the Patriotic Front and the Namibian people led by SWAPO effectively to resist the racists, whom the Western countries are supplying with modern weaponry.
	www.anc.org.za /ancdocs/history/or/or80-2.html (1864 words)

	Zimbabwe
		Archaeologists have found Stone Age implements and pebble tools in several areas of Zimbabwe, suggesting human habitation for many centuries, and the ruins of stone buildings provide evidence of early civilization.
		In 1976, because of a combination of embargo-related economic hardships and the pressure of guerrilla activity, the Ian Smith government agreed to a meeting in Geneva with fl nationalists leaders-Joshua Nkomo, Robert Mugabe, Bishop Abel Muzorewa, and Ndabaningi Sithole-to negotiate a final settlement of the conflict.
		Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) Party won an absolute majority in elections and was asked to form Zimbabwe's first government.
	www.zyama.com /Iowa/Countres/Zimbabwe.htm (338 words)

	Amnesty International Report 2002 - Africa - ZIMBABWE
		The rights to the rainforest were conceded by the DRC government in return for Zimbabwe's military aid, including an estimated 1,000 troops, in the continuing conflict with rebel forces in eastern DRC.
		Tawanda Hondora had gone to Chikomba with the two other lawyers to investigate allegations of intimidation and assault of witnesses in cases where election procedures were being challenged in the High Court.
		Zimbabwe: Appeal to the European Union and the Commonwealth (AI Index: AFR 46/010/2001)
	web.amnesty.org /web/ar2002.nsf/afr/zimbabwe!Open (2153 words)

	Majority Rule in Zimbabwe
		Modern Zimbabwe, then known as Southern Rhodesia, remained under white minority rule whose conservative trends in fact hardened with the break-up of the Federation of Rhodesia.
		The sanctions were broadened in 1968 by imposing an almost total embargo on all trade with, investments in, or transfers of funds to Rhodesia and restrictions on air transport were also imposed.
		In regards to foreign policy, Zimbabwe was to be non-aligned and though it would opposed apartheid in South Africa, it would not be a base for anti-South African guerrillas.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/zimbabwe.htm (766 words)

	CNN - Zimbabwe election - Mar. 14, 1996
		HARARE, Zimbabwe (CNN) -- Voters in Zimbabwe head to the polls on Saturday and Sunday for a presidential election that is widely seen as a foregone conclusion.
		Sixteen years after Zimbabwe gained independence, many of the fighters who helped end the country's white rule are still battling to receive their compensation allowances.
		Supporters of Margaret Dongo celebrated recently as she took her seat as Zimbabwe's first independent member of parliament.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9603/zimbabwe/index.html (611 words)

	Dissent bludgeoned in Zimbabwe - The Wire - February2002 - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The situation in Zimbabwe continues to deteriorate as the Presidential elections draw nearer.
		The Zimbabwe government is using informal but state-sponsored militia as proxy forces to displace farm workers and to assault suspected members of the opposition.
		Whether elections in 2002 are free and fair will be measured by the extent to which the Zimbabwe government provides an atmosphere in which all people, including opposition candidates and supporters, are free to express their political beliefs, peacefully assemble and campaign without the fear of violence.
	web.amnesty.org /web/wire.nsf/February2002/Zimbabwe (490 words)

	January 8 Statement - 1980
		Events in Zimbabwe hold the promise that the people of Zimbabwe could once more regain control of the land and the productive resources of their country, enabling them to reconstruct their country into one that offers its inhabitants prosperity and happiness.
		As this decade of the 'eighties begins we shall this year no doubt see a democratic Zimbabwe begin to play her rightful role in international councils, contributing her equal share to the modelling of a peaceable world order which is just and democratic in all its aspects.
		They constitute a challenging battleground for patriots, a rallying cry for the mobilisation of the people for struggle and liberation for they can only be resolved with the seizure of power from white minority regime.
	www.anc.org.za /ancdocs/history/jan8-80.html (5357 words)

	Zimbabwe’s Very American Election
		It was viewed, both within the country and by foreign observers, as a referendum on the country’s elderly and dictatorial ruler, President Robert Mugabe, who has been in power since 1980.
		Mugabe’s party, The Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front, won 71 seats in the election, while the opposition party, the Movement for Democratic Change, garnered only 39.
		In the 2002 Zimbabwe elections, President Mugabe’s supporters were accused of killing hundreds of opponents.
	www.opednews.com /gerardGene_041405_zimbabwe.htm (1056 words)

	Crimes Against Humanity and Zimbabwe
		As Zimbabwe moves inexorably into greater and greater crisis, the prospect of a negotiated transition moves higher up the agenda of possible solutions.
		The first is whether the evidence establishes that the violence rises to the level of crimes against humanity, and the second problem is whether the definition is jurisdictionally relevant.
		This is the conclusion to be drawn from the evidence in respect of Zimbabwe.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Africa/Crimes_Against_Zimbabwe.html (868 words)

	Thomas Mapfumo - Zimbabwe - Worldpress.org
		The man who is Zimbabwe’s most famous pop star and is regarded as the father of modern Shona traditional music is the latest casuality of the political system that has sunk low.
		His utterances and music that criticize how Zimbabwe is being governed have pitted him against the government, which is bent on quashing the voices of musicians, journalists, judges, and artists for their veiled attacks on the government.
		He says most of the violence being witnessed in Zimbabwe is as a result of jealous tendencies by people who do not appreciate the change that is coming to Zimbabwean politics.
	www.worldpress.org /Africa/679.cfm (851 words)

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