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Topic: Patriotic Salvation Movement

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	Polity IV Country Report 2003: Chad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Idriss Deby, leader of the Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), has ruled Chad since seizing control of the government from rival ethnic-based warlords in 1990.
		With the support of Libya, the Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), led by Iriss Deby (former army chief under Habre), defeated Habre's army and Deby was installed as president.
		A promising sign in early 2002, however, was the peace accord signed in Tripoli on 7 January between the Government and Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJT) negotiators.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/polity/Cha1.htm (1201 words)

	[No title]
		The army is the military wing of the Salvation Front for the Liberation of Libya.
		It is obvious that the CIA is behind this group and indicates a new "awakening" for the CIA now that it has been cleared and re-energized by all the various official exonerations; and led by the new Director Deutch who pushes for more covert operations.
		The cia-backed group is called the national Front for the salvation of libya (nfsl) and is led by gen youssef Magarieff.
	www.acorn.net /jfkplace/03/Test-CIA/LIBYA (1740 words)

	Chad - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Chad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Habré was indicted for torture and barbarity by a court in Senegal in February 2000.
		A transitional charter was adopted early in 1993 pending the holding of multiparty elections, and a peace agreement was signed with the rebel Movement for Democracy and Development (MDD) in 1995.
		However, in 1998, the Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJC), led by former defence minister, Youssouf Togoimi, began armed rebellion.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Chad (967 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Chad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1989 a new constitution providing for an elected president and parliament came into effect.
		This constitution was suspended, and parliament dissolved, after an insurgent group, the Patriotic Salvation Movement, took power in December 1990.
		Chad was then ruled by an interim government consisting of a 33-member state council headed by a president.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761562065___14/Chad.html (173 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Intermittent fighting with rebels from the Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJT), headed by former Defense Minister Youssouf Togoïmi, continued, although negotiations designed to resolve the conflict were underway at years’ end.
		A national conference that included a broad array of civic and political groups then created a transitional parliament, which was controlled by Déby’s Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS).
		The current coalition government is dominated by the ruling Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS) with 65 seats.
	www.freedomhouse.org /research/africa2002/chad.doc (808 words)

	Chad - Amnesty International
		In January, a peace agreement was signed in Libya between the government and an armed opposition group, the Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJT).
		Turnout was low and President Idriss Déby’s ruling Patriotic Salvation Movement won a majority of seats in the National Assembly.
		On the day of the elections, one of the candidates, Gueti Mahamat, leader of the African Democratic Party and a member of the Living Forces coalition opposed to President Déby, was killed when his car ran over a landmine in Faya Largeau, northern Chad.
	web.amnesty.org /report2003/Tcd-summary-eng (874 words)

	Heads of state of Chad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		(People’s Movement for the Liberation of the Chad)
		Mouvement National pour la Révolution Culturelle et Sociale
		(National Movement for the Cultural and Social Revolution) only legal party Jun 1973-13 Apr 1975, from PPT
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Chad (172 words)

	[No title]
		President Deby's ruling Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS) party was already assured of winning 45 unopposed seats in the north, and his allies were sole candidates in another 20 of the 155 parliamentary constituencies.
		Officials called the blast a terrorist attack and observers said the accusations were aimed at the rebel Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad.
		The results gave the ruling Patriotic Salvation Movement an overwhelming victory as it took 112 of the 155 seats.
	www.ipu.org /parline-e/reports/2061_E.htm (461 words)

	Jubilee 2000: Reports: Eye of the Needle - Chad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Multiparty elections were held for the presidency in 1996 and Mr Déby won with 67% of the vote.
		The Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), the president's party, obtained a majority of seats in the National Assembly after elections in 1997.
		Democratic progress was disrupted by violent clashes between the army and rebel groups in southern Chad in late 1997.
	www.jubilee2000uk.org /jubilee2000/reports/needle/chad.html (515 words)

	FACT SHEET: Chad at a Glance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Government forces clashed violently with rebel forces to include; the Movement for Democracy and Development, National Revival Committee for Peace and Democracy, Chadian national Front, and the Western Armed Forces, near Lake Chad and in southern regions of the country.
		By mid-1997 the government signed peace deals with FARF and the Movement for Democracy and Development leadership and succeeded in cutting off the groups from their rear bases in the Central African Republic and Cameroon.
		Since October 1998 Chadian Movement for Justice and Democracy rebels have skirmished with government troops in the Tibesti region, resulting in hundreds of civilian, government, and rebel casualties.
	deploymentlink.osd.mil /deploy/info/africa/chad/index.shtml (1701 words)

	Background Notes Archive - Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Political party: Six political parties as of May 18, 1992: Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP), Democratic Union for Progress in Chad (UDPT), National Rally for Democracy and Progress (VIVA-RNDP), Union for Democracy and the Republic (UDR), Chadian People's Assembly (RPT).
		After 3 months of provisional government, a national charter was approved by the Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS) on February 28, 1991, with Deby as President.
		GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS The Fundamental Act of the Republic, proclaimed on October 18, 1982, served as the constitutional basis for government until December 10, 1989, when it was replaced by a new constitution.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/af/chad9205.html (3270 words)

	Chad opposition head dies after hitting 'terrorist' mine: govt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Moussa's accusations were interpreted by some observers to be aimed at the rebel Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJT), active in the far north of the landlocked country.
		The regime in N'Djamena and the MDJT signed a peace agreement in the Libyan capital, Tripoli on January 7, ending three years of guerrilla warfare that cost hundreds of lives in the northern region of Tibesti.
		Final results are expected in about 10 days, but Deby's Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS) is widely expected to win a majority in the 155-seat parliament.
	www.namibian.com.na /2002/april/africa/0257A0FB2F.html (376 words)

	General Information on Chad
		In Dec 1990 the government fell to rebel opposition forces, Hissène Habré was reported killed, and the rebel leader Idriss Deby became president.
		Opposition groupings other than the ruling Patriotic Salvation Movement were permitted from Oct 1991.
		A transitional charter was adopted early 1993 pending the holding of multipary elections, and a peace agreement was signed with the rebel Movement for Democracy and Development (MDD) 1995.
	www.gateway-africa.com /countries/chad.html (696 words)

	Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2000 - Chad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		At year's end, they were staying with a relative in N'Djamena with their movements closely observed by government security agents.
		At year's end, Togoimi's family limited their movements in response to government surveillance; they did not pursue their request for passports, despite the Ministry of Interior's statements indicating that the Government was disposed to reconsider favorably the Togoimi family's earlier request (see Section 1.c.).
		Persons forcibly repatriated by Sudan and initially under movement restrictions were free to leave the country during the year.
	www.usemb.se /human/2000/africa/chad.html (8664 words)

	Comparative Criminology \| Africa - Chad
		After 3 months of provisional government, Deby’s Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS) approved a national charter on February 28, 1991, with Deby as president.
		Agreements also were struck with rebels from the National Front of Chad (FNT) and Movement for Social Justice and Democracy in October 1997.
		Since October 1998 Chadian Movement for Justice and Democracy (MDJT) rebels, led by Youssuf Togoimi, have skirmished with government troops in the Tibesti region, resulting in hundreds of civilian, government, and rebel casualties, but little ground won or lost.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/africa/chad.html (3826 words)

	Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The government believed that the Committee for National Salvation for Peace and Democracy (CSNPD), led by former Lt. Kette Nodje Moise, was responsible for the renewed violence.
		The Patriotic and Democratic wing of the Armed Forces for the Federal Republic (FARF) renounced the use of violence and will become a new political party called the Patriotic Front for Democracy.
		Turnout for the elections was 48% and the Moslem north voted mainly for the Patriotic Salvation Movement while the Christian south voted largely for opposition candidates.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/chadsthchro.htm (6464 words)

	Chad
		He was reelected President in May 2001; however, fraud, widespread vote rigging, and local irregularities marred the 2001 presidential election and the April legislative elections in which the MPS won 110 out of 155 seats in the National Assembly.
		The Government signed a formal peace treaty in January with the rebel Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJT), led by former Defense Minister Youssouf Togoimi; however it still did not control some parts of northwestern Chad.
		The Government accused the media of "biased treatment of information in times of war" and deplored the "taking of partisan positions" in media coverage of rebel attacks in the north and the failed coup attempt in the CAR, in which the Government was implicated.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18175.htm (9393 words)

	Chad - Amnesty International
		The Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (Mouvement pour la Démocratie et la Justice au Tchad, MDJT), the most active of a plethora of largely inactive armed political groups, did not appear to engage in significant military activity in Tibesti, northern Chad, its area of operation, during 2004.
		In October, the National Resistance Alliance, which groups together several armed political groups, announced that it was pulling out of a January 2003 peace agreement with the government of Chad.
		Reports of recruitment of Chadians by the Janjawid, and allegations of links between key figures of the Chadian government and the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and the Justice and Equity Movement, armed political groups operating in the Darfur region, in which many Zaghawa were involved, highlighted the risk that the Darfur conflict could spread.
	web.amnesty.org /report2005/tcd-summary-eng (997 words)

	AFRICA - Chad Country Close-Up
		Libya, sensing an opportunity with guerilla movements who wanted to align Chad more closely with Africa's Arab north, invaded in 1977 and civil war raged for the next four years.
		Defeated, Libya withdrew, and a new government was installed until its overthrow in 1990 by General Idriss Deby, head of the rebel group Patriotic Salvation Movement and backed by Libya's Col. Quaddafi.
		The regime has not earned good marks for its human rights record: torture, summary executions and the disappearance of political foes are common.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/africa/explore/sahel/countries/chad_intro.html (246 words)

	Timeline: Chad
		1990—Habre toppled after his army is defeated by rebels of the Sudan-based and Libyan-backed Patriotic Salvation Movement, led by a former Habre ally, Idriss Deby.
		1998—The Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad, led by Deby's former Defence Minister, Youssouf Togoimi, begins armed rebellion against the government.
		2000 July—Rebels of the Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJC) say they have captured the key government garrison town of Bardai in the north.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/35/326.html (431 words)

	History of CHAD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		There are widespread accusations of electoral fraud but the incumbent president, Idriss Démy, is elected with 69% of the vote.
		In 1997 Démy's party, the Patriotic Salvation Movement, also wins more seats than any other party in the national assembly.
		In February 2000 former president Habré, living in exile in Senegal, is arrested and brought before a Senegalese court on charges of torture and barbarity.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad40 (926 words)

	Chad
		Despite the country's multiparty system of government, power remains concentrated in the hands of a northern ethnic oligarchy and its allies, resulting in a culture of impunity for a ruling minority.
		During the year, the rebel group Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJT) lost some of its strength in the northwest Tibesti region, which allowed the Government to regain some control of the territory.
		In January, legislation was proposed to require the registration of nomadic herders to better document their movement.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27719.htm (9544 words)

	Attacks on the Press - 2002
		The council claimed that since it had been unable to effectively regulate the airtime that political parties receive for advertising, the ban was necessary to prevent unequal media access.
		But journalists charged that the ban actually favored the ruling Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS) party.
		The HCC had ordered a similar ban during the run-up to the presidential elections, which were held in May 2001.
	www.cpj.org /attacks02/africa02/chad.html (545 words)

	OTAL - Chad
		In 1989 he fled to Sudan after being accused of plotting a coup.
		A year later his Patriotic Salvation Movement drove Habre into exile, and in 1991 Deby was proclaimed president.
		In 1996 he oversaw the inauguration of a multiparty constitution and, later that year, won the country's first presidential election.
	www.otal.com /ctbl/chadministry.htm (803 words)

	afrol News - Parliament approves third term for Chad's President
		The ruling Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), which is headed by Mr Deby, decided to demand an amendment to the constitution at a party congress in November last year, with an aim of removing the limit of how many terms a President can be re-elected altogether.
		Presidential powers are almost unlimited in Chad and President Deby bases his power political friends of his own ethnic group with the MSP.
		Mr Deby's Chad has had a poor human rights record since he took power in a coup in 1990, with limited freedom of the press, assembly, religion and movement.
	www.afrol.com /articles/12772 (581 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Chad
		By the end of 1988, Libyan forces had been driven out of Chad, and the two nations had normalized diplomatic relations.
		In December 1990, however, Habré was ousted by an insurgent group, the Patriotic Salvation Movement, which had Libyan support.
		The rebel leader, General Idriss Deby, then assumed the presidency.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761562065__1/Chad.html (1773 words)

	Chad
		The Government took judicial action against independent newspapers for publishing material, which it deemed prejudicial to the Government, on the rebellion in the north and actions of senior officials.
		In late 2000, presidential security forces reportedly executed nine prisoners of war from the northern Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJT) rebel group, including agronomist Yaya Labadri, who had been taken prisoner during an engagement with government forces.
		At the end of 2000, Togoimi's family limited their movements in response to government surveillance; they did not pursue their request for passports, despite the Ministry of Interior's statements indicating that the Government was disposed to reconsider favorably the Togoimi family's earlier request.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/af/8307.htm (10052 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Africa \| Country profiles \| Timeline: Chad
		1990 - Habre toppled after his army is defeated by rebels of the Sudan-based and Libyan-backed Patriotic Salvation Movement, led by a former Habre ally, Idriss Deby.
		1997 - Deby's Patriotic Salvation Movement triumphs on legislative elections.
		1998 - The Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad, led by Deby's former Defence Minister, Youssouf Togoimi, begins armed rebellion against the government.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/low/world/africa/country_profiles/1068745.stm (741 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Chad president promises oil wealth will benefit whole country
		Tuesday's vote was the first of its kind since independence from France in 1960.
		Deby's ruling Patriotic Salvation Movement has 66 of the 125 seats in parliament after winning 1997 elections.
		The budget envisages spending of over 130 bn CFA francs ($ 218 mm) and receipts of over 118 bn CFA.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/news/nta80736.htm (467 words)

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