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Topic: Patronage

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	Political patronage - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Political patronage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Patronage was for centuries bestowed mainly by individuals (in Europe often royal or noble) or by the church.
		Patronage was used not only for the preferment of friends, but also as a means of social justice, often favouring, for example, the families of those in adversity.
		Patronage survives today in the political honours system (awards granted to party supporters) and the appointment of university professors, leaders of national corporations, and government bodies or quangos, which is often by invitation rather than by formal application.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Political+patronage (424 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Patron and Patronage
		A personal right of patronage is peculiar to a person as such, while a real right of patronage belongs to one in possession for the time being of something with which a patronage is connected, provided of course that he is qualified for the possession of the right of patronage.
		A spiritual patronage is one belonging to the incumbent of an ecclesiastical office, or established by the foundation of a church or a benefice out of ecclesiastical funds, or instituted by a layman and later presented to the Church.
		In the case of a mixed patronage, the rights of which are exercised in common by an ecclesiastical and a lay patron, the same rule holds as in the case of a lay patronage.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11560c.htm (1878 words)

	Patronage
		From the late nineteenth century until the 1931 election of Anton Cermak, the ward was the locus of patronage politics.
		The Elrod (1976), Shakman (1983), Rutan (1990), O'Hare (1996), and Vickery (1996) cases established the principle that partisanship in hiring, firing, and contracting was an infringement of the First Amendment rights of citizens to hold political beliefs and act upon them.
		Political patronage and insider contracting in local and state government have by no means been eliminated, but they have become more subtle.
	www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org /pages/961.html (329 words)

	ipedia.com: Sandro Botticelli Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Less than a hundred years later, this moment, under the patronage of Lorenzo de' Medici, was characterized by Giorgio Vasari as a "golden age" a thought, suitably enough, he expresses at the head of his Vita of Botticelli.
		Sandro did his job there, was well paid by the Pope, spent all that he earned in his characteristic generous impractical manner, unveiled the paintings, which were a revelation to Roman patrons and artists.
		But Botticelli didn't stay to reap the benefits of the patronage in papal circles that would have come his way; he packed up his brushes and immediately returned to Florence.
	www.ipedia.com /sandro_botticelli.html (664 words)

	MULLAH (Arabic maula, ... - Online Information article about MULLAH (Arabic maula, ...
		MULLAH (Arabic maula, a term which originally expresses the legal bond connecting a former owner with his manumitted slave, both patron and client being called maula, and thus suggests the idea of patronage)
		Swat led the attack upon the Malakand, while the Hadda mullah was largely responsible for the risings amongst the Mohmands, Afridis and Orakzais.
		End of Article: MULLAH (Arabic maula, a term which originally expresses the legal bond connecting a former owner with his manumitted slave, both patron and client being called maula, and thus suggests the idea of patronage)
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /MOS_NAN/MULLAH_Arabic_maula_a_term_whic.html (355 words)

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