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	Pattern welding - Definition, explanation
		Pattern welding is the practice in sword and knife making of forming a blade of several metal pieces that are welded together and twisted and manipulated to form a pattern.
		Pattern welding was originally developed in Europe by Germanic peoples as a way of reducing slag and impurities from the metal and homogenizing the often erratic carbon content of the iron and steel yielded by early metallurgy.
		Pattern welding again fell from use in Europe during the 18th century, when English metalsmiths discovered the puddling furnace, and then re-discovered the Indian crucible-fired steels (wootz steel) which were far superior to any mechanical methods.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/p/pa/pattern_welding.php (442 words)

	Pattern Welded Swords
		Simply put, pattern welding is the art of hammering together, and then twisting and re-hammering layers of iron (often of varying strengths) in a charcoal fire to add the one per cent of carbon critical to the blade's flexibility.
		Pattern welded swords show a distinct interwoven figuring in the steel that imparted an especial beauty and visual liveliness to the blade.
		The term "pattern welding" is a modern one, coined in 1947 by researcher Herbert Maryon upon examination of an Anglo-Saxon sword found in a heathen burial from Ely.
	www.octavia.net /anglosaxon/Patternweldedswords.htm (908 words)

	Techniques of Decoration on Arms and Armor \| Thematic Essay \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art
		Engraving is a technique by which decorative patterns or inscriptions are cut into the metal surface with a sharp pointed tool of hardened metal (burin).
		Pattern welding and Damascus steel are commonly confused.
		Pattern welding is a technique in which bundles of iron and steel bars are arranged alternately, twisted together, and then forge-welded into a single block.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/dect/hd_dect.htm (2011 words)

	Pattern welding
		Pattern welding is named so because a blade forged in this manner often displays bands of slightly different coloration along its entire length.
		Pattern welding was originally developed in Europe by Germanic peoples as a way of reducing slag and impurities from the metal and to homogenise the often erratic carbon content of the iron and steel yielded by early metallurgy.
		Pattern welding again fell from use in Europe during the 18th century, when English metalsmiths discovered the pudding furnace[?], and then re-discovered the Indian crucible-fired steels (Wootz steel[?]) which were far superior to any mechanical methods.
	www.fastload.org /pa/Pattern_welding.html (421 words)

	The Serpent in the Sword
		Patterns disclosed by successively grinding a facet along the length of a twisted rod demonstrated in a clay model of a rod composed of sixteen alternating layers prepared by bladesmith Dan Maragni.
		Grinding away the outer surfaces of such rods discloses a predictable evolution of patterns which may be further varied by flattening of the rod before it becomes welded to its neighbors in the fabrication of the central portion of a sword from several such rods.
		Figure 2 details the evolution of the patterns as progressively more of the face of a twisted rod is ground away, diagonal patterns of roughly parallel lines being from the periphery of a rod and curved patterns coming from progressively deeper sections until the middle is reached, at which point a square checkerboard pattern emerges.
	www.vikingsword.com /serpent.html (2785 words)

	Pattern-Welding - Salamander Armoury
		Pattern welding, commonly (and mistakenly) know as "Damascus" is a process that involves heat, sweat, time and skill.
		The patterns shwon here are but a sample, and some of these patterns haven't been done anywhere else as yet..Some of these patterns I have devlouped over the years, some are traditional, all are beautiful.
		This is another "classic" pattern, very similar to the "Serpent" pattern in the fact that it uses twisted/counter-twisted outter cores and a straight, untwisted centre core.
	www.atar.com /old/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=4&MMN_position=4:4 (1530 words)

	Paul Binns Swords - Pattern welding
		The pattern welding shown here should not be confused with Damascus or watered steel, the mainly eastern method of steel blade manufacture.
		All of my pattern welded blades are constructed of layered and twisted rods.
		On to the herringbone core are welded either 1 or 2 carbon steel edges depending on the design.
	www.paul-binns-swords.co.uk /Pattern%20Welding.htm (261 words)

	Definition of Pattern welding
		Pattern welding is the practice in sword and knife making of hammering out the metal, folding it over, and welding the metal piece back onto itself.
		Pattern welding is so called because a blade forged in this manner often displays bands of slightly different coloration along its entire length.
		Swords made by pattern welding are sometimes said to be Damascus swords, though the process of making Damascus steel is an entirely different technique.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Pattern_welding (431 words)

	A Steel Glossary with Linked References
		Pattern welding is about as old as iron and steel.
		Pattern welding in the West fell into disuse (around 1000 AD, when full steel blades could be made) until around the time of the Crusades, when the knights brought back Wootz blades, and the smiths began pattern welding again to duplicate the appearance of the watering patterns found on Wootz Damascus blades.
		Patterns due to different kinds of iron, not necessarily only in C content, could be P or slag or whatever.
	www.tf.uni-kiel.de /matwis/amat/def_en/kap_5/advanced/t5_1_5.html (2014 words)

	Pattern welding
		The billet is heated to the welding temperature.
		Twist patterns can be tight or lazy depending upon the amount of twist and the amount of drawing out after the twist.
		Other patterns can be developed by the direction of the folds while welding and also by cutting and re-stacking in various ways.
	www.cashenblades.com /Info/Pattern%20welding.html (3205 words)

	Pattern welding
		Pattern welding is the combination of two (or more) different types of steel, one being a high carbon steel like 1:1545, 1095, 1085 and the other usually a high nickel steel which creates the contrast fl/white.
		However, if you use this to create a pattern and then harden and temper, the hardening temperature of the 1:2767 is much higher and you will destroy the grain structure of the 1:1545.
		In this case, when I use these steels to create a pattern, I make a sandwich (see also thered handled knife), the core being of a 1:1545 or L6 which I then harden and temper to that steel, allowing the outer two skins to do their own thing.
	www.jordanknives.com /patternwelding.htm (688 words)

	Forge Welding
		The initial size will vary but may go from 6 to 12 inches in length and they are usually 1 inch wide as the source of steel that I use will cut the bars usually to that size.
		As you reach welding temp the flux bubbles and then those bubbles dance on the surface of the steel which starts to look like melted butter.
		Most weld failures are due to either not reaching high enough temperature for the weld to take or impurities in the surfaces to be welded.
	home.comcast.net /~jeshern/welding.htm (761 words)

	Sword Forum Magazine - Cover Article - The Road to Damascus
		Early welded blades by Celtic tribes were straight rods welded together with the seams running lengthwise along a blade of lower carbon content steel.
		The pattern in wootz is caused by the large amounts of carbon (cementite) in the steel.
		Tamahagane, pattern welding, and wootz were the best steels ever produced in their time but we have a tendency to think that they were abandoned because we got lazy or wished to sacrifice quality for quantity, as armies grew larger.
	www.swordforum.com /forge/roadtodamascus.html (3956 words)

	The Key Role of Impurities in Ancient Damascus Steel Blades
		The details of the pattern are a complex function of the width and depth of the groove cavity and the shape of the groove cavity.
		The circular pattern in Figure 6b (called the rose pattern on ancient blades) was made with a hollow cylindrical die, while the pattern in Figure 6a was made by removing metal with a specially shaped solid drill.
		In the case of the die-forged patterns, the ridges produced by the upsetting action of the die were removed with a belt grinder prior to additional forging.
	www.tms.org /pubs/journals/JOM/9809/Verhoeven-9809.html (5894 words)

	:: Damasteel AB :: Products :: Patterns
		The pattern is developed during the hot working to a flat dimension.
		Pattern coining of a zig-zag shaped structure is performed as a last operation.
		Rose is pattern coined to a knotty surface.
	www.damasteel.biz /patterns.html (192 words)

	Pattern Welding/Bladesmithing in Iron Age Europe
		For instance while most iron using cultures learned to forge weld capably, several stand out for their complex development of the pattern welding technique.
		Pattern welding was used widely in Europe throughout the Middle ages and later The technique itself accomplishes several things.
		Pattern welding also allows a smith to combine smaller pieces of wrought iron and steel into a large enough bar to make a sword or large blade with.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/2644/tavis/tpatweld.html (1537 words)

	Combined Handout for
		Forge welding is done by taking two pieces of steel to the correct temperature and pressing the two pieces together via hammer blows.
		Once your weld reaches the center of the cable turn it around, but keep the weld working down the cable in the same direction (so that you finish at the opposite end of the cable from where you started).
		While we may attempt a simple pattern weld in class, it is not the purpose of this document to cover the topic in depth.
	sjaqua.tripod.com /handout.htm (7576 words)

	A new way to weld sheet metal: Remote laser welding replaces spot welding in microwave oven fabrication
		In spot welding applications, the electrodes are attached to clamping mechanisms that holds parts together during welding.
		Remote laser welding requires the tooling to hold parts, locate, and clamp the area that is to be welded.
		The spot welding was originally replaced by stitch welds, but later continuous laser seam welding was adopted for added strength and greater microwave emissions leakage protection.
	www.thefabricator.com /LaserWelding/LaserWelding_Article.cfm?ID=1278 (2880 words)

	SWORDS OF IRON, SWORDS OF STEEL Article by Bruce Blackistone
		The northern European broad sword of pattern welded or homogenous construction inhabited the middle ground between the mystic and the utilitarian.
		A partial breakdown showed that pattern welded blades made up 44% of the finds in the 5th through 6th centuries, 77% in the 6th century, 100% in the 7th century, and was back down to 45% in the 9th through 10th centuries.
		The pattern welded blade is formed of strips and bars of varying carbon content, twisted and welded into a unified whole.
	www.anvilfire.com /21centbs/armor/atli/swords1.htm (7681 words)

	J. Arthur Loose
		The confusion between the two arose because 'pattern-welding,' also has a characteristic surface pattern that pervades the actual structure of the blade, though they are easily separated by the educated eye.
		They often had a core of soft low-carbon pattern welding with hardened high carbon edges, making the best of the capabilities of both materials; and conserving the valuable high carbon material.
		Although the pattern welded blade has its advantages, technological advancements made homogenous plain carbon blades somewhat better and vastly easier to produce at the onset of the Medieval Age.
	www.jloose.com /process.html (803 words)

	Custer Forge & Welding
		My forge welding handle is made up from 14” of 1” fl iron pipe, 8” of ¾” fl iron pipe, a 5” diameter piece of 1/8” plate, and a ½” thread coupling.
		Weld the 1” and ¾” fl iron pipe together and drill them full of ½” holes to circulate air.
		Weld the 5” diameter heat shield about an inch from the end on the ¾” pipe.
	www.blacksmithrick.com /damascus.html (1090 words)

	Pattern welding - the truth - Sword Forum International
		Pattern welded steel has gone through an interesting evolution over the years and plenty of pure BS has been said about it, both positive and negative.
		An iron or steel that could be twisted and manipulated to the extent that pattern welding of the period was done had to be at least so good not to come apart.
		Perhaps their welding wasn't good or for whatever the reason, be it inclusions or crud between the materials, or poor heat treating.
	forums.swordforum.com /showthread.php?s=&threadid=12497 (2395 words)

	Sword Forum Magazine - Cover Article - The Road to Damascus
		The layered patterned steel we are used to today would be more appropriately referred to as pattern welded or laminate steel.
		The pattern in wootz is caused by the large amounts of carbon (cementite) in the steel.
		Tamahagane, pattern welding, and wootz were the best steels ever produced in their time but we have a tendency to think that they were abandoned because we got lazy or wished to sacrifice quality for quantity, as armies grew larger.
	swordforum.com /forge/roadtodamascus.html (3956 words)

	myArmoury.com - Pattern Welding, some questions.
		As far as I gather, Pattern welding is a derivation of the lamination, or folding technique, used to increase the hardness of blades before high carbon steel was "invented."
		Note that laminated and pattern welded blades are not the same; A Katana is laminated, but not pattern welded.
		Pattern welding began to be replaced by mono-steel blades at the beginning of the viking age, far earlier than the 12th century.
	www.myarmoury.com /talk/viewtopic.php?t=3960 (1582 words)

	Steel Dictionary - P
		Weld metal protruding through the root of a fusion weld made from one side only.
		A weld made by filling a hole in one component of a work piece so as to join it to the surface of an overlapping component exposed through the hole.
		Heating weldments immediately after welding, for tempering, for stress relieving, or for providing a controlled rate of cooling to prevent formation of a hard or brittle structure.
	www.mesteel.com /dictionary/p.htm (2272 words)

	Historical account of Wootz and damascus blades by Dr. John Verhoeven
		Such steels are now called pattern welded Damascus steel and ref. [9] presents beautiful examples along with the details of how the various patterns are formed by controlling the arrangement and twisting of the various starting elements that are hot forged together.
		The patterns on Damascus swords and knives appear only on the better quality blades and are commonly referred to as a damascence pattern.
		It was because of the fact that well made pattern welded swords have surface patterns of a somewhat similar nature that these blades are also called Damascus blades.
	bronksknifeworks.com /historical.htm (1466 words)

	The ABANA Forums: Pattern Welding - Materials?
		I am wanting to try my hand at some pattern welding and wonder what kind of combinations work best for this.
		I would recommend purchasing some bladesmithing books which special in pattern welding and then seeing what might work best for you.
		You might start with those which are the easiest to weld together and then experiment from there.
	www.abana.org /resources/discus/messages/2/406.html?1106112476 (167 words)

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