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Topic: Paucal

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paucal number

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Plural
		It should also be noted that the distinction between the paucal and the plural and the greater plural is often relative to the type of object under discussion.
		For example, for oranges the paucal number might imply less than ten, whereas for the population of a country it might be used for a few hundred thousand.
		In Serbo-Croatian (in addition to the paucal for numbers 2-4), several nouns have alternate forms for counting plural and collective plural (the latter being treated as a collective noun).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Plural (1455 words)

	Plural help – Wiki at Help.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It should also be noted that the distinction between the paucal, the plural, and the greater plural is often relative to the type of object under discussion.
		For example, for oranges the paucal number might imply less than ten, whereas for the population of a country it might be used for a few hundred thousand.
		In Serbo-Croatian (in addition to the paucal for numbers 2-4), several nouns have alternate forms for counting plural and collective plural (the latter being treated as a collective noun).
	www.help.com /wiki/Plural (613 words)

	Plural - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It should also be noted that the distinction between the paucal and the plural and the greater plural is often relative to the type of object under discussion.
		For example, Polish has singular and plural, and a special form (paucal) for numbers where the last digit is 2, 3 or 4, (excluding endings of 12, 13 and 14).
		In Serbo-Croatian (in addition to the paucal for numbers 2-4), several nouns have alternate forms for counting plural and collective plural (the latter being treated as a collective noun).
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plural (609 words)

	Plural
		For example, for oranges the paucal number might imply less than ten, whereas for the population of a country it might be used for a few hundred thousand.
		For example, Polish has singular and plural, and a special form (paucal) for numbers where the last digit is 2, 3 or 4, (excluding endings of 12, 13 and 14).
		In Serbo-Croatian (in addition to the paucal for numbers 2-4), several nouns have alternate forms for counting plural and collective plural (the latter being treated as a collective noun).
	www.wikipedia-mirror.co.za /wiki/Plural (748 words)

	Proto-Madhainic
		The paucal number is used for small groups, usually ranging from 2 to 5 members (countable with one hand), but sometimes also for groups of up to 10 members (two hands).
		The plural number is used for groups that are considered 'large', that is, for groups of more than approximately five members, for groups whose number of members is not known, and also for statements about a category of people or things in general.
		Paucal 3rd person objects are marked with hiŋ-, and plural 3rd person objects with his-.
	mojoer.awardspace.com /proto-madhainic/protomadh.htm (3039 words)

	Plural - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Some other grammatical numbers present in various languages include nullar (for no objects), trial (for three objects) and paucal (for a few objects).
		For example, for oranges the paucal number might imply less than ten, whereas for the population of a country it might be used for a few hundred thousand.
		The Austronesian language Sursurunga has singular, dual, paucal, greater paucal, and plural.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/plural (609 words)

	Grammatical number - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Paucal number, for a few (as opposed to many) instances of the referent (e.g.
		English is typical of most world languages, in distinguishing only between singular and plural number.
		It does not distinguish among dual, trial, or paucal number.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paucal_number (2196 words)

	Tepa Nouns
		Nouns in Tepa are marked for paucal and two kinds of plural: distributive and collective.
		For objects normally occuring in pairs, the paucal is understood as a dual; thus, pipte is best translated as 'a pair of eyes'.
		To form the paucal or distributive plural, the root is first copied.
	www.langmaker.com /featured/tepanoun.html (1047 words)

	Plural - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In some languages including Sanskrit, Icelandic, Biblical Hebrew and Inuktitut there is also a dual number (two objects).
		For example, for oranges a few might mean less than ten, whereas for the population of a country a few might mean a few hundred thousand.
		The Austronesian language has singular, dual, paucal, greater paucal, and plural.
	www.chulavista.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Plural (640 words)

	Plural - ZDNet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		For example, for oranges the paucal number might imply less than ten, whereas for the population of a country it might be used for a few hundred thousand.
		For example, Polish has singular and plural, and a special form (paucal) for numbers where the last digit is 2, 3 or 4, (excluding endings of 12, 13 and 14).
		In Serbo-Croatian (in addition to the paucal for numbers 2-4), several nouns have alternate forms for counting plural and collective plural (the latter being treated as a collective noun).
	www.zdnet.co.za /wiki/Plural (782 words)

	LINGUIST List 8.239: Multilingualism, Loan words, Paucal
		The paucal is a grammatical number value used to refer to a small number of distinct real world entities (roughly 'a few').
		One false trail to avoid: sometimes the term 'paucal' is used for forms that are required in constructions with lower numerals.
		For instance, with the numerals '2', '3' and '4' in Russian, when they are in a direct case form, a special form of the noun is required, almost always the same as the genitive singular, but unique at least in terms of stress for a few nouns, for example dva chas=E1 'two hours, two o'clock'.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/8/8-239.html (659 words)

	Grammatical number - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Other possibilities are dual number, expressing the existence of precisely two instances of the noun, trial number for three of a noun, paucal number for few but not of a noun, or a collective number that expresses the whole class of the nouns (e.g., mankind).
		English is typical of languages that have singular and plural number.
		An English plural can correspond to a dual, trial, paucal, or plural in other languages.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Grammatical_number (944 words)

	plural - Information at Halfvalue.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Many languages have singular and plural forms for one item or more than one item.
		Some have a singular form for one, dual form for two, trial form for three, paucal form for several, and plural for more than two (e.g., Arabic, Fijian).
		While the plural form generally refers to two or more persons or things, that is not always the case.
	www.halfvalue.com /wiki.jsp?topic=plural (826 words)

	Re: The bogus universals of UG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		What I can gather from the web is that the quartal affixes may be etymologically related to the PAN numeral "4", but may in fact be used as a paucal, while the paucal affixes are in fact used as "greater paucal".
		In Polish the dual was simply lost and replaced by the plural, in Russian, the dual was replaced by the genitive singular (because of the fortuitous identity of the case endings for gen.sg.
		-a and du.acc/nom -a in masculine o-stems), while this (pseudo-)dual agreement was extended to the numerals 3 and 4, as a paucal.
	www.newsfeeds.com /archive/sci-lang/msg05356.html (435 words)

	Grammatical number information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It has been suggested that Plural, Nullar, Trial (grammatical number), Paucal, Singulative, Collective number be merged into this article or section.
		Paucal number, for a few (as opposed to many) instances of the referent (e.g.
		English is typical of languages that have only singular and plural number.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Grammatical_number (1970 words)

	Plural - ExampleProblems.com
		In languages such as Sanskrit, Icelandic, Biblical Hebrew and Inuktitut there is also a dual grammatical number (two objects).
		A greater plural refers to an abnormally large number for what we are discussing.
		For example, for oranges a few might mean less than ten, whereas for the population of a country a few might mean a few hundred thousand.
	www.exampleproblems.com /wiki/index.php/Plural (606 words)

	plural - Wiktionary
		Note: Many languages have singular and plural forms for one item or more than one item.
		Some have a singular form for one, dual form for two, trial form for three, paucal form for several, and plural for more than two (e.g., Arabic, Fijian).
		Note: While the plural form generally refers to two or more persons or things, that is not always the case.
	www.wiktionary.org /wiki/Plural (154 words)

	LINGUIST List 14.1941: Evolution of number in Slavonic Languages
		She argues that if we assume that Modern Russian has the paucal, this allows for a much simpler and elegant picture of case assignment and we don't need any additional mechanisms to capture all of the patterns.
		Of course, we would have to say that morphologically only nom/acc dual or rather paucal is preserved, and in other cases the inflection is the same in plural and paucal.
		For the paucal category in Serbian, which stems historically from the dual, there is a new and interesting article by Bojan Belic in Ohio State Working Papers in Slavic Studies, vol.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/14/14-1941.html (1111 words)

	[No title]
		Number: (CS 2.1.1.8.1, page 34) singular plural dual trial paucal Check the number system on a variety of nouns, e.g., animate and inanimate.
		For non-singulars (plural, dual, trial, paucal) check for collectives and distributives do collective nouns have singular or non-collective forms plural collective plural distributive dual collective dual distributive etc. ========================================================================== Class/Gender: (CS 2.1.1.9., page 34) If feature detection finds classes or genders, we have to: 1.
		I could imagine a language where the definite article has a different distribution than in English because, for example, it entails familiarity but not uniqueness.
	www-2.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Elicitation/lori-elicitation/NP-elicitation.txt (635 words)

	Proposed Grammatical Features Resource
		singular and plural (English); singular, dual, and plural (Upper Sorbian); singular, dual, trial, and plural (Larike, Central Maluku, Indonesia); singular, paucal, and plural (Bayso, East Cushitic, Ethiopia); singular, dual, paucal, and plural (Yimas, Lower Sepik, Papua New Guinea); singular, dual, trial (or paucal), paucal (or greater paucal), and plural (Lihir, Oceanic, Papua New Guinea).
		It is therefore not strictly a trial — rather, it could be glossed as ‘a few’ and also qualify as a paucal.
		The traditional quadral, then, which is frequently used with larger groups of four or more, and could be glossed as ‘several’, is in fact a greater paucal, and the traditional trial is a (normal/lesser) paucal.
	emeld.org /workshop/2005/papers/kibort-paper.html (3984 words)

	[No title]
		They are never omitted in and they can carry clitic pronouns.
		They are inflected in person and number (Singular, Paucal [referring to a small countable group of less than 12 things], Plural), and there are three Voices (Active, Mediopassive and Reflexive, though the latter one is defective).
		The Singular and the paucal has got active forms, while the plural has got medial forms.
	mitglied.lycos.de /vedyasta/verb.htm (375 words)

	[ideoL] datos sobre el número gramatical
		Las marcas de pronominales en Lihir son: sing dual trial paucal plural 1ª excl.
		Además claramente las formas de dual, trial y paucal pueden verse que no son básicas.
		He mirado las formas protoaustrenesias para ver si podía relacionar las marcas de dual, trial y paucal con los numerales y efectivame se encuentra: numeral numeral sufijo Pr-Aus.
	www.mail-archive.com /die-archive@gmx.net/msg02949.html (405 words)

	Grammatical number (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Other possibilities are dual number expressing the existence of precisely two of the noun trial number for three of a noun paucal number for few but not of noun or a collective number that expresses the whole class the nouns (e.g.
		English is typical of languages that have and plural number.
		An English plural can to a dual trial paucal or plural other languages.
	www.freeglossary.com /Numerus (1123 words)

	Gilbert C. Rappaport, University of Texas at Austin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		We argue here that the number contrast in the noun following 'two' through 'four' (singular in the nominative vs. plural in the accusative; cf.
		In Polish, for example, there is no paucal (dwa polskie [Nom Pl] paszporty [Nom Pl]).
		First, animate accusative nouns of the second declension (ending in {a} in the nom.
	aatseel.org /program/aatseel/2001/abstracts/Rappaport.html (593 words)

	How to create a language: Word classes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Number is not restricted to singular vs. plural; many languages have forms for pairs of things (dual) and some for groups of three things (trial).
		Others have a paucal number (from the same root as paucity, meaning 'few'), that is used for items up to a certain approximate quantity (such as three or four), resorting to the plural for higher quantities.
		You can have a singular number which refers to a unique object, or two plurals distinguishing the things at view ('these men') and all the things of the stated kind ('men')...
	pueblacity.com /ego-pdf/ng/lng/how/how_nounsadjs.html (1512 words)

	Amazon.com: Paucal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Meryam Mir that have a singular-dual-paucal-plural distinction (where `paucal' signals `a...
		for three, others with a paucal for a small number.
		a dual, a trial or paucal (a small number) and perhaps...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Paucal&index=blended&page=1 (959 words)

	Grammatical number - Article about Grammatical number
		French and Brazilian Portuguese normally use the singular, instead.
		English is typical of most world languages, in distinguishing only between singular and plural number.
		It does not distinguish among dual, trial, or paucal number.
	yawiki.org /proc/Grammatical_number (2118 words)

	number [Linguistics Wiki]
		Such a language is Bayso, a Cushitic language spoken in Ethiopia.
		In Bayso there are affixes that mark singularity, plurality, and paucality (”a few”), but the unmarked noun can also be used when number does not need to be specified.
		Some languages, however, may split the paucal to obtain a system as follows:
	www.chrisdb.me.uk /wiki/doku.php?id=number&DokuWiki=9b7db2ad335a5a85e3dc89f9c2cd7575 (1295 words)

	Workshop on Grammatical Change
		Murriny Patha, a polysynthetic language from Northern Australia, makes a four way number distinction: singular, dual, paucal and plural; as well as a sibling versus non-sibling distinction for dual and paucal participants.
		The distinction is made through the absence or presence of dual and paucal non-sibling number marking morphemes that combine with subject and object-marking pronominals.
		In this presentation I wish to propose that two members of a no-longer productive series of ethic dative bound pronouns were reanalysed as dual number markers, thus enabling a gender distinction to be made in the duals.
	crlc.anu.edu.au /workshop_abstracts.html (4113 words)

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