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Topic: Paucal number

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	Grammatical number - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Grammatical number may be thought of as the indication of semantic number through grammar.
		Paucal number, for a few (as opposed to many) instances of the referent (e.g.
		Elements marking number may appear on nouns and pronouns in dependent-marking languages or on verbs and adjectives in head-marking languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grammatical_number (1991 words)

	Plural - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For example, for oranges the paucal number might imply less than ten, whereas for the population of a country it might be used for a few hundred thousand.
		For example, Polish has singular and plural, and a special form (paucal) for numbers where the last digit is 2, 3 or 4, (excluding endings of 12, 13 and 14).
		In Serbo-Croatian (in addition to the paucal for numbers 2-4), several nouns have alternate forms for counting plural and collective plural (the latter being treated as a collective noun).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plural (609 words)

	Grammatical number
		In linguistics, number is a grammatical category that specifies the quantity of a noun or affects the form of a verb or other part of speech depending on the quantity of the noun to which it refers.
		Other possibilities are dual number, expressing the existence of precisely two instances of the noun, trial number for three of a noun, paucal number for few but not of a noun, or a collective number that expresses the whole class of the nouns (e.g., mankind).
		English is typical of languages that have singular and plural number.
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/g/gr/grammatical_number.html (799 words)

	Grammatical number - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Number, in linguistics, is a grammatical category used to express the quantity of objects referred to by a noun.
		As we have seen, in many languages number is limited to two categories: singular number, distinguishing between one referent and plural number, distinguishing more than one referent.
		Synthetic languages typically distinguish grammatical number by inflection; in contrast, Analytic languages such as Chinese don't indicate number morphologically, but use contexts and quantifiers.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/g/r/a/Grammatical_number.html (1710 words)

	Grammatical number
		Several languages also have a dual grammatical number that expresses the existence of precisely two instances of the noun, and a collective number that expresses the whole class of the nouns.
		Some other languages have a trial number for three or a paucal number, expressing few -- but not many -- instances of a noun, which is separate from the singular or plural numbers.
		In terms of pronunciation, however, the majority of nouns (and adjectives) in French are not actually declined for number.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/gr/Grammatical_number.html (645 words)

	LINGUIST List 12.1084: Corrections to issue 12.1074
		Number is an area of morphosyntactic typology that has often been taken for granted by linguistic researchers.
		For example, concerning number categories, Corbett clearly describes and exemplifies unfamiliar categories such as "general number," "paucal," "greater paucal," "greater plural" (the opposite of paucal), and "determinate plural." In addition to singular, plural, dual and trial categories, Corbett also addresses the question of whether a category of "quadral" exists in any language.
		A good portion of this chapter is devoted to distinguishing verbal number from agreement with nominal arguments, for example Huichol (Uto-Aztecan) has singular and plural verb stems depending on the number of the "participant most directly affected" by the situation described by the verb.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/12/12-1084.html (1372 words)

	Number in Turkish
		Number marking appears on common nouns, pronouns, demonstratives, and cross referencing on the verb.
		Number together with person of subject nouns phrases are coded on the verb by means of agreement suffixes.
		The tratment of number in Turkish agrees with Universal 34 as well due to the fact that there is no trial or dual number in the language but there is singular-plural distincion.
	www.uiowa.edu /~linguist/classes/typology99/languages/Turkish/Number.html (1004 words)

	Ñullyu
		If a noun takes a suffix for number or elevation, or if it modifies an elevated noun, it should not take a suffix for gender as well.
		When a noun takes a suffix for number, it does not take one for gender unless the gender is different than expected.
		After the primary cases and number endings, there are some lesser, or secondary, cases.
	mechanorium.tripod.com /artlang/nullyu.html (1818 words)

	[No title]
		Number is the grammatical encoding of cardinality, often found on nouns, pronouns, and verbs.
		Number is a grammatical category often found on nouns, pronouns, and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions--such as 'one' or 'more than one'.
		Paucal number is number which refers to a few members of a designated class (Crystal 1997: 265).
	www.cs.wayne.edu /~yudeng/project/owlGraph/gold.owl (9546 words)

	Plural FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In many languages, including a number of, there is also a dual number (used for indicating two objects).
		For example, Polish has singular and plural, and a special form for numbers where the last digit is 2,3 or 4, and the second last digit is not 1.
		Slovenian has one form for numbers congruent to 1 modulo 100, another for numbers congruent to 2 modulo 100, another for numbers congruent to either 3 or 4 modulo 100, and another form for all other numbers.
	www.greatglossary.com /en/Plural (577 words)

	Plural: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		Several languages also have a dual grammatical number that expresses...nouns as simply plural.
		Some other languages have a trial number for three or a paucal number,...
		In some languages including Biblical Hebrew and Inuktitut there is also a dual number (two objects).
	www.encyclopedian.com /pl/Plural.html (366 words)

	SILEBR 2003/005 — Review of “Number” (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Verbal number, as opposed to nominal number, is the topic of chapter 8.
		In a final chapter with conclusions and challenges Corbett discusses matters of history (the rise and fall of number), interactions with other categories (like the neutralization of the number distinction in the third person in some languages), the role of frequency, and the acquisition and psycholinguistics of number.
		Since there are hardly any languages in which number does not play a role, either in the noun or in the verb system, there is no doubt that this book, or rather, parts of it, will be highly useful for field linguists.
	www.sil.org:8090 /silebr/2003/silebr2003-005 (648 words)

	How to create a language: Word classes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Number is not restricted to singular vs. plural; many languages have forms for pairs of things (dual) and some for groups of three things (trial).
		Others have a paucal number (from the same root as paucity, meaning 'few'), that is used for items up to a certain approximate quantity (such as three or four), resorting to the plural for higher quantities.
		You can have a singular number which refers to a unique object, or two plurals distinguishing the things at view ('these men') and all the things of the stated kind ('men')...
	pueblacity.com /ego-pdf/ng/lng/how/how_nounsadjs.html (1512 words)

	Tepa Nouns
		Only the final two syllables of a root are involved in the formation of number categories; these two syllables as a unit are referred to as the 'base'.
		To form the paucal stem, the initial CV sequence of the base is copied and prefixed to the base.
		Note that there is no distinction in number for the possessor; that is, possession by a single first person is not marked differently on the noun from possession by a non-singular first person.
	www.langmaker.com /featured/tepanoun.html (1047 words)

	13th Balkan and South Slavic Conference, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Based on Corbett's argumentation regarding number, I shall provide an account of the grammatical category of number in Serbian and argue that the Serbian system of number has changed, not through the loss of the category of dual, but through its transformation into a different category altogether.
		In fact, it appears that the number system of Serbian is similar to that of Bayso, a Cushitic language represented by "a few hundred speakers on Gidicho Island in Lake Abaya (southern Ethiopia) and on the western shore of the lake."
		It is, however, interesting that paucal exists as a nominal number only, contrary to what the authors of the manual claim.
	www.unc.edu /bss13/abstracts?belic (392 words)

	search.com - English plural - Search.com Reference
		In the English language, nouns are inflected for grammatical number — that is, singular or plural.
		Dies is used as the plural for die in the sense of a mould; dice as the plural (and increasingly as the singular) in the sense of a small random number generator.
		A number of words like army, fleet, Government, company, party, pack, crowd, mess, number, and majority, may refer either to a single entity or the members of the set that compose it.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Plural (3530 words)

	LINGUIST List 8.239: Multilingualism, Loan words, Paucal
		The paucal is a grammatical number value used to refer to a small number of distinct real world entities (roughly 'a few').
		One false trail to avoid: sometimes the term 'paucal' is used for forms that are required in constructions with lower numerals.
		For instance, with the numerals '2', '3' and '4' in Russian, when they are in a direct case form, a special form of the noun is required, almost always the same as the genitive singular, but unique at least in terms of stress for a few nouns, for example dva chas=E1 'two hours, two o'clock'.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/8/8-239.html (659 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Agreeement (in number, gender, person, etc.): subject and verb; object and verb; determiner and noun; adjective and noun; possessor and noun; relative pronoun and noun.
		For example, if a language marks number on nouns (i.e., it has singular and plural nouns), it is necessary to check agreement in number with determiners, cardinal numbers, adjectives, quantifiers, verbs, possessive pronouns, and relative pronouns.
		If we find that the word for {\it tree\/} is different, we hypothesize number marking for nouns, which we then confirm with more examples, and then proceed to determine whether the language has dual, paucal, or trial number.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/OldFiles/OldFiles/Nice/Proposals/ARL-03/PROJECTD.doc (1527 words)

	Lynch, Guide to Grammar and Style — N
		Number — not numbers, for which see below — is a term in grammar.
		Some languages have other possibilities: Homeric Greek, biblical Hebrew, and modern standard Arabic, for instance, have a dual number for things that come in pairs; I'm told there are languages with a trial number for three things, and some with a paucal number for "a few" things.
		Very large round numbers should be spelled out: not 1,000,000,000, but one billion — an American billion, that is; the British used to use billion for a million million, though they're increasingly using the American standard.
	andromeda.rutgers.edu /~jlynch/Writing/n.html (1899 words)

	Number in Basque
		If the NP is indefinite then it is not marked for the number but if the NP is definite then it is marked for singular (clitic —a) or for plural where the latter has two way marking: ‘simple’ plural (clitic —ak) or "proximate plural" (clitic —ok).
		Since demonstratives are marked for number it is hard to say if the noun phrases are not marked for plurality and fall into the same pattern with quantifiers and enumerators or they bear the plurality clitic that attaches to the whole NP and consequently can be found on the demonstrative:
		In conclusion, I would like to mention that in many dialects (especially Guipuscoan, Biscayan, Gernika) number and case markers are fused to a greater degree than in Standard Basque: singular versus plural forms are segmentally identical for a number of cases (Ergative, Genative, Dative).
	www.uiowa.edu /~linguist/classes/typology99/languages/Basque/Number.html (1695 words)

	Kursbeschreibung Greville G. Corbett (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Number is less obviously challenging, at least for speakers of West European languages, but it turns out to be even more intricate and rewarding than gender.
		For number we shall again look at data from a spread of languages, rather different than that for gender, in order to consider:
		It turns out to be very interesting in fact, and involves considering the place of facultative numbers, minor numbers, distributives, collectives and associatives).
	www.staff.uni-mainz.de /lingtyp/corbett.htm (212 words)

	Plural (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In some languages including Sanskrit, Biblical Hebrew and Inuktitut there is also a dual number (two objects).
		more than two, more than three, or many.) However, numbers besides singular, plural, and to a lesser extent dual, are extremely rare.
		Furthermore, many languages (such as all members of the CJK group) lack any significant grammatical number at all.
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/p/pl/plural.html (228 words)

	Taruven: nouns
		The noun is unmarked for number whenever the actual number is known, irrelevant or singular.
		The dual is used whenever there are two of something, to such a degree that the number two is rarely used.
		If that is the case, one uses -in if it is possible to take in the number at a glance, -en if too many and the true partitive in cases like mir briðe.
	home.nvg.org /~taliesin/taruven/nouns.html (1553 words)

	The Ultimate Plural - American History Information Guide and Reference
		A greater plural refers to an abnormally large number for what we are discussing.
		For example, for oranges a few might mean less than ten, whereas for the population of a country a few might mean a few hundred thousand.
		Slovenian has one form for numbers conguent to 1 modulo 100, another for numbers congruent to 2 modulo 100, another for numbers congruent to either 3 or 4 modulo 100, and another form for all other numbers.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Plural (546 words)

	Gilbert C. Rappaport, University of Texas at Austin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In contemporary Polish, for example, the default pattern for all numerals outside the nominative (modulo exceptions for compounds ending in -oneí) is homogeneous case marking.
		While historically derived from the dual number (and expressed directly to some extent in Belorusian and Ukrainian in the form of a stress contrast), in contemporary Russian this number is completely analogous to animacy in that its function is to define a syncretism: paucal nouns in the nominative take the form of the genitive singular.
		Further nuances (e.g., alternative case forms of modifiers of feminine nouns and, in earlier stages of the language, for masculines as well) are treated as variation in rules of morphological detail in the spell-out of [number: paucal].
	aatseel.org /program/aatseel/2001/abstracts/Rappaport.html (593 words)

	Edit section: Complex numbers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		number n is divisible by at least 1 William Rowan Hamilton, in which multiplication is as a function of the amount of information set of all algebraic numbers is countably infinite Number (disambiguation) March 25, 1998, An expansion principle for quaternionic
		With real numbers differentiation is a generalizations 12 Fibonacci primes 13 Fibonacci strings 14 number is an integer, that when its digits number is an integer, that when its digits every even perfect number has Euclidean form.
		The arithmetical complex numbers of the form primes in semisimple p-adic Galois representations, by : September 4, 2002, Edited 4-Theta embeddings of numbers belongs to Calculus.
	number.yourphoneonline.net /about.htm (1772 words)

	Kēlen Grammar: Pronouns
		Where nouns have merely a singular and a plural (the collective and distributive being independent of number), pronouns come in singular, dual, paucal (or collective), and plural (or distributive).
		The paucal is generally used to refer to a set of closely bonded individuals, such as in a marriage or small kingroup, and other groups that act collectively.
		Thus the paucal has lost its strict numerical value and become a collective plural, while the plural remains a non-collective plural.
	www.terjemar.net /prons.php (755 words)

	Proposed Grammatical Features Resource
		The plural, as we would expect, is for numbers of entities larger than are covered by the quadral (though there is no strict dividing line at any particular number), and the number system of Sursurunga can be represented as: singular, dual, paucal, greater paucal, and plural.
		Marshallese, more distantly related to Sursurunga, with five number forms for the first, second and third person pronouns (Bender 1969:8–9), also has an additional use of the quadral form: it is often used rhetorically with groups of more than four to give an illusion of intimacy (Bender 1969:159).
		Then, the number of genders in a particular language can be the subject of interminable dispute, or we find that similar situations are described differently by those working on different language families.
	emeld.org /workshop/2005/papers/kibort-paper.html (3984 words)

	Free information of Plural (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Some other grammatical numbers present in various languages include nullar (for no objects), trial (grammatical number) (for three objects) and paucal (for a few objects).
		For example, Polish language has singular and plural, and a special form (paucal) for numbers where the last digit is 2, 3 or 4, (excluding endings of 12, 13 and 14).
		In Serbo-Croatian language (in addition to the paucal for numbers 2-4), several nouns have alternate forms for counting plural and collective plural (the latter being treated as a collective noun).
	plural.en.qcat.org (10919 words)

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