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	Paul Baran - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Paul Baran (born 1926) was one of the developers of packet-switched networks along with Donald Davies and Leonard Kleinrock.
		Baran did undergraduate work at Drexel University, obtained his Masters degree in Engineering from UCLA in 1959 and began working for the RAND Corporation in the same year.
		Paul Baran also extended his work in packet switching to wireless-spectrum theory, developing what he called "kindergarten rules" for the use of wireless spectrum.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paul_Baran (392 words)

	Paul Baran
		Paul Baran developed the field of packet switching networks while conducting research at the historic RAND organization, a concept embedded in the design of the ARPANET and the standard TCP/IP protocol used on the Internet today.
		Baran began an investigation into development of survivable communications networks, the results of which were first presented to the Air Force in the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265, then as paper P-2626, and then as a series of eleven comprehensive papers titled On Distributed Communications in 1964.
		Baran later left RAND to become an entrepreneur and private investor in the early 1970's, and founded Metricom, co-founded Com21.com, and co-founded the Institute for the Future.
	www.livinginternet.com /i/ii_rand.htm (528 words)

	Paul Baran
		Paul Baran was born in Poland in 1926.
		Baran envisioned a network of unmanned nodes that would act as switches routing packets from one node to another to their final destinations.
		Baran's distributed network and packet-switching schemes were adopted, and Baran became an informal consultant for the ARPANET project.
	www.ibiblio.org /pioneers/baran.html (1107 words)

	About RAND \| History and Mission \| Paul Baran: Publications on Distributed Communications
		Paul Baran, RM-3638-PR The creation of dynamic or flexible priority and precedence structures within a communication system handling a mixture of traffic with different data rate, urgency, and importance levels is discussed.
		Paul Baran, RM-3097-PR A background paper acknowledging the efforts of people in many fields working toward the development of large communications systems where system reliability and survivability are mandatory.
		Paul Baran, RM-3765-PR Considers the security aspects of a system of the type proposed, in which secrecy is of paramount importance.
	www.rand.org /about/history/baran.list.html (942 words)

	Packet Switching History
		Baran developed the concept of packet switching while a young electrical engineer at RAND when he was asked to perform an investigation into survivable communications networks for the US Air Force, building on one of the first wide area computer networks developed for the SAGE radar defence system.
		Baran's 1964 papers go well beyond documenting the breakthrough concept of packet switching and describe a detailed architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network designed to withstand almost any degree of destruction to individual components without loss of end-to-end communications.
		Baran also talked to Bob Taylor and J.C.R. Licklider at the IPTO about the concept since they were also working to build a wide area communications network.
	www.livinginternet.com /i/iw_packet_inv.htm (849 words)

	Paul Baran’s Economic Study
		Baran sometimes disregards the fact that his book might be read by people who possess a good enough knowledge of Marxist economics but who have never explored the jungle of “neo-classic” economics.
		As Baran himself indicates, potential economic surplus “transcends the horizon of the existing social order.” However, what the author has in mind is the fact that in periods of exceptional stress, such as war, even present-day capitalism is able to meet some of the requirements for obtaining potential surplus.
		Baran presents a useful sketch of the practices of present-day monopolies that stagnate progress and squander surplus.
	www.marxists.org /history/etol/document/swp-us/edonbaran.htm (1547 words)

	Wired 9.03: Founding Father
		In 1961, at the height of the Cold War, an engineer named Paul Baran sold the US Department of Defense on the idea of a failure-resistant communications method called packet switching.
		In April, Baran (pronounced "BEAR-en") will receive the Franklin Institute's 2001 Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science, his latest in a string of prestigious honors from professional organizations including the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), and NEC.
		As corporations like Cisco acquired his businesses, Baran's inventions went mainstream: His discrete multitone technology is at the heart of DSL, and his developments in spread spectrum transmission are essential to the ongoing wireless explosion.
	www.wired.com /wired/archive/9.03/baran.html (1050 words)

	Computer History Museum - Fellow Awards - Paul Baran
		Paul Baran was born in Grodno, Poland in 1926 and at the age of two emigrated to the United States with his parents.
		Baran's research was motivated by the cold war demand for a survivable network enabling an American "second strike" capability theoretically discouraging a possible attack by the Soviet Union.
		Baran left Rand in 1968 to co-found the Institute for the Future, a not-for-profit research group specializing in long-range forecasting.
	www.computerhistory.org /fellows2005/bios/baran.shtml (388 words)

	American Marxism: Theory without Tradition
		Baran and Sweezy argued that the monopoly structure of American industry, which eliminated price competition but not competition in advertising and other spheres, created a tendency for a rising surplus of capital measured in the difference between total wages and profits- that could not be absorbed through the normal channels of investment and consumption.
		The principal ways, Baran and Sweezy argued, were through the expansion of the sales effort- the devotion of capital to finance an marketing- and through the state appropriating surplus capital (by means of the tax systems) and reinvesting it in the public sector an in the military.
		Baran's and Sweezy's critique of capitalism had a moral dimension that made it highly relevant to the new Left of the 1960s: They were arguing, in effect, that American prosperity depended on waste and destruction.
	www.worldandi.com /public/1987/june/mt6.cfm (2512 words)

	Monopoly Capital by Paul Mattick 1966
		Baran and Sweezy think it necessary to substitute “the law of rising surplus for the law of falling profit”, apparently unaware of the fact that for Marx, too, and for all practical purposes, a rising surplus-value cancels the actual fall of the rate of profit.
		Monopoly capital, Baran and Sweezy write, “left to itself, that is to say, in the absence of counteracting forces which are no part of what may be called the ‘elementary logic’ of the system, would sink deeper and deeper into a bog of economic depression” (p.108).
		According to Baran and Sweezy, “the vast and growing amounts of surplus absorbed by government in recent decades are not deductions from what would otherwise be available to corporations and individuals for their private purposes” (p.147).
	www.marxists.org /archive/mattick-paul/1966/monopoly-capital.htm (8793 words)

	Paul Baran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Baran joined the RAND Corporation in 1959, where he remained until 1968, and where he proposed highly reliable and survivable communication networks using a mesh connection of redundant links.
		Baran co-founded Cabledata Associates, Inc. whose offshoot companies included: Comprint (computer printers); Equatorial Communications Co. (the first V SAT company, now part of CONTEL); Telebit (manufacturer of very high speed modems for impaired dial-up telephone lines); and Packet Technologies (interactive cable TV and a fast packet switching for voice and data on T1 lines).
		Baran won the 1990 IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal “For Pioneering in Packet Switching.” In 1991, he received the Marconi Prize for the original ideas underlying packet switching and many other communications advances.
	www.marconifoundation.org /pages/fellows/Fellows_details/baran.htm (502 words)

	Monthly Review: Four letters to Paul Baran
		Paul Baran and Paul Sweezy carried on a voluminous correspondence in the 1950s and early 1960s that constitutes perhaps the foremost exchange of letters between Marxist political economists in the second half of the twentieth century, comparable in some ways to Marx and Engels's correspondence during the nineteenth century.
		The correspondence was a necessity of their close working relationship since Paul Sweezy was living in Larchmont, New York and editing Monthly Review while Paul Baran was living on the other side of the continent in California and teaching at Stanford University.
		In 1960 Leo Huberman and Paul Sweezy traveled to Cuba where they went to investigate the vast social upheaval occurring in that country and where they were the first to recognize and describe its socialist character.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1132/is_5_56/ai_n6338577 (340 words)

	Charles Babbage Institute: RESEARCH PROGRAM> Current research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Baran later described the situation he and the American military faced in the 1950s and 1960s: “Both the US and the USSR were building hair trigger nuclear ballistic missile systems.
		Baran conceived of a distributed packet-switched (Baran first used the word “message blocks”) transmission network to meet the military’s demand for “minimum essential communications” in the event of war.
		Baran’s response to his objectors was to write a series of Rand memoranda on the proposed distributed network, published together in 1964 as On Distributed Communications (11 vols.).
	www.cbi.umn.edu /shp/entries/distributednetworks.html (454 words)

	PRESS RELEASE The Computer History Museum Presents an Evening With Paul Baran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Baran's research was motivated by the Cold War demand for an invincible network that would survive a "second strike," theoretically discouraging a possible attack by the Soviet Union.
		Baran's foresight was heralded in a speech, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the RAND Corporation, given by James Q. Wilson, professor of management at UCLA.
		Baran is joined on stage by Henry Lowood, curator of the Science and Technology Collections of the Stanford Libraries, to discuss how his accomplishments came about and how they continue to have an impact on government, security and our everyday lives.
	www.marketwire.com /mw/release_html_b1?release_id=102407&tsource=3 (739 words)

	networkideas.org - A Saint and A Sage: Paul Marlor Sweezy (1910 - 2004) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Paul M. Sweezy who died on February 28 was an outstanding intellectual, a part of a galaxy of Marxist economists which included, among others, Maurice Dobb, Michael Kalecki, Oskar Lange, Paul Baran and Josef Steindl.
		Sweezy's, and Baran's, contribution was to argue that "underconsumptionism" was an ex ante tendency (which I shall explain shortly), and to eliminate thereby a whole range of confusions surrounding the theory.
		Baran and Sweezy's alleged "third worldism" in other words was but the obverse of the centrality of imperialism in their perception.
	www.networkideas.org /news/mar2004/news16_Paul_Sweezy.htm (2256 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		ADAMS — Paul Baran's passion for woodworking has led him to create functional but intricate pieces of furniture, such as a mahogany storage case for Microsoft billionaire Bill Gates to preserve the Codex Leicester, a folio of studies and drawings about natural wonders by Leonardo Da Vinci.
		Baran now is taking on a new challenge, opening his own studio at the former Polish meat store, Adams Sausage Co., which was operated by the late John J. Wojtaszek for 35 years, according to Eagle archives.
		Baran left VCA to open a shop in the Windsor Mill in North Adams with a friend of his, but the partnership did not last.
	www.berkshireeagle.com /portlet/article/html/fragments/print_article.jsp?article=3501223 (629 words)

	baran, baran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		http://www.ibiblio.org/pioneers/baran.html Paul Baran Paul Baran was born in Poland in 1926.
		Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet RAND researcher Paul Baran developed a solution that has evolved into one of the major technological innovations of our time.
		Paul Baran developed the field of packet switching networks while conducting research at the...
	baran.predisposition.be (427 words)

	Paul Baran: bio and encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Paul Baran (born 1926) was one of the developers of packet switched networks with Donald Davies[Click link for more facts about this topic].
		Paul also provided a spark of invention to two other important networking technologies.
		Digital subscriber line, or dsl, is a family of technologies that provide a digital connection over the copper wires of the local telephone network....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pa/paul_baran.htm (524 words)

	BBC ICT Portal
		Paul Baran (of the Rand Corporation) took it upon himself to analyse the potential impact of a nuclear strike on communications.
		Baran concluded that if each station was connected to 3 or 4 other stations then the network would be able to cope extremely well even if large parts of it were destroyed.
		As each message may have to be sent through a number of stations, Baran realised that it would be best to send the messages digitally.
	www.open2.net /ictportal/timeline/networks/distributed.htm (306 words)

	Monthly Review April 2000 Happy Birthday, Paul
		Paul has been like an uncle to me, and it is a great honor to be able to congratulate him on his 90th birthday in the publication to which he devoted his long and distinguished career.
		Paul's teaching and writing have remained a deep resource for me, starting with my doctoral dissertation, which was inspired by his now so obviously prescient series of MR articles in the 1970s and 1980s with Harry Magdoff on contemporary speculative financial markets.
		Paul, on the other hand, thought that their differences were central to an understanding of the political economy of capitalism.
	www.monthlyreview.org /400bday.htm (7237 words)

	2001 Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The 2001 Bower Award for Achievement in Science of The Franklin Institute is awarded to Paul Baran for his seminal invention of packet switching—; the foundation of modern communications networks and, in particular, the Internet.
		Baran was hired by the Eckert Mauchly Computer Company in 1949 as a technician on the world's first commercial computer, the Univac.
		Paul Baran received his BS in EE from Drexel University 1949 and his MS in Engineering from UCLA.
	sln.fi.edu /tfi/exhibits/bower/01science.html (584 words)

	[No title]
		When Paul sat down, and I don't know how he did this, but he wrote a series of ten reports describing, analyzing and predicting packet switches, based on hardware, adaptive routing algorithms, wireless links between them and really conceived of the whole way that we're planning to build hardware ATM based systems today.
		Baran: It could be only a few feet for very high data rate radio devices or a mile or two for low data rate devices such as a PCN telephone.
		Paul has acquired a number of patents in this area and so he's actually putting his money where his ideas are on this point.
	wireless.oldcolo.com /course/baran1.txt (7359 words)

	Paul Baran Article
		Paul Baran, a Drexel University engineering graduate, doesn't consider himself the Internet's inventor, but a concept he developed years ago has been critical in making today's vast computer network run more like a superhighway than a clogged bus system or an unreliable subway.
		Baran, 72, who was raised in West Philadelphia, will be honored with this year's $250,000 Bower Award for Achievement in Science for his creation of an arcane concept known as "packet switching."
		Baran was born in Poland and moved to Philadelphia at the age of 2.
	www.polishamericancenter.org /Baran_Article.html (742 words)

	Paul baran - Monthly Review May 1961 Paul Baran
		Paul Baran conceived the Internet's architecture at the height of the Cold War.
		Several years before the ARPANET was created, Paul Baran had two ideas that Paul Baran was born in Poland in 1926.
		PAUL BARAN (1910-1964) was the author of The Political Economy of Growth (1957) and co-author with Paul Sweezy of Monopoly Capital (1966).
	free-gif.getinfoeasy.com /?q=free-gif-paul-baran (249 words)

	Paul A. Baran - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Paul A. Baran (1910 - 1964) was an American economist known for his Marxist views.
		He was born in Russia, but had his academic career in the United States, teaching at Stanford University from 1949 until his death of a heart attack in 1964.
		He is sometimes associated with the Neo-Marxian school of thought.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paul_A._Baran (132 words)

	About RAND \| History \| Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet
		Paul Baran, a researcher at RAND, offered a solution: design a more robust communications network using "redundancy" and "digital" technology.
		Baran envisioned a network of unmanned nodes that would act as switches, routing information from one node to another to their final destinations.
		Baran also developed the concept of dividing information into "message blocks" before sending them out across the network.
	www.rand.org /about/history/baran.html (785 words)

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