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	Paul Pierre Broca - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Broca soon became a professor of surgical pathology at the University of Paris and a noted medical researcher in many areas.
		Broca is most famous for his discovery of the speech center of the brain (now known as the Broca's area, the third circumvolution of the frontal lobe).
		Broca was also a pioneer in the study of physical anthropology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paul_Broca (548 words)

	Aphasiology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Broca's aphasia, first described by the French neurologist Paul Broca in the nineteenth century, the speech of its suffers have a considerable vocabulary but is lacking even basic grammar.
		The view of Broca's aphasia as an expressive disorder is supported by its frequent co-occurrence with facial motor difficulties, and its anatomical localization.
		These studies demonstrate that the grammatical functions of Broca's area and the semantic functions of Wernicke's area are indeed deep, abstract properties of the language system independent of its modality of expression.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Aphasiology (508 words)

	PAUL BROCA - LoveToKnow Article on PAUL BROCA
		It was in 1861 that he announced his discovery of the seat of articulate speech in the left side of the frontal region of the brain, since known as the convolution of Broca.
		In his last years Broca turned from his labors in the region of craniology to the exclusive study of the brain, in which his greatest triumphs were achieved (see APHASIA).
		He was decorated with the Legion of Honor in 1868, and was honorary fellow of the leading anatomical, biological and anthropological societies of the world.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BR/BROCA_PAUL.htm (357 words)

	Paul Pierre Broca -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Paul Pierre Broca (June 28, 1824 - July 9, 1880) was a French (A licensed medical practitioner) physician, (An expert in anatomy) anatomist and (A social scientist who specializes in anthropology) anthropologist.
		Broca studied (The branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques) medicine in (The capital and largest city of France; and international center of culture and commerce) Paris.
		Broca was also a pioneer in the study of (The branch of anthropology dealing with the genesis and variation of human beings) physical anthropology.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pa/paul_pierre_broca.htm (548 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Paul Pierre Broca (June 28, 1824 - July 9, 1880) was a French physician, anatomist and anthropologist.
		But the field of study where Broca became famous and a towering figure in the history of medicine and the neurosciences, was his discovery of the speech center (now known as the Broca's area or the third circumvolution of the frontal lobe).
		Pierre Paul Broca was born in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande and died in Paris, probably of a brain aneurism.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=Paul_Pierre_Broca (573 words)

	MNEMON.net
		Broca's area is involved in the action of words; it is located in the premotor cortex.
		Broca's area: This is a region of the brain in the inferior left frontal lobe.
		Broca's aphasia: This disorder is sometimes called anterior aphasia and is usually caused by damage to Broca's area but may also arise when the primary motor cortex, or the sub cortical white matter of the frontal lobe is damaged.
	mnemon.net /teaching/psychobiology/memory.htm (2621 words)

	Pierre Paul Broca (www.whonamedit.com)
		Broca conducted the first experiments on the continent using hypnotism for surgical anaesthesia, and the introduction of the microscope into the diagnosis of cancer was partly due to his efforts.
		Broca was thus denounced by authorities as a subversive figure, a materialist and a corrupter of the youth.
		A reappraisal of the controversy of Dax and Broca.
	www.whonamedit.com /doctor.cfm/1982.html (3136 words)

	Probert Encyclopaedia: People and Peoples (Pau) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		PAUL A. Paul A Dever was an American politician.
		Paul Broca was a French surgeon and anthropologist.
		Paul Von Hindenburg was a German soldier and the second president of the German Reich.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /CB2.HTM (841 words)

	PIERRE PAUL BROCA AND THE SEAT OF THE FACULTY OF ARTICULATE LANGUAGE - Mind, Brain and Adaptation in the Nineteenth ...
		Broca's localization of a centre for 'the faculty of articulate language' was the first localization of a function in the hemisphere which met with general acceptance from orthodox scientists.
		It might be argued that Broca was the first to confirm this localization and to clarify it with clear-cut pathological evidence, but the fact is that the quality of the evidence of his original case was very dubious indeed.
		Broca presented a second case of the same year,[5] from which he concluded that 'the aphemia was the result of a profound, but accurately circumscribed lesion of the posterior third of the second and third frontal convolutions'.[6] In this case the aphasia was not complicated by other symptoms, and the lesion was strictly limited.
	www.human-nature.com /mba/chap4.html (5350 words)

	Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine: A portrait of history: Pierre Paul Broca
		Broca is also remembered for his contributions to anthropology, which include valuable studies of human skulls and the founding of the Societe dAnthropologie.
		Broca's concepts on speech localization were initially based on the study of a single patient, Monsieur Leborgne, who was affected by epilepsy and who had lost the ability to speak.
		Broca called this speech disturbance "aphemie," which was renamed by Armand Trousseau as "aphasia." Broca also described another form of speech disturbance, which he called "verbal amnesia," characterized by a loss of memory for spoken and written words.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3725/is_200203/ai_n9071384 (978 words)

	International Brain Research Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Finally, a Broca region in the “strict sense” was distinguished from a region in a “broader sense” (Hervé, 1888; Riegele, 1931; Strasburger, 1938).
		The concept of Broca’s region was introduced after Pierre Paul Broca had published two papers claiming the existence of a centre for articulated speech on the basis of an anatomo-clinical observation (1861a, b).
		Broca’s publication was not the first that suggested a language centre in the left frontal lobe, and he was not the first to hypothesize left hemispheric dominance.
	www.ibro.org /Pub_Main_Display.asp?Main_ID=15 (3875 words)

	Luigi Pirandello + Pierre Paul Broca
		Broca's chief contribution to brain anatomy, based on observations of patients with brain damage who were unable to talk, was the discovery of the location in the brain of the speech center, which has become known as Broca's area.*
		There was much church and state resistance to his founding of a Society for the study of the human species, and the Prefect of Police promised that Broca would be held responsible for anything said in meetings that may be "against society, religion, or the government." A police spy was assigned to monitor the proceedings.
		Broca has been described as a Christian, but he must have practiced it lightly, because he founded a society for free-thinkers in 1848.
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/0628b-almanac.htm (618 words)

	Sabbatini, R.M.E.: A Brief Biography of Pierre Paul Broca
		aul Pierre Broca, brilliant French surgeon and anthropologist, was born in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, in 1824.
		Pierre Paul Broca died in Paris, in 1880, probably of a brain aneurism.
		Broca's original article on the speech center is in: Broca, Paul.
	www.cerebromente.org.br /n02/historia/broca.htm (608 words)

	Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology: Broca, Pierre Paul (1824-1880)
		Pierre Paul Broca, the son of a Huguenot doctor, was born near Bordeaux, France, in 1824.
		Broca is best known for his role in the discovery of specialized functions in different areas of the brain.
		Broca's many contributions to anthropology helped to establish its firm scientific foundation at a time when the study of nature was considered a somewhat sinister science.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2699/is_0004/ai_2699000404 (827 words)

	Broca's aphasia
		In 1865, Paul Broca described patients of his who were characterized by the sudden lack of the ability to speak, and a right hemiparesis.
		Following the patients' death and post mortum examination, Broca demonstrated the region was in the left posterior frontal lobe, around the area of the operculum.
		Broca's discovery spawned the notion that the brain was laterilized and compartmentalized.
	www.people.virginia.edu /~jpd3n/broca.html (263 words)

	AANS.org \| Education and Meetings \| AANS Scientific Journals \| Neurosurgical Focus
		This deep fold was described by Paul Broca as the pli de passage fronto-pariétal moyen, and the precentral bank of the pli de passage represents the anatomical substratum of hand motor function.
		Broca's observations on aphasia popularized the notion that specific cortical functions can be localized on the surface of the brain.[25] This idea gave a new importance to the surface convolutions, and Broca was one of the early scientists to make meaningful and careful descriptions of cortical anatomy.
		Broca's middle bend, which lies between the middle and superior frontal gyrus with its concavity directed anteriorly, was a constant feature in each of our patients (Fig.
	www.aans.org /education/journal/neurosurgical/oct99/7-4-p1.asp?ShowMenu=false&ShowPrint=false (4801 words)

	ipedia.com: Paul Pierre Broca Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Paul Pierre Broca was a French surgeon and anthropologist.
		Paul Pierre Broca (1824 - 1880) was a French surgeon and anthropologist.
		He was also a member of the Académie française and held honorable degrees of many other learned institutions, in France and abroad.
	www.ipedia.com /paul_pierre_broca.html (602 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Broca Paul
		Broca, Paul (1824-1880), French surgeon and anthropologist, born in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande.
		In 1841, Broca studied medicine at the then...
		The major breakthrough for the localizers came in 1861 when Paul Broca, working in Paris, reported on a patient who had virtually lost the power of...
	au.encarta.msn.com /Broca_Paul.html (92 words)

	Historical Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Surgeon and physical anthropologist Paul Broca was the first to deduce that the left hemisphere is responsible for language functioning based on post-mortem study of nonfluent aphasic patients that had been in his care during their lives.
		The region of interest is now known as Broca’s area; it is not responsible for all speech disorders, only those that are motoric and articulatory [10].
		In 1985, Geshwind proposed a model of processing in the brain that interpreted aphasic disorders in terms of neural disconnection of cortical centers, the key components of which were Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas and the connection between them, which he thought to receive input from a number of other structures [10].
	www.haverford.edu /psych/courses/p217/web/aphasia/history.htm (1628 words)

	Broca, Paul -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Broca's area lies in the third frontal convolution, just anterior to the face area of the motor cortex and just above the Sylvian fissure.
		Today many critics call Paul Cézanne the Father of Modern Painting, but during most of his life he seemed to be a failure.
		Paul Gaugin briefly joined van Gogh in the town of Arles, but left after the artist cut off part of his own ear.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9310390?tocId=9310390 (715 words)

	CROMAGNON RACE - LoveToKnow Article on CROMAGNON RACE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		, the name given by Paul Broca to a type of mankind supposed to be represented by remains found by Lartet, Christy and others, in France in the Cromagnon cave at Les Eyzies, Tayac district, Dordogne.
		At the foot of a steep rock near the village this small cave, nearly filled with debris, was found by workmen in 1868.
		The skulls presented such special characteristics that Broca took them as types of a race, Palaeolithic man is exclusively long-headed, and the dolichocephalic appearance of the crania (they had a mean cephalic index of 73.34) supported the view that the find at Les Eyzies was palaeoiithic.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CR/CROMAGNON_RACE.htm (601 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - Language
		A quarter century later in 1861, Paul Broca described a patient who could say only one word..."tan." For this reason, Broca called this patient "Tan." When Tan died, Broca examined his brain and found that there was damage to part of the left frontal cortex.
		Broca's area and Wernicke's area are connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the arcuate fasciculus.
		In most people (97%), both Broca's area and Wernicke's area are found in only the left hemisphere of the brain.
	faculty.washington.edu /chudler/lang.html (961 words)

	Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind - Broca, Paul (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Broca is best known for the localization of a speech area in the brain.
		Broca predicted that a certain patient with a disorder in speech articulation would have a lesion in the third left frontal convolution of the brain.
		This area of the brain became known as ‘Broca’s area’ and for some time was specified as the speech area of the brain.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~philos/MindDict/broca.html (203 words)

	Aphasia: Specific Syndromes (Nonfluent)
		According to FitzGerald,1996, the principal output from Broca's area is to cell columns in the tongue and face areas of the precentral gyrus.
		Lesions are typically smaller than those that cause Broca's aphasia and are superior to and often anterior to Broca's area.
		Broca's area itself is not affected, but the damage may extend down into the white matter including the white matter below Broca's area.
	www.csuchico.edu /~pmccaff/syllabi/SPPA336/336unit7.html (832 words)

	Ling001 -- Fall 1998 -- Brain and Language
		Broca's aphasia results from damage to the front portion of the language dominant side of the brain.
		It is named after Pierre-Paul Broca (1824-1880), a French surgeon and anthropologist who first described the syndrome and its association with injuries to a specific region of the brain.
		Wernicke's patients seem to suffer from much greater disorders of thought than Broca's patients, who often seem able to reason much as before their stroke, but are simply unable to express themselves fluently.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /courses/Fall_1998/ling001/neurology.html (1093 words)

	Broca's Brain: Book Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Broca's Brain, written by Carl Sagan, first published in 1974, is a compilation of the author's thoughts and musings that cover a broad spectrum of ideas.
		The title comes from the 19th century surgeon, neurologist and anthropologist, Paul Broca.
		Sagan uses Broca as an example that ideas, which seem perfectly sound at any given moment, often change as knowledge accumulates and technology marches forward.
	www.humanistsofutah.org /1997/BrocasBrain_Oct-97.html (369 words)

	Pierre Paul Broca (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Broca’s finding suggested that there was indeed localization within the brain but that it did not have to do specifically
		Broca’s finding had a scientific pathological basis, where as Galls had a non-scientific crainiological basis.
		Broca presented his findings at the Parisian Anthropological Society meeting in 1861 with his proud father looking on.
	web.sau.edu /psychology/History/outline.htm (554 words)

	Biological Basis of Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Paul Broca (1861) reported a study of patients with language production deficits (both spoken and written) despite good comprehension abilities.
		However, researchers found that Broca's aphasics have problems in using syntactic cues (such as passive construction) for interpreting meanings.
		And the Broca's area is involved in such analysis.
	psychology.rutgers.edu /~negishi/biolang/lec_aphasia.html (834 words)

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