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Topic: Peace Keeping Forces

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	Russian Peace-keeping Forces in the Post-Soviet Area
		In addition to the united armed forces subordinated to the President of the Soviet Union, and the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, the Kremlin had at its disposal the armed forces of the Ministry of Interior which were especially trained for the suppression of internal disorder.
		One battalion was supposed to be drafted from the Georgian armed forces, one from the Russian armed forces and one from the forces of the Northern Ossetian Autonomous Republic, which was a subject of the Russian Federation and was trusted by the Southern Ossetians.
		The Georgian battalion of peacekeeping forces, which represented the main force on the Georgian side in the region, was armed with infantry equipment which was not suitable for peacekeeping activity.9 Suspicions among the Ossetians regarding the intentions of the Georgian military did not disappear either.
	www.memo.ru /hr/hotpoints/peace/peacekeep.htm (10177 words)

	TFF Meeting Point - Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The first generation of peace-keeping consists of operations where maintenance of cease-fires and separation of forces were the major objectives and the second generation operations are generally said to include; preventive deployment; implementation of comprehensive settlements; and protection of humanitarian operations during continuing conflicts.
		Therefore, the objectives will be to establish a peace monitor corps and to provide a better and coherent knowledge of the political and humanitarian environment but also to the theories of modern conflict management in general and the United Nations` role in maintaining international peace and security in particular.
		Although, the expressed idea concerning a peace monitor cadres is tentative and requires further development and conceptualization, it outlines the possibilities to build a new structure which goes far beyond the traditional and highly centralized approach that currently exists.
	www.transnational.org /forum/meet/2000/peacekeepers.html (4533 words)

	A/51/62 Russian Federation Letter on CIS (31 Jan)
		The maintenance of peace and stability is an essential condition for the Commonwealth's existence, ensuring the economic and socio-political development both of each individual member State and of the Commonwealth as a whole.
		The collective peace-keeping forces shall act under a single command, adhering strictly to the principles of impartiality, compliance with the laws of the host country, and respect for the traditions and customs of the local population.
		The Commander of the Collective Peace-keeping Forces shall be appointed by a decision of the Council of Heads of State on the joint recommendation of the Council of Ministers for Foreign Affairs and the Council of Ministers of Defence.
	www.un.org /documents/ga/docs/51/plenary/a51-62.htm (5564 words)

	Keeping the Peace, the UN Mission
		The Charter establishes a Department of Peace Keeping under the control of the United Nation Security Council which is handed to the council through Chapters VI and VII of the Charter.
		The factions' forces were estimated to have 300,000 modern weapons and 80 million rounds of ammunition that would be subject to UN custody.
		Cambodia was to coordinate the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Cambodia.
	www.towson.edu /polsci/ppp/sp97/unpeace/peace5.htm (1320 words)

	United Nations Peacekeeping Forces - History of Organization
		The Peacekeeping Forces are subordinate to the leadership of the United Nations.
		The military forces are entrusted with more extended tasks, such as keeping the parties to a conflict apart and maintaining order in an area.
		Another force was established after the war between Egypt and Israel in 1967 to monitor the armistice agreement between the parties.
	nobelprize.org /peace/laureates/1988/un-history.html (906 words)

	Applicability of international humanitarian law to United Nations peace-keeping forces
		This memorandum specifies that, in cases where the forces have to use their weapons in accor- dance with their mandate, the principles and spirit of the rules of IHL should apply, as laid down in the Geneva Conventions of 1949, the Additional Protocols of 1977 and elsewhere.
		At the general level, it should be noted that the dispatch of PKF to the former Yugoslavia and Cambodia was not preceded, as on previous occasions, by official measures on the part of the UN to draw attention to the role of IHL.
		As a general rule, reports on visits to prisoners captured by the UN forces are delivered to the prisoners' Powers of Origin, the UN and the governments of the States whose contingents have captured or are holding the prisoners visited.
	www.icrc.ch /Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList453/9AF00A5C8EC21438C1256B660059191A (4280 words)

	Calls for send peace keeping forces to Sudan
		Both London and Washington asked the UN Security Council to start preparations for a peace keeping force in Sudan to be sent in case an agreement is finalized that might end 20 years of civil war in Sudan.
		A French diplomat said that it is "premature that the UN security council discuss peace keeping in Sudan which still has weeks or months ahead before signing an agreement." Diplomats said that France wants first to see a peace keeping operation in the Ivory Coast, West Africa, where the French soldiers are helping achieve peace.
		The Sudanese government and the southern rebels resumed peace talks in Kenya on Tuesday with the objective to end the war which claimed the life of almost 2 million persons.
	www.arabicnews.com /ansub/Daily/Day/031010/2003101004.html (318 words)

	Last hope for the UN \| Greenpeace International
		The Uniting for Peace resolution empowers the General Assembly to meet in emergency session to address acts of aggression or a breach of the peace when the Security Council has been unable to act.
		If you believe, as we do, that the very future of the world, and of the United Nations, is being put at risk in the name of a pre-emptive war, please join the call for the UN General Assembly to respond.
		Ask that the Uniting for Peace resolution be invoked, that the war on Iraq be condemned, and that peaceable means of disarming Iraq be sought.
	www.greenpeace.org /international/news/last-hope-for-the-un (783 words)

	UN Peace Keeping - Theory and Practice
		Finally, the end of the Cold War in 1990 brought renewed attentions and appeals to the United Nations, posing challenges to established practices and functions, especially in the areas of conflict resolution and humanitarian assistance, in the midst of an increasingly volatile geopolitical climate.
		Those who serve in peace-keeping forces are equipped with light defensive weapons but are not authorized to use force except in self-defence.6 This right is exercised only sparingly because of the obvious danger that if a United Nations force uses its weapons, its impartiality is however unfairly called in question.
		This means, in effect, that those governments have to pay an unfairly high share of the cost of the operation in question, in addition to sending their soldiers to serve in unpredictable and sometimes dangerous situations.
	www.defencejournal.com /apr99/un-peace-keeping.htm (2410 words)

	Boston Globe Online / Table of Contents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Of the seven UN peace-keeping forces around the world, two were created just this year: the 350 unarmed observers monitoring the cease-fire in the Iran-Iraq war and the 50 watching the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan.
		Peace in the Western Sahara could require 2,000 UN observers to the region.
		The Peace Prize is the first of six annual prizes to be announced.
	www.boston.com /globe/search/stories/nobel/1988/1988m.html (950 words)

	Moldova: Seminar on law of armed conflict for peace-keeping forces
		On 19 and 20 September the officers commanding the peace-keeping forces stationed in the security zone along the Dniester river attended a seminar on the law of armed conflict held in the town of Dubossary (30 km north-east of Chisinau).
		The peace-keeping forces, which comprise Russian, Moldovan and Transnistrian troops and Ukrainian military observers, were deployed in the security zone after the 1992 internal conflict between Moldova and its Transnistrian territory.
		The seminar held in Dubossary, which was organized by the forces’ joint command, enabled 36 senior Russian, Moldovan, Transnistrian and Ukrainian officers to discuss aspects of the law of armed conflict and the training of troops serving in this unstable region.
	www.icrc.org /web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList571/03CDD2A1F0C60AAFC1256DAD0045B547 (212 words)

	Peace Corps Online \| October 19, 2004: Headlines: COS - Haiti: UN Peacekeeping: Safety and Security of Volunteers: ...
		Teresa Heinz Kerry celebrates the Peace Corps Volunteer as one of the best faces America has ever projected in a speech to the Democratic Convention.
		Some postings on Peace Corps Online are provided to the individual members of this group without permission of the copyright owner for the non-profit purposes of criticism, comment, education, scholarship, and research under the "Fair Use" provisions of U.S. Government copyright laws and they may not be distributed further without permission of the copyright owner.
		Peace Corps Online does not vouch for the accuracy of the content of the postings, which is the sole responsibility of the copyright holder.
	peacecorpsonline.org /messages/messages/467/2024218.html (810 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Popular opposition forced the government to back away from some of their concessions.
		The failure of peace-making in Cyprus left peace-keeping forces faced with the task of perpetual conflict maintenance.
		This has happened to the Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka, and to UN peace-keeping forces in the former Yugoslavia.
	www.colorado.edu /conflict/peace/example/ryan7480.htm (481 words)

	Liberia : Recommendations to the Security Council and Special Representative of the Secretary-General - Amnesty ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		It is of vital importance that the UN stabilization force has sufficient numbers to deploy as quickly as possible in all parts of the country.
		ECOWAS Cease-fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) forces in Liberia and Sierra Leone were responsible for indiscriminate aerial bombardments resulting in civilian casualties, extrajudicial executions of captured or suspected rebel combatants, torture, ill-treatment and illegal detention of both combatants and civilians, harassment of civilians and widespread looting.
		The behaviour of all peace-keeping forces must be closely scrutinized and all previous and future reports of human rights violations by members of the peace-keeping force must be immediately investigated and appropriate action taken.
	web.amnesty.org /library/index/engafr340182003 (6451 words)

	Comprehensive review of the whole question of peace-keeping operations in all their aspects
		Former commanders of United Nations forces and representatives from the United Nations Secretariat were also invited to give their expert opinions.
		They are meant to be used in both peace-keeping and enforcement operations, where the use of force is authorized either in self-defence or in pursuance of a specific mandate from the Security Council.
		Within those parameters, and while maintaining a total independence of decision and action, we frequently talk with peace-keeping forces with a view to clarifying our respective tasks, especially in cases where their mission is to facilitate or ensure the delivery of humanitarian assistance or, more generally, where humanitarian issues are at stake.
	www.icrc.org /web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList367/C7B88A9865A4FD31C1256B66005A41F8 (1075 words)

	Keeping peace (from court) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Peace Bureau was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1910, after having been nominated during 7 of the first 10 years of the history of the prize.
		Helping keep such promises of peace and order within nations is the primary function of every court system in every nation.
		Movement for peace is present in the desire for peace...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-27081?tocId=27081 (846 words)

	On the acts of violations, committed by the Russian peace-keeping forces in Abkhazia
		On July 4, 1994, soldiers of the peace-keeping forces killed Vakhtang Tchkhapelia, inhabitant of the village of Tarsa in the Khobi region.
		On July 23, 1994, two tanks of the peace-keeping forces, located in the village of Anaklia, Zugdidi region, kept shooting towards the village of Kulevi in the Khobi region for two hours.
		The above mentioned fact testifies that Russian peace-keepers, being the guarantee of peace and stability in 12 km security zone, together with the so-called Abkhazian militia had carried out the undisguised punitive operation against the civilians of the region justifying their action as fighting with bandits.
	www.essex.ac.uk /armedcon/story_id/000190.html (2212 words)

	Finnish Peacekeeping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Finland was one of the last countries in the western cultural sphere to allow women in its peace-keeping forces (Kauppinen and Huida 7), and this section focuses on the response to women in the forces and how the duties and life of women differ from those of men in the operation zones.
		The forces could not be sent to the area without the permission of Egypt, which ruled over the canal and Sinai.
		Although most of the men think that having women in the forces is a good thing and brings good publicity to Finland and increases equality, some think that it was bad judgment to include women in the operations in the first place.
	www.uta.fi /~jh61424/peacekee.html (3258 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Making peace in Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Earlier this week, Defence Minister Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi met with the departing force to highlight the importance of the participation of the armed forces in international peace-keeping efforts.
		In February 1997, an inter-African force (MISAB), including 800 men from six African countries, was deployed in Bangui, with the logistical and financial support of France.
		Its mandate was to restore peace and security by monitoring the implementation of the truce agreement and disarming the former rebels.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /1999/418/eg3.htm (574 words)

	Under the Blue Flag
		They use force only in exceptional circumstances and are required to consider what impact their actions will have on the overall operation.
		Peace that will last can only come about when there is some form of agreement.
		This service to the cause of peace - by more than 650,000 soldiers and civilians since 1948 - was formally recognized when, in 1988, UN peace-keeping forces were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
	learning.turner.com /efts/un/blueflag.htm (668 words)

	Earth-Keeping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		His idea was inspired by the UN peace-keeping forces, soldiers whose services are volunteered by their countries.
		They would keep an eye on the rain forests, the invading deserts, the rising oceans, the cities that are becoming dangerously overpopulated.
		The force could wear nice green uniforms, and one of the main tasks it could accomplish would be to make known, loudly in public forums, what governments would either like to keep quiet or argue about defensively.
	www.fs.fed.us /eco/eco-watch/ew940412.htm (363 words)

	GN Online: Refugees want peace-keeping force in Mindanao
		Tens of thousands of refugees expressed their desire for a peace-keeping force and a humanitarian team in their war-torn communities in the south.
		The raging conflict between the MILF fighters and the government soldiers is far from being resolved despite the holding of exploratory talks between the government and the MILF negotiators in Malaysia late last month.
		The presence of peace-keeping forces in the communities could also result in more clashes, said observers, but they also believe that many war-torn areas in the south really need peace-keepers.
	www.gulf-news.com /Articles/print.asp?ArticleID=85452 (525 words)

	Blogger: Email Post to a Friend (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		There were three explosions near Kabul airport on Saturday, according to the Turkish commander of the peace keeping forces in Afghanistan.
		At least the US has now reversed its longstanding oppostion to expanding the international peace keeping forces and having them cover something besides the capital.
		One question is whether the US can keep its allies committed to this peace keeping work if there is a big split with them over the looming Iraq campaign.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=3463907&postID=80984357 (202 words)

	Pravda.RU Peace-Keeping Forces in Kosovo Will Be Halfed
		In his turn Gregory Johnson, commander-in-chief of NATO forces in the south of Europe, indicated that the reduction in the number of international peace-keepers would be carried out in accordance with the earlier approved plans.
		The resolution, which entered into force on January 10th, 2003, recognized Russia as a member of the January 27th, 1977 European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism, an informed source in London said on Thursday.
		Last week, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, FARC, killed six soldiers and a civilian with a car bomb and the National Liberation Army, ELN, were held responsible for the kidnapping of two foreign journalists.
	english.pravda.ru /world/2003/02/01/42882.html (2242 words)

	UN Chronicle: 1988 Nobel Peace Prize awarded to UN peace-keep... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Thus it recognized that"the quest for peace is a universal undertaking involving all the nations and peoples of the world", as UN Secretary-General Javier Perez de Cuellar told an enthusiastic General Assembly that same day.
		Diplomatic efforts still in progress may soon result in the dispatch of another 7,500 to monitor implementation of a settlement for the independence of Namibia, and a smaller force to Western Sahara, for which the UN recently successfully crafted a peace agreement.
		The Nobel Committee said the 1988 Prize was made because the peace-keepers "represent the manifest will of the community of nations to achieve peace through negotiations, and the forces have by their presence made a decisive contribution towards the initiation of actual peace negotiations".
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?docid=1G1:6944990&refid=ink_tptd_mag (1372 words)

	PETER MAX, U.S.A (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In celebration of the award of the 1988 Nobel Peace Prize to the United Nations Peace-keeping Forces, Peter Max, the renowned American artist, has contributed the use of his painting " The Better World" to the World Federation of United Nations Associations' Philatelic Programme.
		In keeping with their ideals, these "soldiers of peace" voluntarily take on a demanding and hazardous service in the cause of peace.
		In his message on the Inter national Day of Peace, the Secretary-General stated, "No day of peace should pass without a special salute to the brave men and women of our international peace-keeping forces.
	www.netmart.com /wfuna-art/docsheets/max_mar.html (814 words)

	Winners of the Nobel Peace Prize
		for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way.
		President of the International Committee of the European Council, Vice President of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, Vice President of the World Federation of Trade Unions, member of the ILO Council, delegate to the UN.
		Founder of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration League.
	almaz.com /nobel/peace/peace.html (1273 words)

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