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Topic: Peace and Truce of God

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	Peace and Truce of God (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Peace and Truce of God movement was a weapon in the Church's arsenal to Christianize and pacify the feudal structures of society through non-violent means.
		The Peace of God, or Pax Dei was a proclamation issued by local clergy that granted immunity from violence to noncombatants who could not defend themselves including clergy, children, women (virgins and widows), as well as farm animals.
		Romans in the pagan traditions commonly used a similar phrase "peace of the gods", meaning when the gods were at peace, when the gods were not causing trouble, such as earthquakes or war, otherwise known as Ira Deorum (The Wrath of the Gods).
	peace-and-truce-of-god.area51.ipupdater.com (1164 words)

	Peace and Truce of God - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Peace and Truce of God was a medieval European movement of the Catholic Church which applied spiritual sanctions in order to control and stop the violence of feudal society.
		The Peace and Truce of God movement was a weapon in the Church's arsenal to Christianize and pacify the feudal structures of society through non-violent means.
		This grant was given at a Peace of God council in Anse in 994.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Peace_and_Truce_of_God (1337 words)

	TRUCE OF GOD. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It is related to the peace of God, which exempted clergy, women, children, and peasants from battle or attacks.
		The truce spread from France to Germany, Italy, Flanders, and Spain, and from 1123, it was backed by the threat of excommunication.
		The increasing power of kings (the “peace of kings”) and the subsequent rise of strong national governments rendered the truce of God unnecessary and ineffective for enforcing internal peace.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/tr/truceGod.html (121 words)

	Truce of God - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Truce of God, church decree dating from the 11th century restricting the pursuit of private warfare.
		It originated in the so-called Peace of God, an...
		In an effort to control and limit social violence, the medieval church in Europe instituted the Truce of God.
	encarta.msn.com /Truce_of_God.html (120 words)

	Truce of God
		The Truce of God is a temporary suspension of hostilities, as distinct from the Peace of God which is perpetual.
		Finally it was the sanctification of Sunday which gave rise to the Truce of God, for it had always been agreed not to do battle on that day and to suspend disputes in the law-courts.
		The Truce soon spread from France to Italy and Germany; the oecumenical council of 1179 extended the institution to the whole Church by Canon xxi, "De treugis servandis", which was inserted in the collection of canon law (Decretal of Gregory IX, I, tit., "De treuga et pace").
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/t/truce_of_god.html (440 words)

	TRUCE OF GOD, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It originated in the so-called Peace of God, an attempt by the European church to protect the defenseless against a lawless nobility in a period of feudal anarchy.
		As the Truce of God, the prohibition was extended in about 1027 to all types of private warfare.
		The Truce of God soon spread throughout France, Italy, and Germany, and the ecumenical council of 1179 applied it throughout Western Christendom.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=224538 (510 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Truce of God - Bishopric of Terouanne, 1063 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Medieval Sourcebook: Truce of God - Bishopric of Terouanne, 1063
		Dearest brothers in the Lord, these are the conditions which you must observe during the time of the peace which is commonly called the truce of God, and which begins with sunset on Wednesday and lasts until sunrise on Monday.
		During the days of the peace, no one shall make a hostile expedition on horseback, except when summoned by the count; and all who go with the count shall take for their support only as much as is necessary for themselves and their horses.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/t-of-god.html (629 words)

	The Avalon Project : Decree of the Emperor Henry IV Concerning a Truce of God (1085 A.D.)
		It, during the space for which the peace has been declared, it shall be necessary for any one to go to another place where that peace isn't observed, he may bear arms; provided, nevertheless, that he harm no one unless he is at.
		The peace is not violated if, while it continues, the duke, or other counts or bailiffs, or their substitutes hold courts, and lawfully exercise judgment over thieves and robbers, and other harmful persons.
		This imperial peace has been decreed chiefly for the security of all those who are at feud; but not to the end that, after the peace is over, they may dare to rob and plunder throughout the villages and homes.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/medieval/dechenry.htm (918 words)

	Peace Signs
		Calumets were particularly used at the conclusion of peace treaties and in ceremonies of adoption.
		In Christian tradition it symbolizes God's forgiveness, as it was placed in the sky as the arch of peace after the Biblical flood - a symbol of the covenant between God and mankind.
		The sign was very widely used by peace movements in the 1960s and 70s as a symbol of victory for peace and truth.
	www.salsa.net /peace/symbol/index.html (577 words)

	MEDIEVAL WOMEN - Scriptorium: Historians of Gaul and of France
		The bishops of whom we have spoken have solemnly confirmed the Truce of God, which has been enjoined upon all Christians, from the setting of the sun of the fourth day of the week, that is to say, Wednesday, until the rising of the sun on Monday, the second day...
		It has been ordained also that at all times disputes and suits on the subject of the Peace and Truce of God shall be settled before the bishop and his chapter, and likewise for the peace of the churches which have before been enumerated.
		That is, the penalty for using violence against peaceful churchmen, or despoiling their property was to be twice that demanded by the law in case of similar offences committed against laymen.
	mw.mcmaster.ca /scriptorium/historiens.html (533 words)

	Chapter One, Diocese of Vic by Paul Freedman
		Why the Peace and Truce should have spread in a realm that, unlike Provence or Languedoc, had a tradition of secular authority, is a question of more significance than that of precedence.
		The Truce must not be thought of, therefore, as a desperate measure designed to substitute spiritual for secular enforcement of order; rather, it assumed that the two powers should act in concert.
		Above all, the Truce and Peace preserved the distinction between public and private forms of coercion, underscoring difference between private warfare and the use of violence in the defense of the commonwealth.
	libro.uca.edu /vic/dv1.htm (10911 words)

	Kid and Teen Message Boards and Forums
		In the church leaders that tried to stop the violence with the Peace and Truce of God movement, it was Satan that cause the evil in the hearts of those who turned a simple crusade to clxxx back the Holy land into years of bloody, useless violence.
		God is there right now with those soldiers and the people in the country who truly want it to become a good and free place.
		God may have been punishing us for our treatment of others, but he was also with the doctors and nurses who tried to prevent and treat the disease.
	win.kidzworld.com /idealbb/view.asp?topicID=27283&pageNo=4 (8139 words)

	truce of God - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		TRUCE OF GOD [truce of God] in the Middle Ages, an attempt by the Catholic church to limit private warfare between feudal lords.
		The truce of God was proposed (AD 958) by Pope John XV and was first applied in 1027.
		The truce of God: ninety years ago, Christian soldiers separated by war reached out to each other to celebrate their Lord's birth.(History--Faith In Action)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-truceg1od.html (366 words)

	Peace of God » BlogRodent: Pentecostal Rumination and Review
		Bishops inaugurated the Peace of God and Truce of God movements.
		The Peace of God banned from the sacraments all persons who pillaged sacred places or refused to spare noncombatants.
		The Truce of God established "closed seasons" on fighting: rom sunset on Wednesday to sunrise on Monday and certain longer periods, such as Lent.
	tatumweb.com /blog/2006/01/01/peace-of-god (196 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		The Peace of God was the simple principle that those who did not benefit from feudal warfare should not be harmed by feudal warriors.
		The Truce of God, by the terms of which feudal warfare was not to be pursued on holy days or on Friday through Monday, was less practical and exerted relatively little influence.
		On the other hand, both the Peace and Truce of God established principles that would do much to protect traders and the markets and fairs at which they congregated, and, by so doing, contributed to the revival of commerce and trade of the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
	the-orb.net /textbooks/nelson/cluny.html (1843 words)

	Crusade - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		The breakdown of the Carolingian Empire in the later 9th century, combined with the relative stabilization of local European borders after the Christianization of the Vikings, Slavs, and Magyars, meant that there was an entire class of warriors who now had very little to do but fight amongst themselves and terrorize the peasant population.
		The Church tried to stem this violence with the Peace and Truce of God movements, forbidding violence against certain people at certain times of the year.
		After a period of relative peace, in which Christians and Muslims co-existed in the Holy Land, Bernard of Clairvaux called for a new crusade when the town of Edessa was conquered by the Turks.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/c/r/u/Crusades.html (3606 words)

	Vic - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		From then forth, the city was ruled by the count of Barcelona and by the bishop of Vic.
		At a council in Toulouges in 1027, the bishop of Vic established the first Peace and Truce of God that helped reduce private warfare.
		During the 18th century the city was the first focus of the rebellion against the centralist policy of Philip V, King of Spain.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Vic (443 words)

	The Danish Peace Academy: Terp, Holger: Danish Peace History - Light in darkness
		During the synods of 1047 (Synodus Helenesis) and Narbonne 1054 the peace of God was expanded to include the clergy, monks, nuns, pilgrims, merchants, farmers, women, churches, monasteries etc. The peace of God meant, that violent conflicts had to cease from Wednesday night to Monday morning and also on holidays.
		During the time of Queen Margrethe 1 (1353-1412), the Peace of God was developed into a complex Danish conflict preventing system of women peace; and also the peace of the king, the peace of houses, farms, fields, things and ships.
		The peace of women from 1396 meant, according to historian Erik Arup, that women should enjoy a particular peace not be violated during times of war with the offender being punished by death.
	www.fredsakademiet.dk /library/dkpeace/dkpeace5.htm (1056 words)

	[No title]
		Peace!" They were, as one observer noted, acknowledging a ~Covenant between themselves and God: a new people of Israel had been born in the fire of suffering and in the exaltation of collective renunciation and redemption.
		The power of massed peasants at Peace councils waned when they separately returned to their plows; and the castellans, with their castles, their weapons and their mounted warriors, began to enforce their own understanding of the agreements made under the duress of apocalyptic fears and crowd pressures.
		Chivalry emerges from a codification of the obligations towards the unarmed that warriors had taken on in their peace oaths, and the enthusiasm of Europe's knights for the Crusade (1096) is in part the response of warriors who can at last engage in divinely sanctioned violence.
	www.mille.org /people/rlpages/wgt-prec.html (7553 words)

	HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH*
		Then came the bright reign of Charlemagne with his noble efforts for education and religion, but it was soon followed, under his weak successors, by another period of darkness which grew worse and worse till a moral reformation began in the convent of Cluny, and reached the papal chair under the lead of Hildebrand.
		The time of the Truce was extended to the whole period from the first of Advent to Epiphany, from Ashwednesday to the close of the Easter week, and from Ascension to the close of the week of Pentecost; also to the various festivals and their vigils.
		He held that God remits the guilt and eternal punishment, but not the temporal punishment of sin, which must be atoned for in this life, or in purgatory.
	www.ccel.org /s/schaff/history/4_ch06.htm (10694 words)

	“Innocence Lost: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		“Peace, then is the purpose of waging war; and this is true even of men who have a passion for the exercise of military prowess as rulers and commanders.”
		Clearly Grotius sees the nature of war itself and the question of justice as separate issues; this may be one of the reasons that he spends more time discussing how to fight war justly that do his predecessors.
		He does note the tradition of killing women and children in warfare (citing the Hebrew scriptures), but refuses to use that as precedent, arguing that the commands of God are one thing and the Laws of War another.
	www.usafa.af.mil /jscope/JSCOPE02/Kaurin02.html (6159 words)

	Peace of God — FactMonster.com
		truce of God - truce of God truce of God, in the Middle Ages, an attempt by the Catholic church to limit private...
		peace of God - peace of God: peace of God: see truce of God.
		Peace of God - Peace of God In 1035 the clergy interfered to prevent the constant feuds between baron and baron;...
	www.factmonster.com /dictionary/brewers/peace-god.html (273 words)

	Pope Urban
		For God has put you as stewards over his family to minister to it....But first correct yourselves, in order that, free from blame, you may be able to correct those who are subject to you.
		Accordingly undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the kingdom of heaven.
		The sanctuary of God (unspeakable shamel) is everywhere profaned.
	clem.mscd.edu /~bweiser1/pope_urban.htm (3729 words)

	The Greek Government and One Greek God Push for Olympic Peace
		As director of the Olympic Truce Center, a joint venture of the socialist government of Prime Minister Costas Simitis and the International Olympic Committee, Mr.
		"No doubt the truce is symbolic and there's minor value in sports diplomacy, but the attempt to officially implement the policy on a government-to-government level at this time results from a serious misapprehension of the terrorist threat," he says.
		Pappas is no slouch at marketing peace and love: Living in California in the late 1960s, she handled public relations for such American rock acts as the Eagles, Jackson Browne and the Beach Boys.
	www.olympictruce.org /html/news_story_25.html (1130 words)

	truce of God — Infoplease.com
		It is related to the peace of God, which exempted clergy, women, children, and peasants from battle or attacks.
		The truce of God was proposed (A.D. 958) by Pope John XV and was first applied in 1027.
		The increasing power of kings (the “peace of kings”) and the subsequent rise of strong national governments rendered the truce of God unnecessary and ineffective for enforcing internal peace.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0849516.html (317 words)

	Chapter 5, Diocese of Vic by Paul Freedman
		This delay was partly the result of the Peace and Truce movements, which, it should be emphasized, were designed not to supplant but to shore up the administration of public justice.
		More significant than the ordeal, the Usatges, or even the Peace and Truce was the ancient institution of public courts administered by professional judges, who heard testimony, received written evidence, and still "found the law" in the case rather than serving as mediators trying to bring mutual satisfaction to the litigants.
		Despite the absence of comital support, the public courts, and the sweeping condemnations made possible by the Peace and Truce, the twelfth-century cathedral was not helpless.
	libro.uca.edu /vic/dv5.htm (8465 words)

	Peace, Peace Treaty, Peace Process - The Peace Encyclopedia
		It is now widely seen that peace should be more than the mere absence of war: it should be a positive force that counters violence as a means of resolving the problems of human society.
		Thus, peace studies must seek practical means of creating a society without such structural violence, while the goal of peace education should be contributing to the establishment of such a society.
		Peace education, then, is directly tied to human rights education aimed at eliminating all forms of prejudice including that against the traditional outcast class in Japan.
	peace.heebz.com /peace.html (6042 words)

	Untitled Document
		An ideology of Peace pervaded the language of political conciliation on an international scale, most notably at the meeting in 1024 on the Meuse where Robert II and emperor Henry II proclaimed a universal peace.
		Similarly, in Normandy, the first Peace Council in that area responded to the violence and uncertainty after the death of Duke Robert I and preceding the ascendancy of William the Conquerer.
		Cowdrey, H.E.J., "The Peace and the Truce of God in the Eleventh Century", Past and Present, 46 (1970), 42-67; Georges Duby, "The Laity and the Peace of God," The Age of Chivalry, tr.
	www.mille.org /people/rlpages/paxdei.html (2067 words)

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