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	Passau - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Passau (Latin: Batavia) is a town in Niederbayern, Eastern Bavaria, Germany, known also as the Dreiflüssestadt (City of Three Rivers), because the Danube River is joined there by the Inn River from the South, and the Ilz River coming out of the Bavarian Forest to the North.
		The town is dominated by the Veste Oberhaus and the former fortress of the Bishop, on the mountain crest between the Danube and the Ilz rivers.
		This led to the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Passau (607 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Passau
		At Lorch, a Roman station and an important stronghold at the junction of the Enns and the Danube, Christianity found a foothold in the third century, during a period of Roman domination, and a Bishop of Lorch certainly existed in the fourth.
		This diocese was afterwards further enlarged at the expense of Passau by Sixtus IV.
		Under Wolfgang the Peace of Passau was concluded, in the summer of 1552 (see CHARLES V).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11519a.htm (1925 words)

	Saxony, Germany - LoveToKnow 1911
		By the peace of Prague, which transferred Upper Lusatia to Saxony in 1635, stipulations were made in favour of the Roman Catholics of that region, who are ecclesiastically in the jurisdiction of the cathedral chapter of St Peter at Bautzen, the dean of which has ex-officio a seat in the first chamber' of the diet.
		At the peace of Posen (11th December 1806) Frederick assumed the title of king of Saxony, and entered the Confederation 'of the Rhine as an independent sovereign, promising a contingent of 20,000 men to Napoleon.
		During the peace negotiations Beust had resigned and entered the Austrian service, and on the 15th of November the king in his speech from the throne announced his intention of being faithful to the new Confederation as he had been to the old.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Saxony,_Germany (11481 words)

	AllRefer.com - Passau, Germany (German Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		The bishops of Passau were temporal lords of a substantial territory until 1803, when the bishopric was secularized and awarded to Bavaria; the diocese was restored in 1817.
		The Treaty of Passau (1552) was negotiated there between Maurice of Saxony and King (later Emperor) Ferdinand I, who represented his brother, Emperor Charles V; it secured the release of the captive Protestant princes and helped pave the way for the religious peace of 1555 (see Augsburg, Peace of).
		Noteworthy buildings in Passau include the cathedral (15th–17th cent.), which has one of the world's largest church organs; the Gothic city hall (begun 1398); the baroque episcopal palace; the Oberhaus fortress (13th–16th cent.); and a former Benedictine monastery (founded in the 8th cent.).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/Passau.html (309 words)

	Wilhelm Von Grumbach - LoveToKnow 1911
		About 1540 Grumbach became associated with Albert Alcibiades, the turbulent prince of Bayreuth, whom he served both in peace and war.
		After the conclusion of the peace of Passau in 1552, Grumbach assisted Albert in his career of plunder in Franconia and was thus able to take some revenge upon his enemy, Melchior von Zobel, bishop of Wiirzburg.
		As a landholder Grumbach was a vassal of the bishops of Wiirzburg, and had held office at the court of Conrad of Bibra, who was bishop from 1540 to 1544.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Wilhelm_Von_Grumbach (572 words)

	sports history - Passau
		Passau is a town in Niederbayern, Eastern Bavaria, Germany, known also as Dreiflüssestadt (the City of three rivers), because the Danube River is joined there by the Inn River from the South, and the Ilz River coming out of the Bavarian Forest to the North.
		The University of Passau, founded in the later 1970s, is the extension of the (centuries old) Institute for Catholic Studies.
		Many river cruises down the Danube start at Passau and there is also a cycling path all the way down to Vienna.
	www.sportsfactbook.com /history/Passau (331 words)

	The Counter-Reformation: The Thirty Years’ War @ ELCore.Net
		The Peace of Prague was concluded between the Emperor and Saxony (1635), according to which the Edict of Restitution was abandoned in great measure, and religious freedom was guaranteed to the Protestants of Silesia.
		The Peace of Westphalia was dictated to Germany by France and Sweden.
		The Peace of Westphalia by its practical recognition of state neutrality in religious matters put an end to the constitution of the Holy Roman Empire, and reduced the Emperor to the position of a mere figurehead, depending for strength entirely on his own hereditary states.
	catholicity.elcore.net /MacCaffrey/HCCRFR1_Chapter04d.html (4339 words)

	Peace of Augsburg
		In 1552, at the Peace of Passau, Charles accepted the existence of the evangelical church and promised to hold a "diet" to settle the controversy.
		Peace was arranged between the Lutherans and Catholics on this day, September 25, 1555.
		The Peace of Augsburg did, however, permit people to transplant to a region whose faith was more congenial to each.
	chi.gospelcom.net /DAILYF/2001/09/daily-09-25-2001.shtml (545 words)

	James Breck Perkins, France Under Mazarin with a Review of the Administration of Richelieu, Vol. 1 (New York: G.P. ...
		If a peace could be made with such advantages and increase of territory for France, as would bring glory and popularity to the minister under whom it was accomplished, such a peace he desired.
		Separate in form, but, except as to matters of religion, similar in substance, they demanded a perpetual peace, universal amnesty, and the restoration to the princes and the states of the Empire of all their ancient rights and liberties, including the right of suffrage on all questions of war and peace.
		The treaties of Passau and Augsburg were confirmed, but the endeavor was made, by a division of many offices and courts, and by regulations for mutual toleration, to establish the two religions on an equal footing.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/crisis/perkins3.htm (11307 words)

	The Crown & The Cross - The Peace of Augsburg, 1555
		The chapter and such are entitled to it by common law or the custom of the place shall elect a person espousing the old religion who may enter on the possession and enjoyment of all the rights and incomes of the place without any further hindrance and without prejudging any ultimate amicable transaction of religion.
		Some of the abbeys, monasteries and other ecclesiastical estates having been confiscated and turned into churches, schools, and charitable institutions, it is herewith ordained that such estates which their original owners had not possessed at the time of the Treaty of Passau[1552] shall be comprised in the present treaty of peace.
		In case our subjects whether belonging to the old religion or the Augsburg confession should intend leaving their homes with their wives and children in order to settle in another, they shall be hindered neither in the sale of their estates after due payment of the local taxes nor injured in their honour.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Sparta/5414/PeaceofAugsburg.htm (292 words)

	Treaty of Passau
		Prince Henry II of France took advantage of the situation by allying himself with the Protestants and seizing Metz, Toul and Verdun.
		Charles was forced to leave Germany and sign the Treaty of Passau granting the Protestants religious liberty.
		In 1555 the Peace Augsburg was signed, under whose terms each German prince was allowed to pick a religion for his state.
	www.multied.com /WH1400-1900/Europe/Europe/TreatyofPassau.html (86 words)

	Book 1 - Chapter 4 - History of the Catholic Church
		When peace was at last concluded between the Pope and the Emperor (1529) Charles V. had changed his mind about the advisability of a General Council, having convinced himself in the meantime that more could be done for the cause of peace in his territories by private negotiations between the different parties.
		Finally, on the conclusion of the Peace of Crepy (1544), which put an end to the war with France, the council was convoked to meet at Trent in March 1545, and Cardinals del Monte, Reginald Pole, and Marcello Cervini were appointed to represent the Pope.
		The conclusion of the religious peace of Augsburg (1555) and the proclamation of Ferdinand I. were not calculated to win the sympathy of Paul IV.
	www.studylight.org /his/ad/hcc/view.cgi?book=1&chapter=4&word=nuns (16871 words)

	Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The war was resumed in 1542 and ended in 1544 by the Treaty of Crépy, which largely reaffirmed the earlier Peace of Cambrai.
		His success was temporary; in 1551 Magdeburg, a great stronghold of Protestantism, fell to Maurice, duke of Saxony (1521–53), but Maurice, who had previously supported the emperor, suddenly deserted Charles, allying himself with King Henry II of France.
		In 1552, through his brother Ferdinand, he concluded the Peace of Passau, by which the Lutheran states were allowed the exercise of their religion.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..ch101200.a#FWNE.fw..ch101200.a (1342 words)

	Arms and Armor in the Age of the Musketeer: A History of the Thirty Years' War
		The conditions of the peace were that Christian IV would give up his support for the Protestants in exchange for peace in Denmark.
		The reason that the peace process took so long was both because of a complex series of interests that needed to be taken into account and because no preliminary treaty was signed before the start of the congress.
		With no-cease fire everyone at the peace table prolonged the process as long as they could in the hopes of some great military victory that would allow them to have a greater say in the final peace.
	users.wpi.edu /~jforgeng/17cIQP/thirty.html (4531 words)

	Christian Singers of Germany
		Here he had six peaceful years, "the Sabbath of his life;" happy in his work, his 195 marriage, his friendship with the family of Von Kottwitz, and his literary labours, which were already rendering him distinguished as a writer of Latin poems and epigrams.
		For some time it was happy in princes and bishops who respected the toleration secured by the Peace of Passau; but in 1609 a king succeeded who was the bitter foe of all Protestants, and was warmly supported by Bishop Charles of Breslau, a brother of the Emperor.
		Hence whenever in the course of the war a district fell into the hands of the Imperialists, the pastors were immediately turned out of their churches, mass was celebrated, and the people were forced by the greatest oppression to accept Jesuit priests.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/winkworth/singers.heermann.html?bcb=0 (661 words)

	The History of Protestantism by J. A. Wylie
		Nature itself seemed to cry for a cessation of the awful conflict; cities, towns, and villages were in flames; the land was empty of men; the high-roads were without passengers, and briars and weeds were covering the once richly cultivated fields.
		Under the influence of a long peace its towns had enlarged in size, its villages had increased in number, and its smiling fields testified to the excellence of its husbandry.
		Content to be left in peace in his own dominions, and not ill-pleased, it may be, to see his rivals the Calvinists humbled, he refused to act the part which his descent and his political power made incumbent upon him.
	whatsaiththescripture.com /Voice/History.Protestant.v3.b21.html (16940 words)

	[No title]
		The peace party was obtaining the upper hand; the fierce policy of Alva regarded with increasing disfavor.
		The Prince addressed an earnest appeal to the assembly of Holland, then in session at Dort, reminding them that, although peace was desirable, it might be more dangerous than war, and entreating them, therefore, to conclude no treaty which should be inconsistent with the privileges of the country and their duty to God.
		In his hands were the powers of war and peace, joint control of the magistracies and courts of justice, absolute supremacy over the army and the fleets.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/4/8/3/4835/4835.txt (20741 words)

	The Thirty Years War: The Siege of Stralsund, the Peace of Lubeck and the Edict of Restitution
		The Siege of Stralsund, the Peace of Lübeck and the Edict of Restitution
		This brief document purported to do no more than enforce the terms of the Peace of Augsburg; however, the interpretation put on that document was that which had been urged by partisans of Catholicism.
		The Roman Church was to be restored to all lands taken from her since the Peace of Passau in 1552 or Peace of Augsburg in 1555 (depending of the form of land tenure).
	www.pipeline.com /~cwa/Stralsund_Phase.htm (1994 words)

	The German Reformation From The Death Of Luther To The Death Of Melanchthon (1546-1560).
		Then, marching suddenly upon the Emperor, he took him by surprise, and left him in such an unfavorable plight, that he assented to terms of peace, stipulating in the treaty of Passau (1552) for the liberation of the captive princes, and indulgence for the time being to the Protestant religion.
		The fundamental articles of the treaty were, that the rulers were to be allowed to exercise free choice between the Roman Catholic religion and the Lutheran, as expressed in the Augsburg Confession, while the subjects were to be dependent upon the will of the rulers as to their religion.
		The Protestants were to retain the church property which was in their possession at the peace of Passau.
	www.edwardtbabinski.us /sheldon/reformation.html (1839 words)

	Peace of Passau - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In August 1552, confronted by fierce resistance from Protestant forces, and weary from three decades of religious civil war, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V guaranteed Lutheran religious freedoms in the Peace of Passau.
		A precursor to the Peace of Augsburg of September, 1555, the Peace of Passau effectively surrendered Charles V's lifelong quest for European religious unity.
		This page was last modified 00:07, 4 November 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Peace_of_Passau (98 words)

	Christian Singers of Germany \| Christian Classics Ethereal Library
		Not that there was any diminution in the quantity of religious poetry, but the quality grew much poorer and thinner, and it fell chiefly into the hands of professional authors, instead of springing up all over the country out of the heart of the people.
		And yet that age, so far from being at all particularly wicked or calamitous, was a time on the whole of peace and prosperity.
		Pestilences did indeed visit Germany at intervals, as in 1563 and 1597, but this was no new thing; such outbreaks occur periodically throughout the previous centuries.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/winkworth/singers.c7.html (600 words)

	Today in History - September 25
		1555 The Religious Peace of Augsburg was signed in Augsburg by Charles V and the princes of the Schmalkaldic League.
		With defeat of the empire at Innsbruck and the Peace of Passau (1552) settlement was made.
		Some of the provisions of the "Peace" were among the causes of the Thirty Years' War.
	chi.lcms.org /history/tih0925.htm (1524 words)

	The History of Protestantism by J. A. Wylie
		He was compelled to hear them read their Confession in open Diet; and thus had he erected a stage, and got together an audience, for the greater eclat of that Lutheranism which he expected to see sink into eternal annihilation beneath the weight of his arms and the prestige of his authority.
		In all of them a religious movement was already on foot, and if peace should be prolonged for a few years they would, in all likelihood, be permanently added to the side of the Reform.
		The main article in that treaty was that the Protestants should enjoy the free and undisturbed possession of their religion till such time as a Diet of all the States should effect a permanent arrangement, and that failing such a Diet the present agreement should remain in force for ever.
	www.whatsaiththescripture.com /Voice/History.Protestant.v2.b12.html (15095 words)

	End of the Hapsburg-Valois Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		He then, 1543, made peace with the Protestants with a promise at the Diet of Speyer in 1544 that there would be a national council called.
		The final peace between the estates was written up in 1555 and is known as the Peace of Augsburg.
		It should also be noted that the issues disputed and fought over by France, Spain and the Empire were finally settled with the Peace of the Pyrénées in 1559.
	www.utc.edu /Faculty/Bill-Wright/hvwars.html (1113 words)

	The Grand Commander (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Not only Aerschot and Viglius, but Noircarmes and Berlaymont, were desirous that peace should be at last compassed upon liberal terms, and the Prince of Orange fully and unconditionally pardoned.
		Julian Romero, the fierce and unscrupulous soldier upon whose head rested the guilt of the Naarden massacre, addressed several letters to William of Orange, full of courtesy and good wishes for a speedy termination of the war, and for an entire reconciliation of the prince with his sovereign.
		The prince assured his friend, as he had done secret agents previously sent to him, that he was himself ready to leave the land, if by so doing he could confer upon it the blessing of peace; but that all hopes of reaching a reasonable conclusion from the premises established was futile.
	www.americanpresbyterianchurch.org /new_page_6.htm (21021 words)

	Charles the V (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		After his release, Francis restarted the struggle, this time aided by Henry VIII of England who stood on Charles during the last conflict, and who was also aided by the Pope Clement VII, who was anxious to rid Italy of the imperial armies.
		The failure of Charles to properly draw back the Turks was partly due to his inability to bring religious peace to his empire, especially to Germany.
		He fled before the Protestants, and in 1552 he concluded the peace of Passau, which allowed all Lithuanian states to practice their religion.
	www.hyperhistory.net /apwh/bios/b2charles5.htm (1235 words)

	The History of Protestantism - Volume Second - Book Twelfth - Protestantism in Germany From the Augsburg Confession to ...
		Peace in the Church: in the World Distress – Its Four Great Rulers – Troubles of Henry VIIL – Mortification's of Francis I. – Labours of Charles V. – Griefs of Clement VII.
		On the 13th of December, 1541, a petition was presented to Ferdinand, in the name of the nobility and States of Austria, praying for the free exercise of religion.
		The members of the Reformed Church, the followers of Zwingle and Calvin, were excluded from the privileges secured in the treaties of Passau and Augsburg, nor was legal toleration extended to them till the Peace of Westphalia, a century later.
	www.doctrine.org /history/HPv2b12.htm (14882 words)

	[No title]
		In the late war with France they had really deserved this preference from Philip; the advantages which the king reaped from the peace of Chateau- Cambray were for the most part the fruits of their valor, and they now sensibly missed the gratitude on which they had so confidently reckoned.
		All the passions which the preceding government had raised and kept employed still survived in peace; and in default of a legitimate object these unruly feelings found, unfortunately, ample scope in the grievances of their country.
		With this session terminated the peace of the regent: from this day the Netherlands dated all the trouble which uninterruptedly visited their country.
	www2.cddc.vt.edu /gutenberg/etext04/fs17w10.txt (18546 words)

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