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Topic: Peace of Westphalia

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1648

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	::The Peace of Westphalia::
		The Thirty Years War was ended by the Peace of Westphalia which was referred to as the "Peace of Exhaustion" by contemporaries.
		The Peace of Westphalia was not one specific treaty but rather a collection of treaties commonly linked by the fact that they brought the Thirty Years War to an end.
		The French persuaded Ferdinand III to exclude Spain from the peace negotiations but the United Provinces and Spain did sign a peace settlement at Munster in 1648 thus bringing to an end 80 years of hostility between the Spanish government and the Dutch commonly known as the Revolt of the Netherlands.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /peace_of_westphalia.htm (632 words)

	Westphalia - LoveToKnow 1911
		Thus the former duchy of Westphalia and the bishoprics of Munster and Paderborn which remained in ecclesiastical hands are almost entirely Roman Catholic, while the secularized bishopric of Minden and the former counties of Ravensberg and Mark, which fell or had fallen to Brandenburg, and the Siegen district, which belonged to Nassau, are predominantly Protestant.
		Westphalia, "the western plain" (in early records Westfalahi), was originally the name of the western province of the early duchy of Saxony, including the western portion of the modern province and extending north to the borders of Friesland.
		Brandenburg laid the foundations of her dominion in Westphalia by obtaining the counties of Mark and Ravensberg in 1614 (confirmed 1666), to which the bishopric of Minden was added by the peace of Westphalia.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Westphalia (1513 words)

	Peace of Westphalia - Definition, explanation
		The Peace of Westphalia, also known as the treaties of Münster and Osnabrück, is the series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War and "officially" recognized the United Provinces and Swiss Confederation.
		The Peace of Prague was incorporated into the Peace of Westphalia (which incorporated the Peace of Augsburg, though its landholdings date that was reestablished by the Peace of Prague was again reestablished from 1627 to 1624, which aided the Protestants.
		It is often said that the Peace of Westphalia initiated the modern fashion of diplomacy as it marked the beginning of the modern system of nation-states (or "Westphalian states").
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/p/pe/peace_of_westphalia.php (0 words)

	WESTPHALIA
		In 1807, combined with parts of Hesse, Hannover, Brunswick, and Saxony, Westphalia was made into a kingdom by Napoleon and given to his youngest brother, Jérôme Bonaparte; it was incorporated in the Confederation of the Rhine.
		In 1813, following Napoleon’s military reverses, the kingdom was dissolved, and the Congress of Vienna assigned Westphalia to Prussia.
		The Peace of Westphalia, concluded at Münster and Osnabrück on Oct. 24, 1648, brought the
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=225749 (0 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Westphalia
		Westphalia, while the district on both banks of the Weser was called Engern, and the district between the Weser and the Elbe bore the name of Eastphalia.
		Westphalia (Wittgenstein and Nassau-Siegen), while the flourishing cities of Soest, Lippstadt, Herford, Bielefeld, and Dortmund held to the Lutheran faith, the stronghold and pattern of Lutheranism being Soest.
		Westphalia the Diocese of Minden, in 1702 the Countship of Lingen by inheritance from the line of Orange, and in 1707 the Countship of Tecklenburg by purchase.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15601b.htm (3419 words)

	Asia Times Online :: Asian News, Business and Economy.
		The Peace of Westphalia represented a foreign-policy triumph for France and its Swedish and Dutch allies, since it immobilized political unification of the German nation and delayed it for two centuries.
		Peace was not an objective because the purpose of war was to prevent any one party from winning, and as soon as peace was at hand, the potential winner would be neutralized by a new balance of power.
		The Peace of Westphalia that began in 1648 after 30 years of destruction and slaughter marked the triumph of the doctrine of the balance of power.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Front_Page/GD14Aa01.html (6958 words)

	EKD: Protestant Church in Germany - - 350th anniversary of Peace of Westphalia celebrated
		The President described the historical Treaty of Westphalia as the birth of modern diplomacy.
		Bishop Lehmann spoke of the ecumenical movement as an opportunity of overcoming the separate existence of the churches alongside each other, calling for all possible efforts to be made to continue work on the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification to be issued by the Vatican and the Lutheran World Federation.
		The peace treaty is considered the political beginning of modern times, turning the medieval hierarchy focussed on the Pope and the Emperor into a system of national states with equal rights.
	www.ekd.de /print.php?file=/bulletin/1998/2621.html (0 words)

	Peace of Westphalia information - Search.com
		The Peace of Westphalia, also known as the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück, refers to the series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War and officially recognized the Dutch Republic and Swiss Confederation.
		It is often said that the Peace of Westphalia initiated modern diplomacy, as it marked the beginning of the modern system of nation-states (or "Westphalian states").
		It is the Peace of Westphalia that is most often pointed to as the foundation for studying international relations.
	www.search.com /reference/Peace_of_Westphalia (1114 words)

	Search Results for "peace"
		peace congresses, multinational meetings to achieve or preserve peace and to prevent wars.
		Peace, river, 945 mi (1,521 km) long, formed by the junction of the Finlay and Parsnip rivers at Williston Lake, N central British Columbia, Canada.
		Peace Corps, agency of the U.S. government, whose purpose is to assist underdeveloped countries in meeting their needs for trained manpower.
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?query=peace&db=db&filter=col65&Submit=Go (260 words)

	Peace of Westphalia - dKosopedia
		The Peace of Westphalia marked the ending of the protracted series of wars between Roman Catholicism and Lutheranism Central European called the Thirty Years' War in 1648.
		Peace was the result of social and economic exhaustion and was formalized with the signing of a series of treaties culminating with the Treaty of Westphalia on October 24, 1648.
		The Peace of Westphalia established the suppremacy of states in the international arena and is widely believed to be the first community of nations in Europe, and thus the point of origin for all other European multilateral agreements.
	www.dkosopedia.com /index.php/Peace_of_Westphalia (156 words)

	Peace of Westphalia - Encyclopedia.com
		Westphalia, Peace of (1648) Series of treaties among the states involved in the Thirty Years' War.
		In 1642, peace negotiations began in the cities of Westphalia, leading to the final settlement.
		In Germany, the peace established the virtual autonomy of the German states, which diminished the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O142-WestphaliaPeaceof.html (416 words)

	Johan Galtung, Professionalization in peace research
		And one purpose of peace studies is the communication of the findings of peace research, in line with general rules for education, another public space activity.
		The governments of the state system of the 1648 Peace of Westphalia in a eurocentric view of history were successors to feudal lords, kings, emperors.
		The challenge is to stick to "peace by peaceful means", neither succumbing to violent governmental pragmatism nor to the status quo of "not in my name" peace movement moralism.
	www.transnational.org /SAJT/forum/meet/2006/Galtung_PeaceProf.html (4712 words)

	Peace of Westphalia - Historic Event - German Archive: The Peace of Westphalia, also known as the Treaties of Münster ...
		Peace of Westphalia - Historic Event - German Archive: The Peace of Westphalia, also known as the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück, refers to the series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War and officially recognized the Dutch Republic and Swiss Confederation.
		The Peace of Westphalia, also known as the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück, refers to the series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War and officially recognized the Dutch Republic and Swiss Confederation.
		It is often said that the Peace of Westphalia initiated modern diplomacy, as it marked the beginning of the modern system of nation-states (or 'Westphalian states').
	www.germannotes.com /archive/article.php?products_id=485&osCsid=3ff1d3d9fd0157586079ece6e2045eea (947 words)

	basics.html
		Westphalia." The principles of international order that emerged in Europe after the conclusion of this peace treaty have become the foundation of the modern international system.
		From the Peace of Westphalia, the next step that would be taken in the creation of a more structured international system would occur in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna.
		The provisions of international law that had been introduced by the Peace of Westphalia, though ignored during the Napoleonic period, were reinstated by the Congress of Vienna.
	psclasses.ucdavis.edu /pol122/wr03/ba/basics.html (1623 words)

	Idaho Observer: The Peace of Westphalia
		The Peace of Westphalia (1648) is perhaps the greatest achievement in Western history.
		The Peace of Westphalia brought an end to the 30 Years War -- a period of total war where about 100 factions (nations, states, ethnicities and religious denominations) in the Germanic areas of Europe were perpetually bathing in each other's blood.
		The Peace of Westphalia was struck in the towns of Munster and Osnabruck.
	proliberty.com /observer/20040815.htm (459 words)

	The Thirty Years War: The Peace of Westphalia
		The stalemate was only ended by the arrival in November, 1648 of the news of the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia.
		The primary component of the peace from the international perspective was a complex series of land transfers within the Empire.
		The Papacy itself was unwilling to endanger the fragile peace through excessive vigor in preservation of its rights: the bull formally protesting the settlement, Zelo Domus Domine, was not issued until 20 August, 1650, although it was backdated to 26 November, 1648.
	www.pipeline.com /~cwa/Westphalia_Phase.htm (1942 words)

	October 24: Peace of Westphalia; Christian History Institute
		History of Christianity is a six part survey designed to stimulate your curiosity by providing glimpses of pivotal events and persons in the spread of the church.
		Peace could have come sooner, but Cardinal Richelieu of France was not satisfied with the position France would hold if a treaty were signed in 1635.
		For Christians, the peace was an important step in the direction of freedom of conscience.
	chi.gospelcom.net /DAILYF/2001/10/daily-10-24-2001.shtml (388 words)

	The Thirty Years' War
		Negotiations at Westphalia were the choosing of order over chaos and the choosing of nationalism over the universalism that had been part of Roman Catholicism.
		The Peace of Westphalia readjusted the religious and political affairs of Europe.
		The Peace of Westphalia gave recognition to secular kingship as the legitimate and dominant form of government.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h25-war.html (1443 words)

	Individual projects of the Institute for Theology and Peace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		If one regards peace not just as a fantastic religious utopia but as a practical political concept of order which can be reasonable substantiated, there is no way of avoiding a critical evaluation of its history.
		It is therefore correct to identify a concept of peace which has been handed down in the Bible and which is concerned with the whole of history and therefore includes the perfection of creation by the grace of God.
		Under the title "On the way to European peace - from the Peace of Westphalia to the League of Nations", topics such as the development of the concept of civilisation, the globalisation of international law, human rights and their protection, religion and violence etc. will be discussed.
	www.ithpeace.de /projpubl.asp?type=proj&key=historischefriedensethik (499 words)

	The Avalon Project : Treaty of Westphalia
		That the Debtors shall be oblig'd to produce their Exceptions within the term of two years after the Publication of the Peace, upon pain of being afterwards condemn'd to perpetual Silence.
		That the Birth-right introduc'd in the House of Hesse Cassel, and in that of Darmstadt, and confirm'd by His Imperial Majesty, shall continue and be kept firm and inviolable.
		In a word, all that the Imperial Constitutions determine and ordain touching the Preservation of the publick Peace, shall be strictly observ'd.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/westphal.htm (0 words)

	The Treaty of Westphalia, by Helga Zepp LaRouche
		The Peace of Westphalia, when all the war parties came together, was the first time that a European community of sovereign states was established.
		The Treaty of the Peace of Westphalia states that peace is the highest goal of the community of states.
		All of this is of the highest importance for the peace plan in the Balkans, because it must be based on economic reconstruction, which must be beneficial to all concerned.
	www.schillerinstitute.org /strategic/hzl_t_of_w_0599.html (1271 words)

	The Conceptual Model of Peace Operations
		Peace Operations are drawing increasing interest and requiring increasing time and resources within the government of the United States, and other nations as well.
		A Peace Operation is therefore an intervention where these three processes interact with the parties to the conflict, the environment of the conflict, and with each other.
		Peace Making is the province of the diplomat and includes all those functions and tasks that are oriented toward bringing the parties to the conflict to the table.
	www.gmu.edu /departments/t-po/peace/model/paper.html (3358 words)

	[No title]
		And that the said Peace and Amity between the Emperor and the Most Christian King, may be the more corroborated, and the publick Safety provided for, it has been agreed with the Consent, Advice and Will of the Electors, Princes and States of the Empire, for the Benefit of Peace: LXXI.
		And that the publick Peace may be so much the better preserv'd intire, the Circles shall be renew'd; and as soon as any Beginnings of Troubles are perceiv'd, that which has been concluded in the Constitutions, of the Empire, touching the Execution and Preservation of the Public Peace, shall be observ'd.
		In this present Treaty of Peace are comprehended such, who before the Exchange of the Ratification or in six months after, shall be nominated by general Consent, by the one or the other Party; mean time by a common Agreement, the Republick of Venice is therein compriz'd as Mediatrix of this Treaty.
	fletcher.tufts.edu /multi/texts/historical/westphalia.txt (3472 words)

	Peace of Westphalia - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Westphalia, Peace of, treaty, signed October 24, 1648, that closed the Thirty Years' War and readjusted the religious and political affairs of...
		By the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, which ended the Thirty Years’ War, Sweden acquired a large part of Pomerania, the island of Rügen, Wismar, the...
		Ferdinand II, an uncompromising champion of the Counter Reformation, attempted to reimpose Catholicism on his subjects.
	encarta.msn.com /Peace_of_Westphalia.html (128 words)

	The Thirty Years War, 1618-1648
		The peace foresaw the cancellation of the Edict of Restitution of 1629 and was intended to be acceded by Germany's other princes; most of them did.
		With France and Sweden facing a Holy Roman Empire almost united in her will for peace, Poland displayed her force off Swedish strongholds; Sweden gave in and returned the Swedish-held ports of Elbing, Memel and Pillau in the Treaty of Stuhmsdorf, avoiding the brief Swedish-Polish War of 1635 to escalate.
		In 1646-1647 the French and Swedes occupied Munich; when the Peace of Westphalia was concluded in 1648, Torstensson marched a Swedish army on Vienna.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/17cen/xxxywar.html (2207 words)

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