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Topic: Peacekeeping force

	Peacekeeping - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Peacekeepers could be called in when the major international powers tasked the UN with bringing closure to conflicts threatening regional stability and international peace and security, including a number of so-called “proxy wars” waged by client states of the superpowers.
		The failures—most notably the 1995 massacre in Srebrenica (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and the 1994 genocide in Rwanda—led to a period of retrenchment and self-examination in UN peacekeeping.
		Some critics have argued that peacekeeping is a return to the paternalistic ideals of colonialism's "white man's burden", citing the UN Charter's call for a global village and adoption of notions employed by the west as tactics to justify intervention throughout the globe for the purpose of "keeping the peace".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/UN_peacekeeping (2931 words)

	International Security Assistance Force - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		French Army forces, 4èmes chasseurs (27th mountain infantry brigade), in Afghanistan in 2004, passing a woman in a burka.
		The 33 peacekeepers, after months on duty in Kabul, were en route to the Kabul International Airport for their flight home to Germany.
		With a force of 100, Georgia became the first Commonwealth of Independent States country to send a peacekeeping mission to Afghanistan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force (1002 words)

	Australians and Peacekeeping
		In this section, "peacekeeping" and "peacekeeping operation" are used as blanket terms to cover all impartial, multinational, military-based interventions into areas of conflict.
		Brigadier David Ferguson was Force Commander with the Multinational Force and Observers (in the Sinai) from 1994 to 1997
		In the early years, Australia's peacekeepers were generally unarmed military observers, promoting peace indirectly by ensuring that neither side in a conflict could violate a ceasefire or commit atrocities without the United Nations and the world community knowing about it.
	www.awm.gov.au /atwar/peacekeeping.htm (1328 words)

	GU - SFS - ISD: Haiti Conference Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The first ongoing process to which the timing of the international peacekeeping effort has been tied is the dismantling of Haiti's old, corrupt, and repressive security institutions as well as the creation of a new professional civilian police force and the reform of the judiciary.
		Whether a forced entry takes place, the role of the international peacekeeping force, once established, is to help provide for public safety while the old instruments of repression are dismantled and to help in the creation of new, professional, and democratic successor institutions.
		Peacekeeping is a true political-military activity in which both spheres--the civilian and the military--need to work together in closer interaction than is normally the case in either war or peace.
	sfswww.georgetown.edu /sfs/programs/isd/files/haiti.htm (2796 words)

	The Epoch Times :: UN Security Council Authorizes New Peacekeeping Force for Haiti
		The force will take over June first from the 36-hundred strong multinational force that was rushed to Haiti after President Jean-Bertrand Aristide fled in February.
		He noted that the Haiti force would push U.N. peacekeeping commitments worldwide to 72,000 troops, with a budget of $4.8 billion a year.
		Still, several ambassadors have spoken of the peacekeeper paradox, as greater emphasis on peacekeeping missions has strained the capacity of contributor countries to meet the need.
	english.epochtimes.com /news/4-5-3/21246.html (425 words)

	The Air Force Role (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Although the type of peacekeeping described here is a recent phenomenon, the notion of inserting an outside, neutral force into a conflict to allow a cooling-down period, to facilitate negotiations, and to help assure adherence to a diplomatic settlement has been present throughout history.
		The peacekeepers operated with the consent of the parties to the conflict, attempted to remain rigidly neutral, and--since they were to act as observers, stabilizers, confidence builders, and buffers rather than as enforcers--carried only light arms.
		Peacekeeping operations require that planners and field commanders acquire extensive cultural and political sensitivity--traits that must be acquired far in advance of deployment.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/apj/metzzz.html (5629 words)

	Crosswalk.com - Africa To Develop Homegrown Peacekeeping Force
		The force will be formed under the AU's Security Council, a key organ responsible for enhancing capacity for conflict management and peace building, ministers meeting in the Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa agreed.
		One of the driving aims behind the establishment of the stand-by force is to ensure sustainable development in Africa through prudent management of peace and security.
		The stand-by force plan involves formation of regionally based brigades, with each country in the region pledging troops and logistical support, initially to United Nations missions and later to AU observer missions.
	www.crosswalk.com /news/1242920.html (561 words)

	Online NewsHour: Prospects for Peacekeeping -- January 9, 2002
		It is a force which the Afghans have agreed under the Bonn agreement of December to have in their country in Kabul and its environs under the terms of that agreement.
		Again the role of the security assistance force, which is what it is rather than a peacekeeping force, will be important in assuring the neutrality of the capital city when that very important gathering takes place.
		But, yes, also the forces going in there has experience in these things and they are very keen to work to help the Afghans to see their way around these rocks.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/asia/jan-june02/peacekeeping_1-09.html (2314 words)

	Feminist Daily News 3/20/2002: Bush Administration Limits Peacekeeping in Afghanistan
		The current peacekeeping force is comprised of troops from 17 countries, not including the United States.
		The US State Department had argued in favor of increasing the peacekeeping force to 25,000, and the recent decision by the Bush Administration is viewed as a major setback for Afghanistan’s interim prime minister Hamid Karzai.
		An expansion in the size of the peacekeeping force and its deployment throughout Afghanistan is necessary for the establishment of a democratic government, the restoration of women's rights, reconstruction, and the delivery of desperately-needed humanitarian assistance.
	www.feminist.org /news/newsbyte/uswirestory.asp?id=6411 (316 words)

	United Nations Peacekeeping Forces - History of Organization
		The UN Peacekeeping Forces may only be employed when both parties to a conflict accept their presence.
		The Peacekeeping Forces are subordinate to the leadership of the United Nations.
		Among other important tasks may be mentioned monitoring the border between India and Pakistan, and maintaining the peacekeeping force that was established on Cyprus on account of the civil war that broke out between the Greek and Turkish populations of the island.
	nobelprize.org /peace/laureates/1988/un-history.html (906 words)

	CNN.com - EU nations unite for Afghan force - December 14, 2001
		The discussion over Afghanistan at the summit came separately from talks on plans for an EU rapid reaction force to be set up and officials made clear the two issues were very different.
		But CNN's European political editor Robin Oakley said the decision by all 15 EU nations to join the force came as a surprise and that their involvement in the U.N. force will be much greater than had been expected.
		The plan for the EU troops to go to Afghanistan was announced as leaders prepared to consider a broad range of issues from international terrorism to the European single currency at the summit, which is being held amid tight security at a royal palace in the Brussels suburb of Laeken.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/WORLD/europe/12/14/gen.eu.summit (706 words)

	UNFICYP: United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus
		UNFICYP remains on the island to supervise ceasefire lines, maintain a buffer zone and undertake humanitarian activities.
		Zbigniew Wlosowicz and Dr. Kezban Akansoy from the office of the European Commission Representation in Cyprus receive some help from an UNFICYP Peacekeeper while cutting the minefield fence at today's launch.
		in cooperation with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.
	www.un.org /Depts/dpko/missions/unficyp (97 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > World -- U.S. creates new peacekeeping force for Ivory Coast
		The United States, which pays 27 percent of peacekeeping operations, for weeks had resisted the number of troops the United Nations and France insisted were needed but relented and asked Congress two weeks ago for approval.
		Specifically, the new force is to include 6,240 troops as well as 200 military observers, 120 staff officers and up to 350 civilian police.
		The U.N. force is to monitor a cease-fire and assist Ivory Coast's transitional power-sharing government in disarming and repatriating the former combatants.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/world/20040227-0814-ivorycoast-un.html (439 words)

	DefenseLINK News: Robust, Ready Peacekeeping Force Needed Soon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		"This force will be constituted to be a peacekeeping force to be in place so it can enter Kosovo quickly after a peace agreement and help the refugees get back to their homes as soon as possible." NATO's goal is to create peace and stability in Kosovo.
		This force will be "structured to provide more nonmilitary and public security functions than was envisioned under the prior force" to ensure there is a secure and stable environment when the refugees return, Bacon said.
		About 14,000 NATO forces are already in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, deployed as part of the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps to serve as the advance element of KFOR.
	www.defenselink.mil /news/May1999/n05261999_9905263.html (752 words)

	Peacekeeping force planned for Africa - The Washington Times: Nation/Politics - April 30, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The force will cost about $660 million over five years, with 20 percent of the money coming from State Department funds and the rest from the Defense Department.
		The Bush administration has sought to reduce U.S. military involvement in peacekeeping operations, a marked shift from the Clinton administration, which sent thousands of troops abroad to conduct nonmilitary humanitarian and peace operations.
		He added that an international force that could be used for peacekeeping operations would reduce "the stresses" on U.S. forces.
	washingtontimes.com /national/20040429-110513-7687r.htm (596 words)

	A/RES/51/235. Financing of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus
		Expresses concern about the financial situation with regard to peacekeeping activities, in particular as regards the reimbursement of troop contributors, which bear burdens owing to overdue payments by Member States of their assessments; 3.
		Decides to continue to maintain as separate the account established for the period prior to 16 June 1993 for the Force, invites Member States to make voluntary contributions to that account, and requests the Secretary-General to continue his efforts in appealing for voluntary contributions to the account; 11.
		Invites voluntary contributions to the Force in cash and in the form of services and supplies acceptable to the Secretary-General, to be administered, as appropriate, in accordance with the procedure and practices established by the General Assembly; 14.
	www.un.org /documents/ga/res/51/ares51-235.htm (488 words)

	Feminist Daily News 2/25/2002: U.S. Considers Larger Peacekeeping Role in Afghanistan
		Zalmay Khalilzad, the U.S. Special Envoy to Afghanistan, announced yesterday that the U.S. is considering options for expanding the peacekeeping force in Afghanistan, expressing concern over the continuing conflict between several rival factions in Afghanistan.
		Possible scenarios include expanding the small 4, 500 member international peacekeeping force currently responsible for the entire country to 25,000 troops, sending U.S. military advisors to areas that are particularly conflicted, and expediting U.S. aid and training for an Afghan national army.
		We believe that the size of the international peacekeeping force should be increased to at least 25,000, that peace troops should be deployed throughout the country, and that the term of the force should be extended beyond 6 months.
	www.feminist.org /news/newsbyte/uswirestory.asp?id=6352 (435 words)

	Peacekeeping
		This is termed "peacekeeping." Once the shooting has stopped, then political leaders will sit down to try to negotiate a political resolution to the problem--which is generally referred to as "peacemaking." Lastly, efforts will be made to diminish the hostility and the fear among the ordinary people--this is referred to as peacebuilding.
		Often these forces are organized and sponsored by the United Nations and/or regional organizations such as the Organization of American States (OAS) or the Organization of African Unity (OAU).
		In this case, the sponsoring organization needs to withdraw the peacekeepers, and consider undertaking what is called "an enforcement action" instead, where well-armed troops move in to stop a war.
	www.colorado.edu /conflict/peace/treatment/pkeeping.htm (855 words)

	At Issue: Should U.S. Troops Participate in an International Peacekeeping Force in Afghanistan -- Ivo H. Daalder and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		U.S. participation in the multinational force called for in the Bonn accord establishing an interim government for Afghanistan is essential to bringing stability to this heavily armed country after 23 years of conflict.
		Whether a U.N. peacekeeping force will be part of the transition is still in question.
		As the leader of what could be interpreted in the Muslim world as the occupying force, the United States would probably inadvertently help recruit more terrorists and would be painting a bull's eye on itself for further attacks.
	www.brook.edu /views/op-ed/Lindsay/20011221.htm (891 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| US proposes world peacekeeping force
		The US defence secretary, Donald Rumsfeld, is discussing the idea of an international peacekeeping force which could be dispatched to maintain order in the world's trouble spots.
		But with American forces thinly spread across the globe and the US military facing insurgency and accusations of mishandling the situation in post-war Iraq, the White House is coming under increasing political pressure to find a different means of policing unstable nations.
		Earlier this week, the UK's ambassador to the UN, Sir Jeremy Greenstock, urged the US to spearhead a peacekeeping force for Liberia, which is being torn apart by a civil war.
	www.guardian.co.uk /usa/story/0,12271,986881,00.html (725 words)

	US Policy on UN PKO - Global Policy Forum - UN Security Council
		He also discusses peacekeeping assessment and reform, and if the UN is good, it "will reap an immediate benefit" of nearly $600 million from the US dues for peacekeeping (of which they owe over $1.3 billion).
		UN diplomats fear that Bolton’s remarks may compromise the future of peacekeeping missions, as the US is the largest contributor to the peacekeeping budget, with contributions amounting to approximately $1.2 billion a year.
		Canada condemns the US threat to disrupt international peacekeeping operations, unless a clause for immunity is inserted, as a “frontal attack on international law and the rule of law.” Canada believes that such a proposal undermines the rule of law, and urges the Security Council to reject it.
	globalpolicy.igc.org /security/peacekpg/us (3483 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Peacekeeping will work only within a narrow range of circumstances, and the only type that works is traditional peacekeeping, a mechanism to manage conflict and facilitate and supervise truces, marked by unarmed or lightly armed multilateral troops deployed with the consent of state-party disputants; impartiality; use of force only in self-defense.
		He notes that although the US ardor for peacekeeping operations cooled in the 1980s and the 1990s, as American forces participating in them suffered significant casualties, the Defense Department has taken a number of steps to improve the peacekeeping efforts.
		Reaction of the U.S. George W. Bush administration to the UN peacekeeping operations; Role of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in Iraq; Variety of tasks involved in the UN peacekeeping operations.
	www.au.af.mil /au/aul/bibs/peacekp/peacekp.htm (2545 words)

	POLITICS-SOMALIA: Talks About a Peacekeeping Force Prove Disruptive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The force is intended to protect Somalia's government when it returns to the country, as certain factions there are reluctant to cede power to a central authority.
		Instead, indications are that the peacekeeping mission will be made up of Ugandan and Sudanese troops, while the remaining IGAD states provide logistical assistance and training.
		The last peacekeeping mission sent to Somalia was deployed in 1992 to avert widespread famine in the country, where drought and civil war had put millions at risk of food shortages.
	www.ipsnews.net /interna.asp?idnews=27931 (850 words)

	US-funded peacekeeping force gets mixed reviews -DAWN - International; 17 May, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		UNITED NATIONS: A US proposal to create a 75,000-strong standby peacekeeping force composed primarily of foreign troops is receiving mixed reviews from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and peace activists.
		Now, deploying forces for those missions can take between 30 and 90 days, whereas ideally a fully-geared military contingent should be ready for action in 15 to 30 days.
		The forces against the development and sustenance of peace and security in Africa are "strong and powerful", and a political map of the continent would show a number of states ruled by the gun, not by the ballot, he added.
	www.dawn.com /2004/05/17/int9.htm (752 words)

	USATODAY.com - NATO takes over peacekeeping force in Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		KABUL, Afghanistan — By taking control Monday of the international peacekeeping force that patrols this city and protects Afghanistan's government, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization embarked on what could be a model for a NATO role in Iraq.
		And the peacekeeping force is authorized to patrol only in Kabul and parts of neighboring provinces.
		U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan is in favor of extending the peacekeepers' authority around the country.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2003-08-11-nato-afghanistan_x.htm (710 words)

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