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Topic: Peasant revolt in Flanders

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	OSS Psychological and Communications Studies Research, by Paul Wolf
		Revolt is not necessarily doomed to defeat or extermination; it may on occasion destroy the power and the social structures that incited it.
		Revolt cannot be appeased either by sociological analyses or by abstract objects held accountable for deprivation (the state), or by persons so remote that they are mythical (the king), or by groups that are more or less fluid (a class, for instance).
		Revolt lives in the immediate present, and it is here that the responsible person must be found; the accusation falls upon the man who is here.
	www.icdc.com /~paulwolf/oss/fromrevolttorevolution.htm (3917 words)

	Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323-1328 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323-1328 was a popular revolt in late medieval Europe.
		Beginning as a series of scattered rural riots in late 1323, peasant insurrection escalated into a full-scale rebellion that dominated public affairs in Flanders for nearly five years until 1328.
		The uprising in Flanders was caused by both excessive taxations levied by Count Louis II of Nevers, and by his pro-French policies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Peasant_revolt_in_Flanders_1323-1328 (160 words)

	peasant - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about peasant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A peasant normally owns or rents a small amount of land, working with an aim to be self-sufficient and to sell surplus supplies locally.
		In the UK, the move towards larger farms in the 18th century resulted in the disappearance of the independent peasantry, although small-scale farming survives in smallholdings and Scottish crofts.
		Next morning when the cows were being driven out, the little peasant called the cow-herd in and said: 'Look, I have a little calf there, but it is still small and has to be carried.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Peasant (197 words)

	Notes to The Peasant War in Germany by Frederick Engels
		Its bulk was formed by the peasants who wished to be free owners of the land, especially after the nobility had appropriated the land of the clergy.
		Luther's propaganda was the centre which originally united, first, the knighthood struggling against the princes, second, the lower clergy and the peasantry struggling against the princes of the Church and the feudal barons, and, third, the city middle-class chafing under the rule of the city aristocracy, the patricians.
		The leaders of the peasant uprising (1514) preached that the nobles were a criminal class which had enslaved the body and the soul of the peasant.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1850/peasant-war-germany/notes.htm (7721 words)

	The Great French Revolution
		It is even very probable, as is always the case in the peasant insurrections, that there was a slackening in the outbreaks at the time of field work in April, and afterwards at the beginning of the harvest time.
		Since the peasants had been asked to state their grievances, they were sure that something would be done for them.
		In the Auvergne the peasants took many precautions to put the law on their side, and when they went to the chateaux to burn the records, they did not hesitate to say to the lords that they were acting by order of the King.
	dwardmac.pitzer.edu /anarchist_archives/kropotkin/frenchrev/xvi.html (2771 words)

	THE BREAKDOWN OF MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION (1300 - 1500)
		The movement in Bohemia was a revolt against the Roman church and an expression of Czech nationalism, directed particularly against the influence of Germans.
		Revolt broke out in Bohemia when the fate of the great leader became known, a revolt against both the Roman church and the emperor Sigismund, who was also king of Bohemia.
		The troops sent by the church and the emperor to crush the revolt were repelled, Sigismund ceased to rule in Bohemia, and the rebels even went on the offensive and invaded Germany.
	vlib.iue.it /carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/02.html (8349 words)

	[No title]
		The urban revolts (in blue on the reference maps) should be marked with a specially colored doodad, like a dot or a flash of some kind.
		The many revolts of this period in the Austrian lands, as well as the Croatian revolt of 1572-1573, were of this type.
		In their revolt against an indemnity tax, the peasants and townspeople of Flanders seized control of local courts and administration to overthrow the rule of noble lords.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~mapplace/EU/EU06_9Mar04.doc (2926 words)

	Chapter 6: History of Spain and Portugal
		He gained his nickname from efforts to promote agriculture, and it is especially because of his work that the period of the Burgundian dynasty in Portuguese history is often, and somewhat misleadingly, referred to as that of the "agrarian monarchy." Dinis devoted particular attention to the repopulation of the Alemtejo.
		His last years were troubled by a bloody civil revolt led by his legitimate heir and provoked by the honors Dinis had bestowed on the eldest of his nine bastards.
		Though peasant renters in the north benefitted from the inflation and devaluation that marked Joâo's reign, landless peasants in the south were hurt.
	libro.uca.edu /payne1/payne6.htm (7159 words)

	Holland from 993 - 1299 The history of the Lowlands during the reign of the Counts of the house of Holland
		Dirk allied himself with Godfrey Flanders the Bearded of Lorraine, who was at war with the emperor and his territory was invaded by a powerful Zeeland, the imperial fleet and his army (1047).
		The people rose in revolt, but by command of the emperor Henry IV were speedily brought back under Episcopal rule by an army under the command of Godfrey the Hunchback, Godfrey duke of Lower Lorraine.
		The Frisian peasants and fisher folk loved their independence, and were equally refractory to the rule of any distant overlord, whether Count or bishop Dirk VI was succeeded in 1157 by Floris III.
	www.geerts.com /holland/holland-2.htm (4516 words)

	swuklink: The Peasants Revolt (1381) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Although directly triggered by the imposition of the Poll Tax of 1380 the Peasants' Revolt was caused by labourers attempting to take advantage of the increased demand for labour and the consequent rise in wages caused by the Black Death and their discontent at landlords attempting to enforce the Statutes of Labourers.
		Although Wycliffe did not encourage the revolt himself, at least not directly, his attacks on the wealth of the clergy and doctrine of equality of all men before God (in a very heirarchical feudal society) did much to contribute to the mood of discontent.
		The peasants were met at Mile End by King Richard II who granted their demands - thirty clerks drew up guarantees of indemnity to the rebels from the king and the peasants dispersed home.
	www.swuklink.com /BAAAGDDS.php (1056 words)

	History of France - France.com
		Philippe IV's seizure of Flanders (1300) was less sucessful, ending two years later in the rout of her knights by the forces of the Flemish cities at the "battle of the spurs" near Courtrai (Kortrijk).
		The following century was to see devastating warfare, peasant revolts in both England (Wat Tyler's revolt of 1381) and France (the Jacquerie of 1358) and the growth of nationhood in both countries.
		France's humiliation was abruptly reversed in 1429 by the appearance of a restorationist movement symbolised by the Lorraine peasant maid Joan of Arc, who claimed the guidance of divine voices for the campaign which rapidly ended the English siege of Orlens and ended in Charles VII's coronation in the historic city of Reims.
	www.france.com /docs/88.html (1995 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Lollards
		The name was derived by contemporaries from lollium, a tare, but it has been used in Flanders early in the fourteenth century in the sense of "hypocrite", and the phrase "Lollardi seu Deum laudantes" (1309) points to a derivation from lollen, to sing softly (cf.
		The revolt of 1381 is unique in English history for the revolutionary and anarchic spirit which inspired it and which indeed partially survived it, just as Lollardy is the only heresy which flourished in medieval England.
		It did, however, bear witness to the existence of a spirit of discontent, and may have prepared the ground for religious revolt near London and in the eastern counties, though there is no evidence that any of the more prominent early reformers were Lollards before they were Protestants.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09333a.htm (2931 words)

	Awok.org - Daniel Quinn: The Boiling Frog
		In 132 B.C.E. some seventy thousand Roman slaves rebelled; when the revolt was put down, twenty thousand were crucified, but this was far from the end of Rome's problems with its slaves.
		Nonetheless the ordinary people of that empire - the slaves, the conquered, the peasants, the unenfranchised masses - were ready when the first great salvationist religion of the West arrived on its doorstep.
		As ordinary, habitual interactions between governed and governors, revolt and repression were new, you understand characteristic signs of distress of the age.
	www.awok.org /boiling_frog (5594 words)

	Romania and the Eastern Question
		The Romanians assert that they are the descendants of Latin-speaking Dacian peasants who remained in Transylvania after the Roman exodus, and of Slavs who lived in Transylvania's secluded valleys, forests, and mountains, and survived there during the tumult of the Dark Ages.
		The bishop's words fell on deaf ears in Vienna; and Hungarian, German, and Szekler deputies, jealously clinging to their noble privileges, openly mocked the bishop and snarled that the Romanians were to the Transylvanian body politic what "moths are to clothing." Klein eventually fled to Rome where his appeals to the pope proved fruitless.
		After the revolt, the government dispersed some 4 million hectares of land to the peasants in parcels of 1 to 61 hectares; large landowners retained about 3 million hectares.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/593Rom.html (8752 words)

	Fr. Nicoll's Course Website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Peasants in Chartres rose in 1220; in Croyland in England in 1189; in Flanders in 1323.
		The number of peasants eager to extirpate the nobles and their wives and children and to destroy their manor houses grew until it was estimated at five thousand....But this monstrous business did not long endure.
		The peasants were less hostile to religion than they were to increases in Church tithes, to he greed and worldliness of powerful priests, to taxes on humble foods such as cheeses, beets, and turnips, and to the rising price of indulgences.
	www.loyno.edu /~nicoll/WorldCivFall/12euromed.htm (8127 words)

	Sacred Lands - The Boiling Frog
		A revolt in Chalcidice against Athenian rule marked the beginning of the twenty-year-long conflict known as the Peloponnesian War.
		Nonetheless the ordinary people of that empire -- the slaves, the conquered, the peasants, the unenfranchised masses -- were ready when the first great salvationist religion of the West arrived on its doorstep.
		General uprisings, peasant uprisings, colonial uprisings, slave uprisings, worker uprisings -- there were hundreds, I can't even list them all.
	www.sacredlands.org /boiling.htm (5644 words)

	The Reformation and the New State
		All the peasant revolts in Northern Italy, Flanders, France, England, Germany, Bohemia, from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century, were inspired by these movements, and give us today a fairly clear picture of the feeling and thinking of large sections of the people of that period.
		But when the great peasant rebellion in England broke out and the revolting hordes of Wat Tyler and John Ball brought the king and the government into greatest danger, Wycliffe's opponents embraced the opportunity to raise their public accusation against him.
		But the real popular movement, comprising mainly the peasants and the poorer city population, pushed further and demanded especially the liberation of the peasants from the yoke of serfdom which so heavily oppressed the rural districts.
	flag.blackened.net /rocker/reform.htm (5370 words)

	[No title]
		An analysis of peasant conditions on one of the manors of Battle Abbey.
		Leonid Zytkowicz, 'The Peasant's Farm and the Landlord's Farm in Poland from the 16th to the Middle of the 18th Century,' Journal of European Economic History, 1 (1972), 135-74.
		peasant villager councils and manorial reeves from the villages govern the village economy.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~munro5/2SERFDOM2.htm (7433 words)

	The Comuneros Triumphant
		The Comuneros were not willing to act against those revolts, and some of their more radical elements may have encouraged the peasants.
		Peasant revolts in a number of areas threaten the power and even the lives of the great nobles.
		He has to suppress the Morisco revolt, sort out the thousands of disputes left over from the war, suppress some other lingering wars like the continuing peasant revolts against some of the great nobles, push the French out of Navarre and their gains in Italy, and reestablish respect for royal authority.
	members.aol.com /althist2/Comuneros.htm (4206 words)

	Low Countries, 1000–1400 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The exception is Flanders, the most important and powerful county, which belongs to France.
		Between 1323 and 1328, for example, the count of Flanders requests the help of the French army to crush a peasant revolt supported by the town of Bruges.
		Although Count Louis I of Flanders remains loyal to France, most of his subjects side with England, because its wool is vital to the local textile industry; Louis I takes refuge at the French court in 1338.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/07/euwl/ht07euwl.htm (1284 words)

	The ‘Long Seventeenth Century’, 1598-1715
		Aristocratic revolt followed by convocation of last French Estates General before 1789.
		Revolts of Catalonia and Portugal versus Castilian monarchy.
		Grand Alliance of English, Dutch and Austrians declare war on Louis XIV and Philip V. Revolt of Protestant Camisards in southern France.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~mercerb/17th.html (966 words)

	A History of Europe, Chapter 9
		The entire northern part of the country was engulfed in a peasant revolt called the Jacquerie, named after a peasant named Jacques who launched the uprising because the local lord had failed to protect his peasants from the war's destruction and mercenaries, while continuing to insist on his usual rents and services.
		A seventeen-year-old peasant girl from Lorraine, Jeanne d'Arc (Joan of Arc in English), became convinced that saints were calling her to lead the army that would save the country.
		The weapons that drove knights and armed peasants off the battlefield were more complicated than anything used before; they required supplies of gunpowder and shot, oxen and wagons for the movement of cannon, a camp of noncombatants to keep the equipment in good shape, and money to pay for everything.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /europe/eu09.html (21668 words)

	Literature of Richard II's Reign and the Peasants' Revolt: Introduction
		The Peasants' Revolt of June and July 1381 was a milestone of medieval English politics and of Richard II's young reign.
		The rallying-point for the rebellion was the poll tax of 1380-81, a tax that, as an anonymous poet phrased it, "has tenet [harmed] us alle." Worse, this was the third such poll tax, and it was enforced by much-hated commissions of inquiry, which investigated whether all persons were complying with the tax.
		The Cambridge version was printed by Wr PPS 1: 224-26 and again by Dobson in The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, the latter including English translations of the Latin verses; the Oxford version was printed by RHR and by Krochalis and Peters.
	www.lib.rochester.edu /camelot/teams/richint.htm (4362 words)

	Heer on Eckhart, Tauler and Suso
		After it passed, the people were exhausted and their quiescence was an important factor both in the rise of the princely states and in the maintenance of peace in Germany from the middle of the fourteenth century until the Reformation.
		Byzantium, in the final years before its co1lapse in 1453, was shaken by social and religious unrest; Salonica was governed from 1342 to 1352 by a "red" dictatorship of sailors and artisans, wielding ritual terror as an instrument of government.
		Yet, their ideas were strikingly unimportant in Germany between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, except in certain currents of life divorced from the main stream: the Anabaptists and one branch of the pietist movement.
	www.ellopos.net /theology/eckhart_heer_en.htm (6516 words)

	[No title]
		It is the human spirit which takes from age to age the form of the great revolts of history; it has been in turn, and sometimes altogether, error, illusion, heresy, schism, protest, and the truth.
		The keynote of English policy was the exclusion of France from Flanders, and if Alencon was secretly supported in his action by his brother, then Elizabeth must oppose to the death any interference in Flanders.
		On July 7, 1578, Alencon entered Flanders with his army, and Elizabeth, still full of distrust of Frenchmen, feigned to Spaniards her deep disapproval, whilst she took care that many English and Germans in her pay slipped into Flanders at the same time, to prevent any French national domination.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/1/2/5/7/12572/12572.txt (21527 words)

	Camelot Village: Britain's Heritage and History
		In northern France, the second revolt was a protest against hordes of mercenary soldiers ravaging the countryside in 1358.
		Known as the Jacquerie because the term of contempt for a peasant was Jacques Bonhomme or 'Goodman Jack', the rebellion was savagely put down.
		That was a week's wages for a skilled labourer and peasants protested in Essex, Kent and six other counties.
	www.camelotintl.com /world/02wattyler.html (306 words)

	EUH-6126
		Not all peasants were serfs, and not all serfs were peasants.
		Medieval writers of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries were not kind to peasants and the shifting economies of the fourteenth century did not help improve the image of peasants in medieval sources.
		Erik Thoen, "The birth of the 'Flemish husbandry': agricultural technology in medieval Flanders," in Astill and Langdon, pp.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/fcurta/RURAL.html (966 words)

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