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Topic: Peasantry

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	Bolivia - The Peasantry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		As the MNR surrendered control of the countryside to the military, the peasantry came to rely extensively on military protection.
		During Banzer's presidency, the military attempted to continue the manipulation of the peasantry.
		The greatest challenge confronting these movements was the need to break the monopoly over the peasantry held in the countryside by the traditional political parties.
	countrystudies.us /bolivia/85.htm (557 words)

	Russia Text: Chapter XXXI - The Emancipated Peasantry
		The peasantry, it was said, were passing, like the landed proprietors, through a period of transition, in which the main features of their future normal life had not yet become clearly defined.
		That the peasantry injure their material welfare by drunkenness and improvidence there can be no reasonable doubt, as is shown by the comparatively flourishing state of certain villages of Old Ritualists and Molokanye in which there is no drunkenness, and in which the community exercises a strong moral control over the individual members.
		If the peasantry have been on short rations, it is not because the quantity of food produced has fallen short of the requirements of the population, but because it has been unequally distributed.
	www.enotes.com /russia-text/73812 (9258 words)

	Glossary of Terms: Pe
		The peasantry are the class of small farmers, especially in those countries which have not yet industrialised and where archaic methods of production continue in agriculture and the lack of means of communication leave the peasant masses in relative isolation from events around the country.
		Like the rest of the middle-classes, the peasantry are highly differentiated, but may form the great majority of the population – as they did in Russia in 1917, China in 1949 and in the countries which formed the national liberation movement in the post-World War Two period.
		The combination of the pressure of the working class and peasantry in favour of expropriation of the capitalists and landowners and the inability of the Soviet bureaucracy to manage a capitalist economy forced Stalin into a policy that he never anticipated.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/terms/p/e.htm (1856 words)

	The Road of the October Revolution
		Comrades, in a large number of countries of the world, the question of the peasantry is of the utmost importance, for the fate of the revolution and the building of socialism is inextricably linked to the correct handling by the proletariat of the peasant question - the correct handling of its relations with the peasantry.
		Instead of mobilising the entire peasantry, it became incumbent on the Party of the proletariat to mobilise the poor peasantry, neutralise the middle peasantry and concentrate its blows against the bourgeoisie in town and country.
		The 'left' (Trotskyist) deviation saw in the entire peasantry nothing but an instrument for the restoration of capitalism; it regarded the basic mass of the peasantry as a reactionary mass which could not be relied upon, and, therefore, advocated not an alliance but 'discord' with the basic mass of the peasantry.
	www.wpb.be /icm/97en/97en05.htm (6606 words)

	50 years of peasant movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Coming to realise that the vast masses of the peasantry could be brought into the struggle for independence only by taking up the anti-feudal struggle and their immediate demands they were also realising the necessity of organisation the peasantry as a class.
		The AIKS was an “expression of the awakening of the peasantry”, and should represent not only the ryots the tenants and the landless labourers but also all sections of cultivating peasantry --- “in other words, it represents, and speaks and fights for those who live by cultivation of the soil.
		The slogan of agrarian revolutions was brought onto the agenda in the armed resistance of the peasants of Vayalar and Punnapra in the State of Travancore, the militant Tebhaga struggle of the peasants of Bengal the struggle of the Warli peasants in Maharashtra and the struggle of the Tripura peasants.
	www.cpim.org /marxist/198602_marxist_peasantmov_hks.htm (9713 words)

	The Third Revolution? Peasant resistance to the Bolshevik government \| libcom.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In his the Agrarian Question, he stated that the short-term objectives of the peasants and the lower middle class, not to mention the bourgeoisie, were in opposition to the interest of all humanity as embodied in the idea of socialist society.
		Peasantry must assist proletariat, not the proletariat the peasantry in the achievement of the latter's wishesâ€.
		What is certain is that on a practical level the Bolsheviks alienated vast masses of the peasantry in the â€˜War Communism' years from 1918 to 1921, in particular with grain requisitioning and the Chekist repression.
	libcom.org /library/third-revolution-nick-heath (2995 words)

	GRAIN \| BIO-IPR \| 1 July 2005
		The declaration of the preamble of the bill, that the legislation is to provide for regulating the quality of seeds for sale, import and export and to facilitate production and supply of seeds of quality, is nothing but a ruse to cover up the real objective of the legislation.
		The other danger of the bill is that any traditional seeds used by the peasantry can also be registered by any producer in his name and the latter may obtain monopoly rights in perpetuity for producing that seed.
		The grounds for prevention of commercial exploitation of such kind or variety of seed include protection of public order or public morality, life and health of human, animal and plants or to avoid serious prejudice to the environment, or, that the seed contains a technology which would be harmful or potentially harmful.
	www.grain.org /bio-ipr/index.cfm?id=445 (1470 words)

	Socialism and the Peasantry
		It is absurd and reactionary to belittle the tasks of the proletariat's participation -- and leading participation at that -- in the democratic revolution, by shunning, for instance, the slogan of a revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry.
		It is absurd to confuse the tasks and prerequisites of a democratic revolution with those of a socialist revolution, which, we repeat, differ both in their nature and in the composition of the social forces taking part in them.
		The undeveloped state of the class contradictions in the people in general, and in the peasantry in particular, is an unavoidable phenomenon in the epoch of a democratic revolution, which for the first time lays the foundations for a really extensive development of capitalism.
	www.marx2mao.com /Lenin/SAP05.html (2733 words)

	Peasantry and Society in France since 1789 - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Within an overall chronological framework, Annie Moulin analyses the changes experienced by the peasantry, which as a subsistence economy has been gradually replaced by a commercial, capitalist farming system.
		From a position of numerical dominance in French society prior to 1789, the relative population levels of the French rural sector numbers have declined dramatically, with corresponding political implications.
		Peasantry and Society in France since 1789 is intended for a student readership, and will complement neatly successful earlier works by Pierre Goubert and Peter Jones, dealing respectively with the seventeenth-century and revolutionary peasantries.
	www.cup.cam.ac.uk /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521395771 (318 words)

	Russia Text: Chapter VII - The Peasantry Of The North
		The annual life of the peasantry is that of simple husbandman, inhabiting a country where the winter is long and severe.
		So thought the peasantry, but the landed proprietors and the Administration of the Domains held a different theory of property, and consequently precautions had to be taken to avoid detection.
		The peasantry support themselves by fishing, hunting, felling and floating timber, preparing tar and charcoal, cattle-breeding, and, in the extreme north, breeding reindeer.
	www.enotes.com /russia-text/73788 (6274 words)

	The New Economic Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The peasantry, he declared candidly, "cannot be driven out as we drove out and annihilated the landowners and the capitalists.
		Gorky thus asserted that there was a class struggle under way between the proletariat and the peasantry and had been since 1917, but that nevertheless the proletariat, instead of struggling, persisted in melting into its adversary.
		Obviously the real opponents of the peasantry were the Communists, not the proletariat, who were (as Lenin said) discontented with their urban situation--in fact, sufficiently so (as Gorky said' to return to the villages from which many of them originally came.
	mars.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/stalin/lectures/NEP.html (2409 words)

	The Makhno anarchists, Kronstadt and the position of the Russian peasants in post-revolutionary Russia
		Lenin and Trotsky both had as their aim the union of the workers of the cities and the most revolutionary elements in the villages, which were the agrarian proletariat and the poorest peasants.
		The prevailing mood among peasantry was that the cities were good for nothing more than select industrial goods, so long as the prices were low; and that, apart from that, the cities were only a source of trouble – from the bureaucracy, army conscription, taxation and grain levies.
		During the civil war, the petty-bourgeoisie (the peasantry) was pressed from both sides, between the working class and the forces of reaction.
	www.marxist.com /History/russia_peasants.htm (2594 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Serbian peasantry as a historical and political factor.
		The role of the peasantry in World War I and the Liberation and Civil war.
		Peasantry disappears, but "peasant" (as an adjective) remains: the patterns of culture.
	www.ceu.hu /crc/Syllabi/alumni/sociology/sljukic.html (892 words)

	Russian Agrarian History and Soviet Debates on the Peasantry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The peasants would be holding the cities and workers to ransom, absorbing all the investible surplus that might have gone into improving general living standards for the whole population in the longer term.
		And socialism would be harder to achieve, because the dominance of the peasantry over Soviet society would reduce the growth of the urban working class.
		But the key to success was to make the non-capitalist peasant sector produce food as cheaply as possible in the short term, ‘exploiting' agriculture to extract an investible surplus for national development from it would lead to a better society for everyone.
	era.anthropology.ac.uk /Era_Resources/Era/Peasants/russia.html (6238 words)

	The Peasantry as an Ally of the Working Class
		It means that the alliance of the workers and peasants will gradually be converted into a fusion, a complete union, into a single socialist society of former workers and former peasants, and later simply of working people of a socialist society.
		And the truth is that at a difficult moment, when the workers were being hard pressed by Kolchak and Denikin, the peasantry did not always display sufficient staunchness and firmness as an ally of the working class.
		To wash our hands of the peasantry would be to commit a crime against both the workers and the peasants.
	www.marx2mao.com /Stalin/PAWC26.html (759 words)

	peasantry
		There is a massive literature on the peasantry; only the most important items are noted here, roughly in order of publication.
		The difficulties of using the Domesday evidence to analyse the social, legal and economic situation of the peasantry are outlined by Lennard in Rural England, 1086-1135: a study of social and agrarian conditions (1959).
		William E. Kapelle, Norman conquest of the north, has important observations on the peasantry of northern England.
	www.domesdaybook.net /helpfiles/hs3790.htm (272 words)

	African Studies Quarterly -- Neither Peace nor Justice: Political Violence and the Peasantry in Northern Uganda, ...
		Second, the article traces historically these failures of popular mobilization and the paths by which both the Ugandan government and the LRA came to see the population as a threat and potential enemy instead of as a potential support base.
		In the subsequent sections, I trace historically these failures of popular mobilization and the paths by which both the Ugandan government and the LRA came to see the population as a threat and potential enemy instead of as a potential support base.
		That the parties involved are content to accrue the benefits of the continuation of the war is certain, but to select some factors as the definitive causes why the government has failed to end the war for nineteen years is not possible.
	web.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v8/v8i2a1.htm (11867 words)

	The State against the Peasantry: Rural Struggles in Colonial and Postcolonial Mozambique by Merle L. Bowen
		Peasants were essential to the victory, but once in power Frelimo evolved from a popular liberation movement into a bureaucratic one-party state whose policies proved to be as inimical to the peasantry as those of the Portuguese colonial regime.
		In contrast to accounts that blame the state, the elite, or the peasantry itself for the agricultural crisis in postcolonial Africa, Bowen argues that Mozambique's decline in production is rooted in policies established during colonialism and continued by Frelimo.
		Through its careful consideration of the peasantry and the role of NGOs, The State Against the Peasantry offers a nuanced understanding of the development process that has taken place in Mozambique and other southern African countries since independence.
	www.upress.virginia.edu /books/bowen.html (421 words)

	Preface to Peasantry
		Originally published in 1936, Preface to Peasantry confirmed Raper's place in the Chapel Hill Southern Regionalist movement of the 1930s and 1940s and elaborated his belief that New Deal federal planning could create progressive social policies.
		Adroitly juxtaposing themes of history and sociology, Preface to Peasantry is a text both descriptive of a broad phenomenon and prescriptive of policymaking to address the destruction of rural American life.
		"[Preface to Peasantry] is part of a growing literature reflecting the development of a social movement, analogous to the abolitionist movement before the Civil War, which has the small farm as its goal.
	www.sc.edu /uscpress/2005/3603.html (408 words)

	The American Peasantry — www.greenwood.com
		The American Peasantry Southern Agricultural Labor and Its Legacy, 1850-1995
		Description: A sweeping overview of the American peasantry: the largely sharecrop cultivators who, in Seavoy's analysis, rejected the labor norms of commercial agriculture.
		About equal numbers of fl and white sharecroppers chose to practice subsistence cultivation in order to minimize agricultural labor.
	www.greenwood.com /catalog/SVD/.aspx (203 words)

	Amazon.com: The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages (Ford Lectures): Books: R. H. Hilton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Amazon.com: The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages (Ford Lectures): Books: R. Hilton
		This item is not eligible for Amazon Prime, but over a million other items are.
		The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages (Ford Lectures) (Paperback)
	www.amazon.com /English-Peasantry-Later-Middle-Lectures/dp/0198226314 (433 words)

	Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry Index
		Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry Index
		Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry
		The Story of Conn-eda, or the Golden Apples of Lough Erne, by Abraham M'Coy, tr.
	www.sacred-texts.com /neu/yeats/fip/index.htm (300 words)

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