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	Pebble bed reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In particular, most of the fuel containment resides in the pebbles, and the pebbles are designed so that a containment failure releases at most a 0.5 mm sphere of radioactive material.
		Proponents claim that some kinds of pebble-bed reactors should be able to use thorium, plutonium and natural unenriched uranium, as well as the customary enriched uranium.
		The pebbles are constructed of ceramics that are known not to melt at the maximum equilibrium temperature of the reactor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pebble_bed_reactor (4292 words)

	Pebble bed reactor -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Pebble Bed Reactor is an advanced ((physics) any of several kinds of apparatus that maintain and control a nuclear reaction for the production of energy or artificial elements) nuclear reactor design.
		A 15 megawatt (electric) demonstration reactor (the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Versuchsreaktor, or AVR) was built at the nuclear research center Kernforschungszentrum in (additional info and facts about Jülich) Jülich, (A republic in central Europe; split into East German and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990) Germany.
		However, all pebble designs also have at least one layer of (An extremely hard blue-fl crystalline compound (SiC) used as an abrasive and a heat refractory material; crystals of silicon carbide can be used as semiconductors) silicon carbide that serve as a fire break, as well as a seal.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pe/pebble_bed_reactor.htm (4014 words)

	Nuclear reactor
		The fraction of the reactor's fuel core replaced during refueling is typically one-fourth for a boiling-water reactor and one-third for a pressurized-water reactor.
		Additional reactors were used in the navy (United States Naval reactor) In the mid-1950s, both the Soviet Union and western countries were expanding their nuclear research to include non-military uses of the atom.
		In addition, breeder reactor designs such as CANDU can be used to generate plutonium for bomb making materials (it is believed that the nuclear programs of India and Pakistan used CANDU-like reactors to produce the fissinables for their weapons).
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/n/nu/nuclear_reactor.html (3514 words)

	Nuclear reactor
		In all light-water reactors to date this water is alsoused to transfer the heat energy from reactor to turbine in the electricity generation process.
		The fraction of the reactor's fuel core replaced during refueling is typically one-fourth for aboiling-water reactor and one-third for a pressurized-water reactor.
		Additional reactors were used in the navy(United States Naval reactor) In themid- 1950s, both the Soviet Union and western countries were expanding their nuclearresearch to include non-military uses of the atom.
	www.therfcc.org /nuclear-reactor-4211.html (3120 words)

	THE PEBBLE BED MODULAR REACTOR (PBMR) - NIRS
		The PBMR is proposed as a standardized design that can be built in as little as two years, with multiple modular units combined onto a single site.
		Unlike light water reactors that use water and steam, the PBMR design would use pressurized helium heated in the reactor core to drive a series of turbine compressors that attach to an electrical generator.
		Following the April 26, 1986 Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident and graphite fire in Ukraine, the West German government revealed that on May 4, the 300-megawatt PBMR at Hamm released radiation after one of its spherical fuel pebbles became lodged in the pipe feeding the fuel to the reactor.
	www.nirs.org /factsheets/pbmrfactsheet.htm (1069 words)

	ipedia.com: Pebble bed reactor Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In particular, most of the fuel containment resides in the pebbles, and the pebbles are designed so that a containment failure releases at most a 0.5mm sphere of radioactive material.
		One of the projects in progress is to develop pebbles and reactors that use the decayed Plutonium from surplus or expired nuclear explosives.
		Breaking the fissionables into pebbles, and pebbles into seeds assures that the maximum release by a cascade of containment failures will be small- at most the fissionables in one seed.
	www.ipedia.com /pebble_bed_reactor.html (3040 words)

	Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Reactor vendors who put forward new designs anticipate that their designs will meet commercial market needs including an affordable, competitive construction cost and the usually low operating costs of commercial nuclear reactors.
		Cooling in a reactor refers to the process and medium by which heat is transferred from the reactor core to the steam supply cycle of the nuclear power plant.
		The PBMR uses helium as the coolant and graphite as the moderator and is one of a number of designs that come under the general classification of High Temperature (Gas-Cooled) Reactors, HTGRs or HTRs.
	www.rental-power.com /Pebble_Bed_Modular_Reactor.htm (12452 words)

	Fluent NEWS - Fall 2003 - Pebble Bed Modular Reactor
		The main power system consists of two primary parts: the reactor, where thermal energy is generated by nuclear fission, and the power conversion unit (PCU), where thermal energy is converted to mechanical work and then electrical energy by means of a thermodynamic cycle and a generator.
		The reactor uses 60 mm diameter fuel spheres consisting of coated uranium-dioxide particles encased in graphite.
		During the design of the PBMR, the determination of thermal loads on various structures, systems, and components (SSC) is very important, and FLUENT has been used extensively to study this in the PCU.
	www.fluent.com /about/news/newsletters/03v12i2_fall/a5.htm (553 words)

	What's Wrong With the Modular Pebble Bed Reactor?
		The pebble bed reactor is being touted as nearly "accident proof." It is being hailed as the savior of the nuclear industry.
		This modular capability is what is so appealing to utilities because it requires less investment from the beginning.
		The pebbles are less radioactive than conventional fuel assemblies and more pebbles are required to produce the needed heat inside the reactor.
	www.tmia.com /industry/pebbles.html (709 words)

	Nuclear reactor Article, Nuclearreactor Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In other reactor designs the heatenergy may be transferred by light water, pressurized heavy water, helium, or anothercooling substance.
		This type of reactor is used in mobile applications, where space constraints are a majorconcern, as well as for the production of plutonium (see fast breeder).
		Fission reactors produce gases such as iodine -131 or krypton -85 which have to bestored on-site for several half-lives until they have decayed to levels officially regarded as safe.
	www.anoca.org /reactors/power/nuclear_reactor.html (3608 words)

	Pebble Bed Modular Reactor(PBMR) Introduction [1/2]
		The Pebble Bed Modular Reactor programme (PBMR) within Eskom not only enjoys the benefits of a history of intensive state subsidy for nuclear power, as part of the apartheid governments weapons programme, but also of continuing disproportionate funding allocations, a lack of coherent energy policy and questionable application of law.
		The PBMR programme is designed to capitalise on previous subsidisation and an energy industry that continues to ignore full social and environmental costs of energy generation, such as impacts on human health and the environment.
		The same applies to advances in reactor safety and efficiency over previous reactors, even if all the claims are borne out.
	www.ratical.org /radiation/PBMRintro1.html (2158 words)

	Pebble Bed Modular Reactor - PBMR - Home
		The Deputy President and three Cabinet Ministers made speeches in support of the PBMR project at the conference, which was attended by 348 delegates from 15 countries.
		The South African Pebble Bed Modular Reactor company, PBMR (Pty) Ltd, was established in 1999 with the intention to develop and market small-scale, high-temperature reactors both locally and internationally.
		The PBMR is inherently safe as a result of the design, materials used, fuel and physics involved.
	www.pbmr.co.za (433 words)

	AAEA
		A feasibility study on the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor, which is being developed by Eskom has been completed and a task team has been established by government to consider the outcome.
		THE PEBBLE BED MODULAR REACTOR (PBMR) IS BEING CONSTRUCTED AND TESTED AT KOEBERG and THE PROPOSED FUEL PRODUCTION PLANT IS LOCATED IN America's current generation of 60's and 70's technology nuclear power plants are either ending their useful life or are being retrofitted and relicensed for an additional 20-30 years of use.
		The Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR) is unique to the UK and is the second type of nuclear reactor to be run in theUK.
	groups.msn.com /AAEA/pbmr.msnw (547 words)

	Encyclopedia: Helium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Because of its high thermal conductivity and inertness, helium is used as a coolant in some nuclear reactors (for example, pebble-bed reactors) and in arc welding air-sensitive metals that require heavy welds.
		The high thermal conductivity and sound velocity of helium is also desirable in thermoacoustic refrigeration.
		A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate (as opposed to a nuclear explosion, where the chain reaction occurs in a split second).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Helium (10534 words)

	NRC: Design Certification Pre-Application Review - PBMR
		On April 16, 2002, Exelon announced that it will not be proceeding with the PBMR project beyond the completion of the current feasibility study phase.
		LTD, notified the NRC that it intends to apply for design certification of the PBMR once the detailed design for a PBMR demonstration plant to be built in South African is sufficiently completed.
		Exelon letter forwarding document titled "Introduction to the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR)," which presents an informational overview of the PBMR concept, design principles, safety analysis, and operation.
	www.nrc.gov /reactors/new-licensing/design-cert/pbmr.html (1347 words)

	Nuclear Engineering International: Breakthrough for PBMR: South Africa's Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) project has ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Nuclear Engineering International: Breakthrough for PBMR: South Africa's Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) project has successfully started up a test rig of the PBMR power conversion system.
		Breakthrough for PBMR: South Africa's Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) project has successfully started up a test rig of the PBMR power conversion system.
		Little has been reported during 2002 on South Africa's Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) project, while technical issues arising from the design feasibility study are being resolved.
	highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?docid=1G1:96121080&... (246 words)

	Modular Pebble Bed Reactor (MPBR) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The pebble bed reactor (PBR) is a design, recently revived by the South African utility, ESKOM.
		Pebble Bed Reactor, Light Water Reactors and Their Advances, Nuclear Engineering 201: Advanced Energy Systems, University of Illinois
		Arguments on the Construction of Pebble Bed Modular Reactors in South Africa, Steve Thomas, Senior Fellow with the SPRU Environment and Energy Programme (Feb. 99)
	www.nucleartourist.com /type/mpbr.htm (151 words)

	Modular Pebble Bed Reactor: HOME
		Develop a sufficient technical and economic basis for this type of reactor plant to determine whether it can compete with natural gas and still meet safety, proliferation resistance and waste disposal concerns.
		Our work is meant to turn that belief around with substantive analysis.
		If successful, propose building a reactor research facility to 鬼license by test贡, explore different fuel cycles, process heat applications, and advanced control system design, helium gas turbines and other components.
	web.mit.edu /pebble-bed (93 words)

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