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Topic: Pectin

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Cell wall

Malic acid

Formic acid

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Gelatin dessert

	Pectin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pectin is a heterosaccharide derived from the cell wall of plants.
		The gelling characteristics of different pectins are influenced greatly by the degree of esterification of the molecule.
		Pectin is used as an oral demulcent to alleviate symptoms of sore throat and mouth in some throat lozenges.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pectin (301 words)

	Pectin
		Pectin is a natural structural element of the primary cell walls and middle lamella of the apples.
		Pectin is mainly composted of methyl esters of polygalacturonic acid and their calcium, ammonium, potassium and sodium salts.
		Pectin is recommended in the prophylactic and treatment of ulcers, gastritis, cardio-vascular conditions, detoxification of the body in presence of heavy metals and radioactive isotopes.
	www.biogenicstimulants.com /atk/pectin.phtml (182 words)

	Pectin Lecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pectin is the methylated ester of polygalacturonic acid.
		LM pectin pregel is defined as too fast a reaction between the LM pectin and the calcium ions, resulting in a nonhomogeneous gel structure, which resembles applesauce in texture (Figure 18).
		If the LM pectin in the fruit layer is not at calcium saturation when the fruit prep is made, then the LM pectin reaches saturation while it is under the yogurt, resulting in a very hard fruit layer which is difficult to stir into the yogurt.
	members.aol.com /ahoefler/ptalk.htm (4525 words)

	Pectin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pectin (E440) is a heterogeneous grouping of acidic structural polysaccharides, found in fruit and vegetables and mainly prepared from 'waste' citrus peel and apple pomace.
		Pectins are mainly used as gelling agents, but can also act as thickener, water binder and stabilizer.
		As with other viscous polyanions such as carrageenan, pectin may be protective towards milk casein colloids, enhancing the properties (foam stability, solubility, gelation and emulsification) of whey proteins whilst utilizing them as a source of calcium.
	www.lsbu.ac.uk /water/hypec.html (758 words)

	Modified Citrus Pectin
		Pectin obtained from orange or lemon rinds, both rich sources of pectin, is referred to as citrus pectin.
		Modified citrus pectin is formed from citrus pectin via a depolymerization process in which citrus pectin is first treated with sodium hydroxide at a pH of 10 for a short time, and then hydrochloric acid at a pH of 3 for a much longer period of time.
		Modified citrus pectin is comprised of linear polygalacturonate chains containing from 5 to 90 galacturonic acid residues, with an average of approximately 55 residues.
	www.pdrhealth.com /drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/mod_0175.shtml (919 words)

	Pectin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pectin is obtained by the aqueous extraction of citrus peels and apple pulp under mildly acidic conditions.
		Pectin is widely used in the food industry as a gelling agent to impart a gelled texture to foods, mainly fruit-based foods such as jams and jellies.
		Pectin is used in combination with the clay kaolin (hydrated aluminum silicate) for the management of diarrhea.
	www.gettingwell.com /drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/pec_0198.shtml (1288 words)

	Product Abstract:Pectin
		It is suspected that pectin modified network characteristics by a combination of its effects on metabolism and altered fibrin conversion.
		Modified citrus pectin (MCP), also known as fractionated pectin, is a complex polysaccharide obtained from the peel and pulp of citrus fruits.
		Two natural substances, quercetin (a flavonoid) and citrus pectin (a polysaccharide found in the cell wall of plants) are of particular interest to cancer researchers.
	www.lef.org /prod_hp/abstracts/php-ab094.html (1045 words)

	biology - Pectin
		Pectins are very variable in composition; chain lengths are variable and there is a high complexity in the combination and order of each of the monosaccharide derivative units.
		Pectin is composed of three main polysaccharide types; polygalacturonan (composed of repeated galacturonic acid monosaccharide subunits), rhamnogalacturonan I (composed of alternating rhamnose and galacturonic acid subunits) and rhamnogalacturonan II (a complex, highly branched polysaccharide).
		Pectin from lemon membrane segments was able to completely inhibit binding of the complex; the concentration that inhibited 50% of the binding events (IC50) was <3mg/mL in the presence of 0.1 mg/mL of heparin.
	www.biologydaily.com /biology/Pectin (1432 words)

	Extrusion/Spheronization of Pectin-Based Formulations. I. Screening of Important Factors
		Pectin molecules with a high degree of free carboxylic acid groups seem to be more sensitive to changes in the granulation liquid.
		Several reports have been published on pectin in multiple-unit dosage forms, mainly on hydrogel beads produced by ionotropic gelation of pectin in the presence of calcium ions.
		Amidated pectin, addition of ethanol to the granulation liquid, and a high concentration of MCC are the variables that significantly reduce the pellet length.
	www.aapspharmscitech.org /view.asp?art=pt020426&pdf=yes (3755 words)

	Ingredients -- Pectin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pectin is a long chain of pectic acid and pectinic acid molecules.
		Pectin combines with the calcium and whey proteins of milk, stabilizing foams and gels made with cream or milk.
		Pectin is not digested, and is considered a beneficial dietary fiber.
	sci-toys.com /ingredients/pectin.html (119 words)

	The Bryan-College Station Eagle>Health
		Pectin is a complex carbohydrate found in many plants, but is most abundant in citrus and has already been shown to reduce cholesterol and blood sugar.
		Patil said that could be accomplished in several ways, including enhancing pectin's presence in citrus by altering growing and harvesting practices, or by extracting and modifying the active ingredient of pectin and making it available in other foods or as a supplement.
		Patil said that of the Texas citrus varieties tested, pectin from all four varieties showed levels of cancer inhibition but were highest in pectin from lemons and those grapefruit harvested in the month of January.
	www.theeagle.com /health/breakingnews/061801citruspectinandcancer.htm (576 words)

	391. Pectin (amidated) (WHO Food Additives Series 6)
		Pectin had no effect on body weight or plasma cholesterol level unless cholesterol was given in the diet.
		The digestibility of pectin was determined in groups of six rats fed 17.4% or 34.8% pectin in their diet for three weeks.
		Amidated pectins produced mild growth depression at a lower level (10%) than was seen with nonamidated pectins in a 90-day test as well as in a two-year study in rats.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v06je38.htm (1554 words)

	pectin on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		PECTIN [pectin] any of a group of white, amorphous, complex carbohydrates that occur in ripe fruits and certain vegetables.
		An indigestible, soluble fiber, pectin is a general intestinal regulator that is used in many medicinal preparations, especially as an antidiarrhea agent.
		Occupational asthma caused by pectin inhalation during the manufacture of jam.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/p1/pectin.asp (325 words)

	BYO - Pectin & New Kettles: Mr. Wizard
		Pectin is a type of carbohydrate found in fruits that act as a structural member of the fruit, kind of like beta glucan in cereal grains.
		In cooking, pectin is useful for its ability to form a gel when heated in a sugar solution with a low pH.
		The first is the haze pectin can cause; pectin hazes are due to the very large size of the pectin molecule and the tendency for the molecule to form gels.
	www.byo.com /mrwizard/993.html (2185 words)

	Apple Pectin - Malus sylvestris - Encapsulated Herbal Nutrient - Herbs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pectin is defined as any of a group of white, amorphous, complex carbohydrates that occurs in ripe fruits and certain vegetables.
		Apple Pectin tends to increase acidity in the large intestines, and is advocated for those suffering from ulcer or colitis, and for regulating blood pressure.
		Pectin is also effective in causing regressions in, and preventing, gallstones.
	www.viable-herbal.com /singles/herbs/s904.htm (1131 words)

	IPPA: International Pectin Producers Association
		Pectin is located in the plant cell walls and in a layer between the cells called middle lamella.
		Pectin is a polymer of galacturonic acid and with that an acidic polysaccharide.
		Pectin was discovered in the nineteenth century, and has been used at home and in industry for many years.
	www.ippa.info (154 words)

	MCP Pectin. Quality MCP pectin at low prices.
		Modified citrus pectin (MCP) is a form of pectin that has been altered so that it can be more easily absorbed by the digestive tract.
		Pectin is a carbohydrate found in most plants, and is particularly plentiful in fruits such as apples, grapefruits, and plums.
		Pectin is commonly used as a gelling agent for canning foods.
	www.canningpantry.com /mcp-pectin.html (598 words)

	Pectin, bromelain - natural healing for arthritis, cancer, cholesterol, prostate, weight loss, joint pain, ...
		Pectin is a natural dietary soluble fiber extracted from apples and citrus fruits and is commonly used as a thickener in jellies and jams.
		Pectin and Cholesterol: Reduce cholesterol, remove artery plaque Dr. James J. Cerda of the University of Florida Medical College in Gainesville shows before and after photos of a plaque-clogged artery that was dramatically cured after 9 months of pectin use.
		Pectin (from apples and some citrus fruits) is used to reduce or eliminate arthritis symptoms, cholesterol, obesity, constipation, gallstones or galstones, and diabetes.
	www.arborcounty.com (1234 words)

	Acidophilus/Pectin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Lactobacillus acidophilus is a type of"friendly" bacteria that assists in the digestion of proteins, a process in which lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, enzymes, B vitamins, and antibiotic substances that inhibit pathogenic organisms are produced.
		Because it slows the absorption of food after meals, pectin is good for people with diabetes.
		Pectin is found in apples, bananas, beets, cabbage, carrots, citrus fruits, dried peas, and okra.
	www.netritionals.com /ne00014.html (328 words)

	Pectin Plus: cancer treatment, detoxification, lower cholesterol
		Citrus Pectin is a plant fiber obtained from the rind and peel of citrus fruits such as lemons, grapefruits, oranges and tangerines.
		Structurally, pectin is classified as a complex polysaccharide (long-chain carbohydrate) characterized by it's numerous long complex sidechains.
		This modified citrus pectin (MCP) is water soluable, rich in the sugar, galactose, and has molecules small enough to be absorbed in the small intestine, which can than travel into the bloodstream, where they can interact with other cells in the blood or with other tissues in the body.
	www.pectin-plus.com (2974 words)

	On the Jelling of Jelly, Alaska Science Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pectin is a carbohydrate, made up mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
		The conversion of these precursor substances to pectin occurs naturally during ripening, and can also be forced by long cooking, as in the traditional methods of making jellies without added pectin.
		Pectin produces structure and a kind of stiffness in jellies and jams by forming a water-holding network within the juice or crushed fruit.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF8/887.html (568 words)

	Jams, Jellies, and Other Fruit Spreads, HYG-5350-97
		Pectin is the natural substance found in fruit that causes the fruit juice to gel.
		Commercial pectins are made from apples or citrus fruit and are available in both powdered and liquid forms.
		Commercial fruit pectin should be stored in a cool, dry place and used by the date indicated on its package.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/5000/5350.html (2449 words)

	Biodegradable Pectin/PVA Films
		Pectin, a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls is biodegradable while poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), a synthetic polymer, is much less so.
		Pectin is an agricultural waste product; commercial pectin is made primarily from citrus fruits and citrus pectin is currently priced at $6.00 to $8.00 per pound, depending on the grade.
		Pectin and PVA are compatible over a full range of compositions.
	www.arserrc.gov /techtrans/Technologies/Value-Bio-based/pectinpva.htm (364 words)

	Re: grapefruit pectin
		Then, half the microswine, selected at random, were fed a diet in which 3% grapefruit pectin was substituted for cellulose, and the remaining animals received the original diet.
		However, pectin reduced the extent of atherosclerosis in both the aorta and coronary arteries.
		The mean surface area covered by atherosclerosis in the aorta was 13.6% in the group that did not receive pectin compared with 5.3% in the group that did receive pectin.
	www.rxlist.com /rxboard/lipitor.pl?read=3545 (759 words)

	Pectin, Pectinate, Food Resource [http://food.oregonstate.edu/], Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
		LM pectin: dietetic jellies, jams, preserves, and marmalades (ref. Fennema, 1996) HM referms to high methoxyl pectins and LM refers to low methoxyl pectins.
		Influence of temperature on the dynamic and steady-shear rheology of pectin dispersions.
		Isolation and characterization of pectin in sugar-beet pulp.
	food.oregonstate.edu /gums/pectin.html (547 words)

	Vincent Corporation - Citrus Pectin Peel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The process for producing pectin peel involves diffusing the sugars from the peel and then drying the peel at low temperature.
		The dried peel is exported to plants that use an acid-alcohol precipitation process to extract the pectin.
		Pectin peel is a by-product made from peel by citrus producers.
	www.vincentcorp.com /tech_papers/fmc2_sg.html (1042 words)

	[No title]
		Because Pomona's Pectin does not have the sugar normally added by manufacturers for the purpose of gel strength standardization (the strength is standardized by blending pectin with pectin); it is more concentrated.
		Pomona's Universal Pectin is extracted from the peel and pulp of lemon, lime and grapefruit after the juice and oil have been pressed out.
		Some amide groups are then introduced into the pectin molecule during the process of de-esterification (a process by which the pectin is changed from high-methoxyl to low-methoxyl).
	www.pomonapectin.com (911 words)

	PECTIN
		Pectin is a "gum" found naturally in fruits that causes
		Pectin is concentrated in the skins and cores of fruit;
		Commercial pectins may be used with any fruit.
	www.angelfire.com /mo3/abcdefg200/survlib/pfs/01600538.htm (224 words)

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