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Topic: Pectoral fin

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	Postcranial Skeleton Lecture 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fig 9.8a Bothriolepis, an antiarch placoderm with pectoral and pelvic appendages (Kardong, 2002).
		Fig 9.12 The pectoral appendage and girdle of the bowfin, Amia, a holostean (Kardong, 2002).
		Fig 9.13a Pectoral and pelvic appendages of the lungfish, Neoceratodus (Kardong, 2002).
	www.lander.edu /rsfox/308post2Lec.html (1840 words)

	GJLPUB (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Kinematics of pectoral fin locomotion in the bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus.
		The pectoral fins of ray-finned fishes are flexible and capable of complex movements, and yet little is known about the pattern of fin deformation during locomotion.
		The oscillatory movements of the pectoral fins of bluegill suggest that both lift and drag-based propulsive mechanisms are used to generate forward thrust.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~acg/gibbpage/GJLPUB.HTM (432 words)

	Fish Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Description: head and fins covered with small fl spots; irregular dark and vertical bars present on the sides of body; pectoral and caudal fins rounded; first dorsal fin shorter than and not separated from second dorsal; adults huge, up to 800 pounds; eyes small.
		Description: color generally red, with yellowish caudal, anal, and pelvic fins; distinctive and prominent dark comma-shaped blotch at the base of the pectoral fins, which gives the fish its common name; anal fin rounded; no fl spot on side underneath dorsal fin.
		Description: last ray of dorsal fin extended into long filament; one dorsal fin; back dark blue to green or greenish fl, shading into bright silver on the sides; may be brownish gold in estuarine waters; huge scales; mouth large and points upward.
	www.capecoralvacationhome.com /Fish%20Encyclopedia.htm (5778 words)

	Appendicular Skeleton
		The anterior girdle is the shoulder or pectoral girdle, to which dermal and endochondral skeletal elements contribute, and that support a pectoral fin or limb
		- basal pterygiophores that articulate the fin to the pectoral girdle
		Paired fins: the paired pectoral and pelvic fins of gnathostome fishes are homologous with the limbs of tetrapods
	www.shsu.edu /~bio_mlt/Chapter9.html (1359 words)

	Pectoral Fin Motor Controllers
		The pectoral fins on most fish control pitching (up-and-down motion of the body), yawing (the side-to-side motion) and rolling.
		The pectoral fins can be held close to the body to increase speed by reducing drag, or they can be extended to increase drag and serve as a brake [Wilson and Wilson1985].
		The fins are analogous to the airfoils of an airplane.
	www.dgp.toronto.edu /people/tu/thesis/node61.html (535 words)

	SICB - 2004 meeting - Abstract Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is known that mudskippers use pectoral fins for terrestrial and aquatic locomotion.
		We hypothesized that the kinematics of terrestrial movements of the pectoral fins are significantly different than the kinematics of aquatic movements.
		In contrast, aquatic pectoral fin use is characterized by extended rays, such that the fin surface area is much larger than that in terrestrial locomotion.
	www.sicb.org /meetings/2004/schedule/abstractdetails.php3?id=677 (283 words)

	The Pectoral Fin
		The pectoral fins are always the first fin from the head and correspond to the arms of a land animal.
		The pectoral fins can be moved in most directions: forwards, backwards and in circles.
		Typically, pectoral fins are transparent to avoid detection by predators due to their almost constant movement, continually coordinating minute directional changes and maintaining balance.
	www.thatfishshop.com /ichthyology/pectoral_fin.htm (125 words)

	Integrative and Comparative Biology: Wake dynamics and locomotor function in fishes: Interpreting evolutionary patterns ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As yet, the functional significance of these historical trends in pectoral fin design remains largely untested by experiment In this paper we test the proposal that variation in pectoral fin structure has an important influence on the magnitude and orientation of fluid forces generated during maneuvering locomotion.
		Despite a century of active investigation into the mechanism of pectoral fin function, there remains a critical area of study in which experimental zoologists are only now making initial progress: analysis of the physical interaction between the locomotor anatomy of freely swimming fishes and the aquatic medium.
		1), the pectoral fin is located higher on the body, at an approximately mid-dorsal position and closer to the center of mass of the fish.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4054/is_200211/ai_n9154517 (1277 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - pectoral fin
		adapted for crawling, adapted for flying, adapted for jumping, adapted for walking, electric organs in, fanlike pectoral fins, picture, winglike...
		Most fishes are mobile underwater predators and their bodies have adapted accordingly.
		Fin : fish fins : pectoral fins as wings: Hatchetfish
	encarta.msn.com /pectoral+fin.html (131 words)

	KillerWhales: Body Form (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Males have dorsal fins that are often twice as long as females when they are mature (up to 6 feet).
		The flippers, or pectoral fins, are supported by bones - the same types of bones as are found in the human arms (upper arm bone, two lower arm bones, wrist bones, hand bones, and finger bones).
		It is variations in the shape of the dorsal fin and coloration of the saddle (along with scar marks in this area) that is the basis for identification.
	www.biosbcc.net /ocean/marinesci/05nekton/KWbodyform.htm (917 words)

	Musculature 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fig 10.29b Pectoral girdle muscles of a urodele amphibian as an example of an early tetrapod (Kardong, 2002).
		Fig 10.29c Pectoral girdle muscles of a cat as an example of a derived tetrapod (Kardong, 2002).
		Fig 10.30b Ventral pectoral girdle muscles of a urodele amphibian as an example of an early tetrapod (Kardong, 2002).
	www.lander.edu /rsfox/308muscle2Lec.html (1114 words)

	Untitled Document
		Many early, agnathan fishes had dermally supported keels and fin folds, some ventrolaterally as in the fin fold model, but these, as stated, are dermal and do not contain an endochondral skeleton.
		Definite pectoral appendages with endochondral support (radials) do occur in some early vertebrates without pelvic appendages but pelvic appendages do not occur without the pectoral fins (at least in early vertebrates).
		That is, that the endochondral part of the pectoral girdle (scapulocoracoid) is an extrabranchial cartilage (the cartilages lateral to the gills) and that while it is not a modified gill arch, the gill arches and the pectoral girdle are both modifications of a serially homologous developmental program.
	www.usm.maine.edu /bio/courses/bio205/bio205_13_appendicular.html (1466 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates: 80.700 Neoselachii: Hypnosqualea
		The propterygium (anterior basal of pectoral fin) comes in contact with an orbital process through an antorbital cartilage, and the pectorals are fused to side of head over external gill openings.
		That is, the cartilaginous radials extend to margins of pectoral fin, functionally and physically displacing the keratinous ceratotrichia.
		The pelvic fins are also plesodic, with segmented, branched radials continuing to edge of fin.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/080Neoselachii/080.700.html (2711 words)

	Longfin mako Isurus paucus Guitard, 1966
		Pectoral fin 30.4% of TL compared to 21.0-23.9% for comparison shortfin mako
		Pectoral fin 107.7% of upper caudal fin, compared to 80.1-94.6 for shorfin mako
		Pectoral fin height (not defined) decreasing from30.7 to 22.5% with increasing TL.
	homepage.mac.com /mollet/Ip/Ip_list.html (761 words)

	References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Identification: Body flattened as in rays, but expanded pectoral fins are not attached to head and gill slits are in a notch at rear of head...
		In young both parts of the dorsal fin and anal fin are connected, but midsection becomes covered by skin when individuals reach 1ft (30cm)--resulting in 2 dorsal and 2 anal fins...
		Pectoral fin long but does not extend past front of anal fin.
	www.usc.edu /dept/education/mascha/knoll/glossary.htm (648 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Pectoral fin with gray pigment on membranes; rays pale, except for an intense fl area on ventral 3 rays, bordered dorsally with 3 to 5 white, irregularly shaped streaks.
		Pectoral fin with light rays and dark membranes with some reddish and dark spots on upper rays, distinctly white, irregularly shaped spots bordering fl area; pale distal margin.
		Pectoral fin with pale margin; intense fl pigment over lower middle rays and membranes, separated from remainder of fin by a pale area without white spots, remainder of fin with brownish gray pigmented membranes and light rays (see Fig.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?sm03002 (8362 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Pectoral and pelvic fin lengths are from the uppermost and anteriormost points of the fin bases, respectively, to the tip of the longest fin rays.
		To verify the pectoral fin count (the rays are short and frayed) we compared the holotype with specimens from Taiwan and the Coral Sea that agree with it in all other characters.
		Colour in alcohol: body generally brown with numerous narrow darker stripes running along scale rows; first dorsal fin dark brown; second dorsal, anal, caudal and pelvic fins pale to dusky, with darker edge; pectoral fin pale, but its base may be dark brown; peritoneum with dark spots of various sizes; intestine dark brown.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?sm03001 (15384 words)

	Atlantida Cancun
		Pectoral fins are curved back slightly and pointed at the tips.
		Pectoral flippers have the major skeletal elements of the forelimbs of land mammals, but they are foreshortened and modified.
		The back fin is like the keel of the boats, that gives stability while they swim and unlike the pectoral fins this one does not have any bony structure, but woven connective fibrous, that gives its form and firmness.
	www.atlantidacancun.com /faqs.asp (287 words)

	Exogenous retinoic acid induces a stage-specific, transient and progressive extension of Sonic hedgehog expression ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Exogenous retinoic acid induces a stage-specific, transient and progressive extension of Sonic hedgehog expression across the pectoral fin bud of zebrafish.Shh transcripts are induced in mesenchymal cells underlying the ventral ectoderm at the base of the bud.
		We have shown that RA exposure during the early stages of pectoral fin development first results in a rapid decrease or complete loss of shh/ptc1 expression.
		An anterior extension of shh expression is also obtained in syu mutants with impaired shh function, suggesting that shh induction across the fin bud is independent of shh signaling.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/9647163.html (272 words)

	Scubas World/Pelagics
		The second dorsal fin is almost an inverted mirror image in size and shape to the anal fin.
		The tail and anal fin may be yellowish, and the ends of the dorsal and upper tail are occasionally fl.
		The soft dorsal and anal fins are almost identical in size, and there are 18 to 21 soft rays in the dorsal fin and 16 to 19 gill rakers on the lower limb of the first arch.
	www.scubasworld.com /pelagics.html (2059 words)

	Janvier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		- The structure of the articulation for the pectoral fin in the Antiarchi is reviewed, with particular reference to the Early Devonian taxa from China, Vietnam and Australia: the Yunnanolepiformes, Procondylolepiformes and Sinolepidae.
		This suggests that the Sinolepidae may not be monophyletic, and that their presumed autapomorphy (the large ventral fenestration of the thoracic armour) could be either plesiomorphous for the Antiarchi or for the ensemble Sinolepidae + Euantiarchi, or also homoplastic in Vanchienolepis, Xichonolepis and Sinolepis.
		The pectoral fin exoskeleton is described in a Vanchienolepis-like specimen from Yunnan, and a possible pectoral fin, partly covered with scales or minute platelets is described in a specimen of Yunnanolepis from Vietnam.
	www.mnhn.fr /publication/geodiv/g95n1a6.html (295 words)

	Pectoral fin question - Cichlid Forums Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		I just noticed that one of the pectoral fins on my JD is much smaller than the other.
		It looks almost as if it is a defect of some kind-- the fin isn't frayed like it would be if it were injured in a fight.
		And there is no fin rot of any kind apparent on the JD or any of the other fish in the tank.
	cichlidforums.com /showthread/t-7003.html (246 words)

	Dynamics of pectoral fin rowing in a fish with an extreme rowing stroke: the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus ...
		Dynamics of pectoral fin rowing in a fish with an extreme rowing stroke: the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) -- Walker 207 (11): 1925 -- Journal of Experimental Biology
		Articles by Walker, J. Dynamics of pectoral fin rowing in a fish with an extreme rowing stroke: the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
		The energetics of pectoral fin rowing are estimated using the
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/207/11/1925 (221 words)

	Glossary Searched Term (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The paired fin born by the pectoral girdle, usually just behind the gill opening or slightly dorsal or ventral to this position.
		This fin is generally larger than the pelvic fin and less variable in position and structure.
		Pectoral fin ray counts include all the rays branched and unbranched.
	filaman.uni-kiel.de /Glossary/Glossary.cfm?TermEnglish=pectoral%20fin (117 words)

	FIGIS - FAO/SIDP Species Identification Sheet: Alopias pelagicus
		Pectoral fins of "macroceanic" type with straight and very broad tips.
		Utilized for its meat (for human consumption), liver oil for vitamin-A extraction, hides for leather, and fins for shark-fin soup.Apparently seldom caught by anglers, but listed as a record fish along with other threshers by the International Game Fish Association.
		Compagno (1984) and Eschmeyer (1998) were unable to provide information on whether or not the syntypes of this species still exist or for that matter if they were even preserved and deposited in a research collection.
	www.fao.org /figis/servlet/species?fid=2009 (1543 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| World Latest \| Boy Survives Bump From Killer Whale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Arntzen said she was stunned to see a dorsal fin more than 6 feet tall break the water's surface a few yards behind Ellis.
		On the last pass, the largest orca rolled onto its side, raised a pectoral fin and smacked the water about five times.
		Ford said killer whales slap tails and fins to express emotions at different levels and contexts.
	www.guardian.co.uk /uslatest/story/0,1282,-5219471,00.html (787 words)

	Carcharhinus falciformis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Second dorsal fin small, with a long inner margin; its origin slightly behind anal fin origin.
		Pectoral fin long, narrow and falcate; its length 15-22% of total length.
		Carcharhinus obscurus: the ventral line of first dorsal fin origin closer to pectoral fin rear tip than to pectoral insertion.
	www.ciesm.org /atlas/Carcharhinusfalciformis.html (329 words)

	Zebrafish Aggression and Zebrafish Locomotion
		The results of the proposed work will allow us to construct a model of the function of 5-HT2 receptors in the initiation and generation of locomotion in the pectoral fin system will lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying the orchestration of activity across neuronal populations in a simple vertebrate brain.
		Pectoral fins of larval zebrafish are rhythmically active.
		We developed an experimental setup for measuring pectoral fin movements and found that the biogenic amine serotonin modulates pectoral fin activities.
	people.depauw.edu /hschneider/NewFiles/research.html (709 words)

	Grade 4, Theme 6: Label a Web Diagram (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The pectoral fin is near the beginning of the belly, behind the gills.
		The pelvic fin is near the center of the belly.
		Behind these two fins, in the posterior, or back, section of the salmon, is the anal fin.
	www.eduplace.com /kids/hmr/4/6/diag_instr.html (195 words)

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