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	Pedro Nel Ospina - TheBestLinks.com - Colombia, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, 1926, 1922, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Pedro Nel Ospina - TheBestLinks.com - Colombia, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, 1926, 1922,...
		Pedro Nel Ospina, Colombia, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, 1926, 1922...
		Pedro Nel Ospina (1858–1927) was a Colombian general and political figure.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Pedro_Nel_Ospina.html (101 words)

	Pedro Nel Ospina -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Pedro Nel Ospina -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		Pedro Nel Ospina (1858–1927) was a (A republic in northwestern South America; the major legal crop is coffee but cocaine is also a major export) Colombian (A general officer of the highest rank) general and (additional info and facts about political figure) political figure.
		He served as the (additional info and facts about president of Colombia) president of Colombia between 1922 and 1926.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pe/pedro_nel_ospina.htm (80 words)

	Colombia - HISTORY
		In 1946 Ospina assumed office and was faced with the difficult task of ruling from a minority position, as Liberals had received the majority of all presidential votes and continued to control Congress.
		Ospina became increasingly concerned with retaining Conservative control and provoked Liberals further by resorting frequently to police enforcement of Conservative privileges in the rural areas.
		Ospina banned public meetings in March 1949 and fired all Liberal governors in May. In November of that year, Ospina ordered the army to forcibly close Congress.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/colombia/HISTORY.html (18213 words)

	Genealogy.com: Familia Ospina
		Las personas que han colaborado con esta pagina han sido: Pedro Nel Ospina Cabezas, Roberto Ospina Cabezas, Diana Maria Ospina Bernal, Sarah Ospina, Gabriel Jaime Posada Ospina y su Familia y Andres Gartner.
		Fuente: Carlos Mario Ospina Ospina, Gabriel Jaime Posada Ospina y Andres Gartner.
		Fuente: Pedro Nel Ospinas Cabezas y Roberto Ospina Cabezas.
	www.genealogy.com /users/o/s/p/Carlos-Ospina (412 words)

	Colombian History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The liberal leaders were the general Rafael Uribe Uribe and Benjamín Blacksmith; and the conservatives, the generals Próspero Pinzón, Ramón González Valencia, Pedro Nel Ospina, among others.
		Columbia was thrown into a constant state of insurrection and criminality from 1948 to 1958 (called "La Violencia"), a period during which more than 200,000 persons lost their lives and more than a billion dollars of perperty damage was done.
		Although order was restored in Bogotá and Ospina remained in control, the tempo of rural violence quickened to a state of undeclared civil war known as la violencia.
	www.locombia.com /general/history_continued.htm (1813 words)

	Welcome to Rueda.com!
		My grandfather worked with Pedro Nel Ospina, who was elected President of the Republic in 1922.
		Pedro's grandfather, Mariano Ospina Rodriguez, had been also elected President of the Republic in 1857, but was overturned in a coup d'etat by General Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera in 1861.
		Mariano Ospina Perez was the grandson and the nephew of two previous Colombian presidents in the Ospina family.
	www.angelfire.com /ma/ruedasite (1726 words)

	A short history of Colombia
		Presidents are Enrique Olaya Herrera (1930-1934), Alfonso López Pumarejo (1934-1938 and 1942-1945), Eduardo Santos Montejo (1938-1942) and Alberto Lleras Camargo (1945-1946) Due to a split in the liberal party at the 1946 elections, in which they nominate two candidates, Mariano Ospina Pérez of the PCC is elected president.
		The assasination of the Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, one of the two former candidate but at that moment leader of the PLC, in 1948 leads to a second bloody civil war between the ruling conservatives and liberals.
		During this period Ospina is succeeded by Laureano Gómez Castro in 1950 and Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez in 1951.
	www.electionworld.org /history/colombia.htm (789 words)

	Western Hemisphere Region
		Emperor Dom Pedro II was overthrown in a rebellion led by Field Marshall Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca on November 15, 1889.
		General Pedro Nel Ospina of the CP was elected president in March 1922.
		Mariano Ospina Perez of the PC was elected president with 42 percent of the vote on May 4, 1946, and he was inaugurated as president on August 7, 1946.
	faculty.uca.edu /~markm/tpi_narratives_westhemis.htm (17411 words)

	News
		January 17, 2001 (BNamericas.com) - Colombia"s state-run bank Bancafe will issue bonds worth US$89.2mn between January 20 and 30, to strengthen its balance sheet and increase liquidity, Bancafe president Pedro Nel Ospina was quoted as saying in El Pais (Colombia).
		Ospina said the bond issue will have a triple-A rating from rating agency Duff and Phelps and be issued in three series, with terms ranging from 18-months to three years.
		According to Ospina, the triple-A rating is due to three factors: the injection of US$388mn between 1999 and 2000; administrative restructuring in 2000 which cut staff to 4,350; and the structure of the bond issue, which is backed up by Bancafe"s equity.
	www.chilnet.cl /news/brief.asp?Cod_noticia=0000007763 (134 words)

	PEDRO NEL OSPINA - AUTOGRAPH NOTE SIGNED 05/01/1922
		ANS: "Pedro Nel Ospina" in English as President-Elect of Colombia, 1p, 4¼x3½.
		" Pedro Nel Ospina (1858-1927) was President of Colombia from August 7, 1922 to August 7, 1926.
		Mounting remnants and ink notes (unknown hand) on verso (slight show through to blank edges).
	www.galleryofhistory.com /archive/6_2003/leaders/PEDRO_NEL_OSPINA.htm (167 words)

	FORREST HYLTON - AN EVIL HOUR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mariano Ospina Rodríguez (1857–61) was the first self-declared Conservative President of Colombia, in the epoch of Palmerston; his son Pedro Nel Ospina held the same office in that of Baldwin (1922–26); his grandson Mariano Ospina Pérez, in that of Attlee (1946–50).
		Rather than overwhelming a weakly guarded Presidential Palace and ousting Ospina, the huge crowds were diverted into arson and looting, in which all classes eventually joined, allowing an easy restoration of order in the capital.
		One of its founders, Pedro Vázquez Rendón, had been the psd’s political commissar in southern Tolima during La Violencia—it was he who had suggested that Pedro Antonio Marín call himself Manuel Marulanda, in honour of one of the leaders of the psr.
	www.newleftreview.net /Issue23.asp?Article=03 (11629 words)

	Ospinas Personajes
		General Mariano Ospina Navia, (Comandante Fuerza Aerea, fundador de SATENA y CIAC).
		Paula Ospina y Jorge Eliéser Ospino (Revista Dinero)
		Helena Baraya de Ospina (TurAntioquia, Corp. Nacional de Turismo, Cntr.
	www.ospinas.net /Ospinas/esp/osp_persons01.htm (140 words)

	Left Turn: Notes from the Global Intifada
		During his tenure as governor of Antioquia, between 1995 and 1997, Uribeâs âMontesinosâ-to borrow a phrase from Alfredo Molano-was Pedro Juan Moreno Villa, alleged by a former US DEA chief to be the countryâs leading importer of potassium permanganate, the main chemical precursor in the manufacture of cocaine.
		Mariano Ospina RodrÃguez (1857-61) was the first self-declared Conservative President of Colombia, in the epoch of Palmerston; his son Pedro Nel Ospina held the same office in that of Baldwin (1922-26); his grandson Mariano Ospina PÃ©rez, in that of Attlee (1946-50).
		One of its founders, Pedro VÃ¡zquez RendÃ³n, had been the psdâs political commissar in southern Tolima during La Violencia-it was he who had suggested that Pedro Antonio MarÃn call himself Manuel Marulanda, in honour of one of the leaders of the psr.
	www.leftturn.org /Articles/PrintableView.aspx?id=393 (14122 words)

	[No title]
		In 1856 the reconstructed province of Antioquia became a sovereign state of the Confederation - since 1861 Federation - of New Granada.
		- 1923 1880 Jorge Isaacs Ferrer (civil Chief) 1837 - 1895 1880 - 1881 Pedro Restrepo Uribe (2x) 1881 - 1885 Luciano Restrepo Escobar 1812 - 1885 1885 Gen. José María Campo Serrano (civil + military Chief) 1836 - 1915 1885 - 1886 Gen. Marceliano Vélez Barreneche 1832 - 1923
		In 1886 the states were abolished and Antioquia became a Department under direct authority of the central government.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/Antioquia.html (334 words)

	Human Rights Watch \| Colombia and Military-Paramilitary Links (Summary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The investigation describes activities that occurred while the Fourth Brigade was under the command of Gen. Alfonso Manosalva (since deceased) and subsequently, Gen. Carlos Ospina Ovalle, since promoted and now head of Colombia's Fourth Division.
		In his current post, General Ospina is the divisional commander of at least one of the units proposed to receive U.S. security assistance, the Twelfth Brigade, based in Florencia, Caquetá.
		Ospina is listed as having trained at the School of the Americas at least once, in a cadet orientation course held in 1967.
	www.hrw.org /reports/2000/colombia (9144 words)

	The Ties That Bind : Colombia and Military-Paramilitary Links
		Subsequently, allegations of a connection between the Calima Front and Third Brigade surfaced publicly, when the ELN charged Army complicity in a statement released with a group of La María hostages.(13) Human Rights Watch interviewed an independent investigator who was able to confirm the Calima Front’s existence and give additional information in October 1999.(14)
		These documents name the Girardot, Granaderos, Héroes de Barbacoas, Juan del Corral Battalions, and Pedro Nel Ospina Battalions as well as Fourth Brigade headquarters.
		These documents show that on October 25, a joint army-paramilitary force surrounded the village of El Aro and the 2,000 people who live in and around it.
	www.monde-diplomatique.fr /cahier/ameriquelatine/hrw022000 (4113 words)

	[No title]
		\par }{\f1\fs22 \par El equipo de }{\b\f1\fs22 PBI Medell\'edn}{\f1\fs22 se reuni\'f3 con el Coronel Juan David Barrag\'e1n Arango, Comandante del Batall\'f3n de Ingenieros #4 "Pedro Nel Ospina" y con Dra.
		Pedro Marset Campos, miembro Espa\'f1ol del Parlamento Europeo.
		Se\'f1ala, a su vez, que en declaraciones a la revista }{\i\f1\fs22 Cromos }{\f1\fs22 de Pedro Juan Moreno, amigo cercano del presidente Uribe, afirm\'f3 que a las ONG "hay que hacerles inteligencia porque son las que se han tirado este pa\'eds...
	www.peacebrigades.org /colombia/pim05.rtf (5348 words)

	romero_cp6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The city, center of anonymous decisions, became more and more inaccessible, a kind of dreaded monster; anyone who dared question the city was destined to do battle with mere shadows.
		Subjected to new and disproportionate taxes, in 1886 the Indians of Huaraz rebelled when the Peruvian Government jailed and hanged the mayor of Huaraz, Pedro Pablo Atusparia, who had asked that the taxes be repealed.
		Similarly, in Argentina, the “desert campaign” led by General Roca in 1879 was organized for the purpose of repressing and expelling Indians; and in Mexico, during the Porfirio Díaz era, the indigenous peoples of Sonora were suppressed in 1901 and those of the Yucatán in 1905.
	www.iacd.oas.org /Interamer/Interamerhtml/Romerohtml/rom_cp6.htm (19268 words)

	Colombia Rebel Group Releases More Prisoners (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The 32 freed prisoners were captured in military conflicts in the towns of Vigia del Fuerte, Nutibara, Dadeiba, and Urrao, in the state of Antioquia, and Tamborales, on the border with Panama.
		Freed soldiers and police agents will reunite with family members waiting for them at the Pedro Nel Ospina battalion in the town of Bello, on the outskirts of Medellin's metropolitan area.
		The Colombian government and the FARC have been exchanging prisoners after they reached an accord on June 2, widely seen as a major breakthrough in arduous peace talks that started more than two years ago.
	english1.peopledaily.com.cn /english/200107/01/eng20010701_73903.html (367 words)

	Museums of Medellin, Colombia, Webcolombia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		En la sala Pedrito Botero hay 19 pinturas del maestro Antioqueno y en la de esculturas de Botero se pueden apreciar 15 obras donadas por el artista.tambien hay numerosos cuadros de pintores antioqueños.Este museo cuenta con salas para proyecciones y conferencias, auditorio biblioteca, librería, galería y talleres de pintura.
		La casa donde vivió el maestro Pedro nel Gómez se convirtió en un museo en 1975 gracias a la donación que hicieron el artista y su familia de las obras que lo integran.
		Diseñado en estilo republicano por el arquitecto Nel Rodriguez en 1925 su planta octogonal va girando sobre los lados para conformar el auditorio.
	www.webcolombia.com /cities/medellin/Musseos.htm (469 words)

	OJPCR 2.1 -- Psychosocial Dynamics of the Armed Conflict in Columbia
		Under the conservative governments of Jose Vicente Concha, Marco Fidel Suarez, Pedro Nel Ospina and Miguel Abadia Mendez the new breed of politicians had an opportunity to exercise power.
		That day the country witnessed the rupture of the social fabric and the beginning of a long period of political frustration that drowned the country in blood.
		The Assassination of Gaitan was followed by a violent rage that destroyed Bogota and cornered the conservative government of Ospina.
	www.trinstitute.org /ojpcr/2_1columbia.htm (18035 words)

	Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions:
		All of these cases were said to have occurred in 1993 in the city of Benguela and concerned the following seven persons: Pedro Katenguenha, Constantino Chitue, Pastor Agostinho Canjila, Joao Batista, Batista Limila, Dr. Belchior Rodrígues and Dr. Elías Chipindula.
		In addition, the Special Rapporteur sent an urgent appeal to the Government after receiving reports of an attack, allegedly by members of the police and the military, against Mfulumpinga N'Landu Victor, President of the Democratic Party for the Progress of the National Alliance of Angola, (6 July 1994).
		The competent institutions were reportedly ordered to provide protection to Archbishop Pedro Casaldaliga and Sister Cecilia Petrina da Carvalho (E/CN.4/1994/7, para.
	www.unhchr.ch /Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/1c4b8c86868ec0118025671400376b76?Opendocument (13584 words)

	Biblioteca Digital del INEAM - INTERAMER
		In Colombia, what grew was the old city of Medellin, founded in 1675.
		An industrial developer, Pedro Nel Ospina, started a textile plant which, when coupled with others established later—a brewery, glass, chocolate, and tile factories—got the city bustling again.
		From a population of 37,000 in 1880, it had reached 100,000 by 1930, and would continue to increase at an even faster pace.
	www.educoas.org /Portal/bdigital/contenido/interamer/interamer_59/chap6/transformation.aspx (3307 words)

	OmOz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		OSPINA VAZQUEZ, Pedro Nel (1858-1927) Colombian president, general, engineer, educator.- Colombia C590; 890; 890c
		At the age of sixteen he went to Florence to study counterpoint and harmony.
		Oswald was rescued from poverty by Dom Pedro II who was visiting Italy.
	www.philately.com /philately/bioomoz.htm (3816 words)

	Countries Ci-Co
		1823) 1797 - 1803 Pedro Mendinueta y Múzquiz (b.
		1872) 1 Apr 1857 - 1 Apr 1861 Mariano Ospina Rodríguez (b.
		1845) President of the Interim Junta 1 Dec 1821 - 12 Jan 1822 Pedro José de Alvarado Presidents of the Superior Governing Junta 12 Jan 1822 - 13 Apr 1822 Rafael Barroeta (b.
	www.rulers.org /rulc3.html (7327 words)

	Colombia Human Rights Network Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Duque was the second mayor taken hostage by the rebels operating in this
		the end of October, bank president Pedro Nel Ospina said on Friday.
		Ospina said Bancafe's solvency rate of 14 percent was higher than other
	colhrnet.igc.org /newitems/june01/clmnews.610.htm (4146 words)

	Human rights of parliamentarians
		CASE N° CO/01 - PEDRO NEL JIMENEZ OBANDO
		Fidel Castaño is presumably dead and that a sworn statement from General Harold Bedoya Pizarro certifying his death is being sought,
		Requests the Committee on the Human Rights of Parliamentarians to continue examining the case and report to it at its next session (September 1997).
	www.ipu.org /hr-e/160/co01.htm (943 words)

	SUMMIT COMMUNICATIONS
		The privatization of Bancafe is one of the priorities of the government’s restructuring plan
		f Bancafe maintains its capitalization over the next few years, it has all the potential to increase its client base, perhaps even doubling it from its current level of 1.2 million, which will allow it to continue improving profits on a daily basis,” explains Bancafe president Pedro Nel Ospina Santa Maria.
		Competition for a market slice of Colombia’s finance sector is stiff, with nearly 30 banks vying for a piece of the pie.
	www.summitreports.com /colombia/banking.htm (706 words)

	AFI Research Archives on MILNET
		Most of the foreign exchange came from the coffee trade, which at this time represented nearly 80 percent of exports.
		By 1946 it fell apart, however, and an attempt by Mariano Ospina Pérez to hold things together with a coaltion government but in 1948, the unrest exploded when a popular leftist figure Gaitan was asssasinated.
		This lead to a long and bloody undeclared civil war that lasted well into 1958.
	www.milnet.com /wc/Flash-points-august.htm (15560 words)

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