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	Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
		Among others who had engaged in this search was Pedro de Covilham, who arrived in Abyssinia in 1490, and, believing that he had at length reached the far-famed kingdom, presented to the Negus, or emperor of the country, a letter from his master the king of Portugal, addressed to Prester John.
		Covilham remained in the country, but in 1507 an Armenian named Matthew was sent by the Negus to the king of Portugal to request his aid against the Turks.
		A force of 450 musqueteers, under the commandof Christopher de Gama, younger brother of the admiral, marched into the interior, and being joined by native troops were at first successful against the Turks, but were subsequently defeated, and their commander taken prisoner and put to death.
	www.1902-encyclopedia.com /A/ABY/abyssinia.html (7328 words)

	Probert Encyclopaedia: People and Peoples (Pav-Philn) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Pedro Antonion de Alarcon was a Spanish poet and novelist.
		The son of Pedro I, he succeeded to the throne at the age of five, on his father' s abdication, and was subject to a regency until he reached his majority in 1840.
		Pedro had a lifelong interest in science and was a patron of the arts.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /CB3.HTM (3003 words)

	PORTUGAL - LoveToKnow Article on PORTUGAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Pedro, the crown prince, afterwards married Constance, daughter of the duke o(Peflafiel (near Valladolid), and Alphonso IV.
		Pedro de Covilham had reached Abyssinia (q.v.) as early as 1490; in 1520 a Portuguese embassy arrived at the court of Prester John, and in 1541 a military force was sent to aid him in repelling a Mahommedan invasion.
		Pedro imprisoned the king and assumed the regency; on the 1st of January i66~ his authority was recognized by the cortes; on the 24th of March the annulment of the queens marriage was pronounced and confirmed by the pope; on the 2nd of April she married the regent.
	88.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PO/PORTUGAL.htm (21258 words)

	vol02chap05
		Pedro de Cintra and Fernam d'Alfonso commanded the transports, and a small vessel attended the squadron as an advice-boat.
		Covilham, or Covillan, was born in a town of that name in Portugal, and went, when a boy, into Castile, where he entered the service of Don Alphonso, duke of Seville.
		Covilham accompanied the king to Shoa, where the seat of the Abyssinian government was then established; and from a cruel policy, which subsists still in Abyssinia, by which strangers are hardly ever permitted to quit the country, Covilham never returned into Europe.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/vol02chap05.html (7968 words)

	Covilham as a polyglot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A Portuguese of the same period, Pedro de Covilham, is mentioned by Damian a Goes in his curious book, Be Ethiopian Moribus in terms which, if we could take them literally, should entitle him to a place among the linguists.
		Covilham, after visiting India, the Persian Gulf and exploring both the coasts of the Red Sea, at length reached Abyssinia, where he was received with much distinc- by the King.
		Covilham, after a residence of thirty-three years, was still alive in 1525, when the embassy under Alvarez de Lima reached Abyssinia.
	www.how-to-learn-any-language.com /e/polyglots/covilham.html (246 words)

	GAMA - LoveToKnow Article on GAMA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For this purpose Pedro de Covilham and Affonso de Payva were despatched eastward by land; while Bartholomeu Diaz (qv.), in command of two vessels, was sent westward by sea (see ABYSSrNIA, 14).
		The condition of Johns health and concerns of state, however, prevented the fitting out of the intended expedition; and it was not till nine years later, when Emanuel I. had succeeded to the throne, that the preparations for this great voyage were completedhastened, doubtless, by Columbuss discovery of America in the meanwhile.
		His voyage had the immediate result of enriching Portugal, and raising her to one of the foremost places among the nations of Europe, and eventually the far greater one of bringing to pass the colonization of the East by opening its commerce to the Western world.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GA/GAMA.htm (1034 words)

	History of Portugal - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Pedro Alvares Cabral sailed to India but steered far westward to avoid the winds and currents of the Guinea coast, reached Brazil (1500) and claimed it for his sovereign.
		Pedro de Covilham[?] had reached Abyssinia as early as 1490; in 1520 a Portuguese embassy arrived at the court of ?Prester John,?and in 1541 a military force was sent to aid him in repelling a Islamic invasion.
		Fernao Pires de Andrade visited Canton in 1517 and opened up trade with China, where in 1557 the Portuguese were permitted to occupy Macao.
	openproxy.ath.cx /hi/History_of_Portugal.html (913 words)

	Pedro de Covilham (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Covilham thus arrived at Cannanore and Calicut, whence he retraced his course to Goa and Ormuz, the Red Sea and Cairo, making an excursion on his way down the East African coast to Sofala, which he was probably the first European to visit.
		The first objective in the eastern ocean, he added, was Sofala or the Island of the Moon, our Madagascar from each of these lands one can fetch the coast of Calicut.
		At the latter he left the rabbi; and himself came back to Jidda, the port of the Arabian holy land, and penetrated (as he told Alvarez many years later) even to Mecca and Medina.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/pedro_de_covilham (653 words)

	History of Ethiopia -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A belief had long prevailed in Europe of the existence of a Christian kingdom in the far east, whose monarch was known as (additional info and facts about Prester John) Prester John, and various expeditions had been sent in quest of it.
		Covilham remained in the country, but in 1507 an Armenian named Matthew was sent by the negus to the king of (A republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; Portuguese explorers and colonists in the 15th and 16th centuries created a vast overseas empire (including Brazil)) Portugal to request his aid against the Muslims.
		In the beginning of the 17th century Father (additional info and facts about Pedro Páez) Pedro Páez arrived at Fremona, a man of great tact and judgment, who soon rose into high favour at court, and gained over the emperor to his faith.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/hi/history_of_ethiopia.htm (3412 words)

	CDR - Portuguese Era (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		During the first stage, from 1500 to the end of Affonso de Albuquerque’s governorship in 1515, they fought their way into the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Oman, and established themselves there by force of arms.
		The pearling industry of Julfar is mentioned by the early Portuguese traveler Pedro Teixeira who wrote that a fleet of 50 terradas sailed from there each July and August to fish for pearls off Qatar and Bahrain.
		De Barros in his Decades gave a detailed account of the revenue and expenditure of Hormuz under Portuguese occupation and mentioned that the Julfar district paid 7,500 ‘ashrafis’, which was the largest amount paid.
	www.cdr.gov.ae /uaehistory/port.htm (2162 words)

	[No title]
		Then, indeed, they might take to themselves the motto talant de bien jaire, which this prince, their great leader, caused to be inscribed by his captains in many a land, that as yet, at least, has not found much good from its introduction, under his auspices, to the civilization of an older world.
		Pedro de Covilham and Alfonso de Paiva went on an enterprise of discovery mainly by land.
		At the mouth of the Rio de Mares, some of the admiral's men, whom he had sent to reconnoitre, brought him word that the houses of the natives were the best they had seen.
	www.gutenberg.org /files/15336/15336.txt (16757 words)

	GALWAY - Online Information article about GALWAY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Covilham and Affonso de Payva were despatched eastward by land; while Bartholomeu See also:
		Cochin, "doing all the harm he could on the way to all that he found at sea," and having made favourable trading terms with it and with other towns on the coast, he returned to Lisbon in September 1503, with richly laden ships.
		Correa, he continued to advise King Emanuel I. on matters connected with India and maritime policy up to 1505, and there are extant twelve documents dated 1507—1522 which prove that he continued to enjoy the royal favour.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /GAG_GEO/GALWAY.html (2806 words)

	Vasco da Gama
		In that year died Prince Henry the Navigator, to whose intelligence and foresight must be traced back all the fame that Portugal gained on the seas in the 15th and 16th centuries.
		For this purpose Pedro de Covilham and Affonso de Payva were despatched eastward by land; while Bartholomew Diaz, in command of two vessels, was sent westward by sea.
		The condition of John's health and concerns of state, however, prevented the fitting out of the intended expedition; and it was not until nine years later, when Emanuel I had succeeded to the throne, that the preparations for this great voyage were completed -- hastened, doubtless, by Christopher Columbus' discovery of America in the meanwhile.
	www.nndb.com /people/101/000091825 (926 words)

	NILE, SOBAT - Encyclopedia Britannica - NILE, SOBAT - JCSM's Study Center
		All the emperors have based their claims on their direct descent from Solomon and the queen of Sheba; but it is needless to say that in many, if not in most, cases their success has been due more to the force of their arms than to the purity of their lineage.
		The whole history of the country is in fact one gloomy record of internecine wars, barbaric deeds and unstable governments, of adventurers usurping thrones, only to be themselves unseated, and of raids, rapine and pillage.
		Morie's Histoire de l'Ethiopie: Tome ii, "L'Abyssinie " (Paris, 1904), is a comprehensive survey (the views on modern affairs being coloured by a strong anti-British bias).
	www.jcsm.org /StudyCenter/Encyclopedia_Britannica/NEW_NUM/NILE_SOBAT.html (13854 words)

	History of Portugal
		Its name (Portucelia, Terra portucalensis) was derived from the little seaport of Portus Cale or Vila Nova de Gaia, now a suburb of Porto, at the mouth of the Douro.
		Pedro de Covilham had reached Abyssinia as early as 1490; In the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea, one of Cabral's ships discovered Madagascar (1501), which was partly explored by Tristão da Cunha (1507); Mauritius was discovered in 1507, Socotra occupied in 1506, and in the same year D. Lourenco d'Almeida visited Ceylon.
		In the Red Sea Massawa was the most northerly point frequented by the Portuguese until 1541, when a fleet under Estevão da Gama penetrated as far as Suez.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/portugal.html (1050 words)

	ABYSSINIA
		Their deed resembles that of the forty men under Ben-Gurion who swore to go to their deaths together and who indeed did so, killing one another rather than giving themselves up to Rome.
		In this respect it resembles the deaths of the earlier and later ones who preferred suicide to obeisance of men who are not of their faith, for the Jews do not consort with the Christians, even to the extent of a single word...
		Covilham remained in the country, but in 1507 an Armenian named Matthew was sent by the negus to the king of Portugal to request his aid against the Mahommedans.
	www.northernwatchdog.com /abyssinia.html (8145 words)

	GALWAY - Encyclopedia Britannica - GALWAY - JCSM's Study Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		On the extinction of the native dynasty of the O'Connors, the town fell into the hands of the De Burgos, the head of a branch of which, under the name of M'William Eighter, long governed it by magistrates of his own appointment.
		After it had been secured by walls, which began to be built about 1270 and are still in part traceable, it became the residence of a number of enterprising settlers, through whom it attained a position of much commercial celebrity.
		For this purpose Pedro de Covilham and Affonso de Payva were despatched eastward by land; while Bartholomeu Diaz (q.v.), in command of two vessels, was sent westward by sea (see ABYSSINIA, 14).
	www.jcsm.org /StudyCenter/Encyclopedia_Britannica/GAG_GEO/GALWAY.html (2076 words)

	[No title]
		Wherever the Portuguese investigators landed they left marks of their presence, at first by erecting crosses, then by carving on trees Prince Henry's motto, "Talent de bien faire," and finally they adopted the method of erecting stone pillars, surmounted by a cross, and inscribed with the king's arms and name.
		In 1484, Diego Cam, a knight of the king's household, set up one of these pillars at the mouth of a large river, which he therefore called the Rio do Padrao; it was called by the natives the Zaire, and is now known as the River Congo.
		Meanwhile Covilham returned to the Red Sea, and made his way into Abyssinia, where he married and settled down, transmitting from time to time information to Portugal which gave Europeans their first notions of Abyssinia.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/1/4/2/9/14291/14291.txt (18984 words)

	Journeys Into The Arabian Peninsula :: Muslim Writers Society :: He Who taught with the pen, Taught man that which he ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		At the end of the fifteenth century, Pedro da Covilham was among the first Europeans to be commissioned to travel across the Mediterranean into Muslim territory to explore the possibilities of trade in spices.
		Covilham was among the first Europeans to visit Arabia.
		Shortly after Covilham, another Italian adventurer Ludovico di Varathema traveled throughout the length and breadth of Arabia, entering the Holy Cities of Makkah and Madinah.
	writers.oneummah.net /modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=325&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 (2617 words)

	The Story of Mankind - THE GREAT DISCOVERIES
		At first he called it the Storm Cape, on account of the strong winds which had prevented him from continuing his voyage toward the east, but the Lisbon pilots who understood the importance of this discovery in their quest for the India water route, changed the name into that of the Cape of Good Hope.
		One year later, Pedro de Covilham, provided with letters of credit on the house of Medici, started upon a similar mission by land.
		Vasco Nunez de Balboa had crossed the Isthmus of Panama, had climbed the famous peak in Darien, and had looked down upon a vast expanse of water which seemed to suggest the existence of another ocean.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/youth/history/thestoryofmankind/chap40.html (3346 words)

	Discoverers Web: The Portuguese in Asia
		De Paiva went to the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia, while Covilhão explored the coasts of East Africa and India.
		For this purpose, a viceroy was appointed; the first such viceroy was Francisco de Almeida, from 1505 to 1508.
		Serrao was a friend of Fernão de Magelhães, who later captained the first voyage around the world for the Spanish.
	www.win.tue.nl /cs/fm/engels/discovery/portemp.html (1423 words)

	The Story of Geographical Discovery
		The first mention of it is given in a treatise on Natural History by Alexander Neckam, foster-brother of Richard, Cœur de Lion.
		He determined on steering even a more westerly course than Vasco da Gama, and when he arrived in 17° south of the line, he discovered land which he took possession of in the name of Portugal, and named Santa Cruz.
		But the greatest of the Portuguese viceroys was Affonso de Albuquerque, who captured the important post of Goa, on the mainland of India, which still belongs to Portugal, and the port of Ormuz, which, we have seen, was one of the centres of the Eastern trade.
	www2.cddc.vt.edu /gutenberg/1/4/2/9/14291/14291-h/14291-h.htm (17404 words)

	[No title]
		THE arrival in A.D. 1487 of Pedro De Covilham, a sea-faring adventurer from Lisbon, in what is today Kozhikode on the Kerala coast, followed 11 years later by the historic landing of another Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama, in the same place, opened a gateway to India for Europeans.
		Although they came "to spread the message of the Gospel," many of them took a keen interest in getting to know the socio-economic conditions of the people of their adopted regions besides their language and literature.
		Prominent among such missionaries were G.U. Pope, C.J. Beschi (known in Tamil as Veeramamunivar) and Robert de Nobili.
	www.frontlineonnet.com /fl1509/15090820.htm (1528 words)

	The Probert Encyclopaedia - People and Peoples (O-P)
		Pierre Charles Jean Baptiste Sylvestre De Villeneuve was a French admiral.
		He was born in 1897 and died in 1975.
		Pierre Jean de Beranger was a French lyric poet, born in Paris in 1780.
	www.fas.org /news/reference/probert/CB.HTM (4819 words)

	Discoverers Web: Alphabetical List: C
		Shipwrecks on the coast of Texas and lives as a semi-prisoner among the local Indians.
		Traces a route between Pánuco and the Mazapil mines and punishes hostile indians near the mouth of the Rio Grande.
		Samuel de Champlain - Geographer and Builder of a Colony
	www.win.tue.nl /~engels/discovery/alpha/c.html (2195 words)

	CHAPTER XXX--EASTERN MYTHOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		To stead thy lord, so shalt thou share with him The greatness of this deed which helps the world; For therefore ride I, not for men alone, But for all things which, speechless, share our pain, And have no hope, nor wit to ask for hope.
		It is a doctrine alike of the Brahminical Hindus and of the Buddhist sect that the confinement of the human soul, an emanation of the divine spirit, in a human body, is a state of misery, and the consequence of frailties and sins committed during former existences.
		The Pope sent a mission in search of him, as did also Louis IX of France, some years later, but both missions were unsuccessful, though the small communities of Nestorial Christians, which they did find, served to keep up the belief in Europe that such a personage did exist somewhere in the East.
	www.rickwalton.com /authtale/bmyth123.htm (4740 words)

	Portugal capitalism Dias profit motive
		In 1487 a Portuguese explorer named Pedro da Covilham was given orders by King John to explore an overland route to India through Egypt.
		Not content with the Indian trade, she would expand her trade into what became the East Indies.
		In 1509, Deigo Lopes de Sequeira led an expedition to the Spice Islands (now Indonesia) and in 1511 captured Malacca (Malaysia).
	www.periclespress.com /theory_4.html (1407 words)

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