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	Pedunculate oak - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Pedunculate Oak or English Oak (Quercus robur) is native to most of Europe, and to Asia Minor to the Caucasus, and also to parts of North Africa.
		It is the type species of the genus (the species by which the oak genus Quercus is defined), and a member of the white oak section Quercus subgenus Quercus section Quercus.
		Pedunculate Oak is distinguished from this species by its leaves having only a very short stalk 3–8 mm long, and by its pendunculate acorns.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pedunculate_oak (532 words)

	How to identify pedunculate and sessile oak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Pedunculate oak has a short leaf stem and 2 'earlobes' at the base of the leaf.
		Pedunculate or English oak is tolerant of extremes of climate.
		In contrast with the pedunculate oak, the sessile oak is not tolerant of flooding.
	www.toof.org.uk /tree_and_shrub_information/oak/oak_no_script.html (413 words)

	Trees for Life - Species Profile: Oak
		About 450 species of oak have been described worldwide, of which 25 are native to Europe, but only sessile and pedunculate oak have such a broad distribution, and they are the sole species native to the north and west of the continent.
		Both species of oak are distributed throughout much of Scotland at lower elevations, usually less than 300 metres, although pedunculate oak is more common in the south and east of the country and sessile oak predominates in the north and west.
		Oaks are deciduous trees, and in winter their buds are distinctive by being clustered at the end of the twigs.
	www.treesforlife.org.uk /forest/species/oak.html (2800 words)

	Pedunculate oak: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The pin oak (quercus palustris) is an oak in the red oak section quercus sect....
		The chinkapin oak (quercus muhlenbergii) is an oak in the white oak group (quercus sect....
		Live oak is a common name for a number of unrelated oaks in several different sections of the genus quercus that happen to share the character of evergreen...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pe/pedunculate_oak.htm (1389 words)

	Oak - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Oaks are hardwood trees, the wood commonly used in furniture and flooring.
		Oak Wilt, caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum (a fungus closely related to Dutch Elm Disease), is also a lethal disease of some oaks, particularly the red oaks (the white oaks can be infected but generally live longer).
		Image:5ec ger.png The oak is a common symbol of strength and endurance, and is the national tree of the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Oak (1028 words)

	Oaks
		Pedunculate Oak is a deciduous tree, with a broad, rounded outline up to 30 m or more tall, with a bark which becomes deeply fissured with age.
		Pedunculate Oak and the closely related Sessile Oak, are the most important native trees for sustaining wildlife, especially insects, in Britain.
		Turkey Oak is a deciduous tree with a broad, rounded outline, up to 35 m tall with a bark more fissured and rough than native oaks.
	www-saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk /trees/quercus.htm (605 words)

	The University of Glasgow :: Newsletter :: Issue 265 - News
		Two good examples of the Pedunculate oak may be seen on the Gilmorehill campus, one towards the southwest corner of the Professor garden behind the Kelvin building, the other towards the west end of the south front on the other side of the road in front of the Principal’s residence.
		Tannin extracted from oak bark was used to make leather pliable and decay resistant and formed the basis of the tanning industry that lasted from the mid 17th century until the early 20th century.
		Two probable examples of ancient Pedunculate oaks are the Covenanter’s oak at Dalzell house, Motherwell (may be a pollard or lost its leading shoot to browsing) and the Balmaha oak, which is clearly coppiced.
	www.gla.ac.uk:443 /newsdesk/newsletter/details.cfm?id=3336&issue=265&category=catnews (1391 words)

	Pedunculate oak - Quercus robur: More Information - ARKive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		This oak, the 'king of trees' has a special place in the English psyche, and is a well-loved symbol of strength and duration (4).
		The pedunculate oak is the dominant tree of deciduous woods in Britain, it occurs in coppice woodland, high forest and ancient wood pastureland, and has often been planted in hedgerows.
		Upland oak woodlands have declined by 30-40% over the last 60 years as a result of re-planting with conifers, conversion to grazing land, overgrazing by sheep and deer, and unsuitable management (8).
	arkive.org /species/ARK/plants_and_algae/Quercus_robur/more_info.html (903 words)

	The University of Glasgow :: Newsletter :: Issue 264 - News
		Oaks are the Queens or Kings of trees as far as biodiversity is concerned and there are 2 species native to Scotland.
		Oak made excellent charcoal, and in the north of Britain the smelters' furnaces were fed by charcoal from the sessile or durmast oak (Quercus petraea), which tolerates the more acid, less fertile soils of the region.
		The huge quantities of oak required for charcoal exceeded the supply of this slow-growing tree, and by the 17th century large tracts of the Scottish countryside had been stripped of its oaks by greedy lairds eager to cash in on their value to the smelters.
	www.gla.ac.uk:443 /newsdesk/newsletter/details.cfm?id=3258&issue=264&category=catnews (1657 words)

	The Oak Tree (Quercus robor)
		In the Bristol area, the Pedunculate Oak is by far the most common.
		English Oak heartwood is of high quality in strength and durability, and has been in great demand throughout history, especially for the construction of barrels, houses and ships.
		Most of our old Oaks have been managed by pollarding, that is, the harvesting of the timber by removal of the upper branches.
	www.tsbr19510.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /oak.htm (623 words)

	Mycorrhiza Literature Exchange
		Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) was germinated and grown at ambient CO2 concentration and 650 mu mol mol(-1) CO2 in the presence and absence of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata for a total of 22 weeks under non-limiting nutrient conditions.
		Allocation of reduced sulphur from oak leaves was studied by flap-feeding radiolabelled GSH to mature oak leaves.
		From these experiments it can be concluded that, in mycorrhizal oak trees grown at elevated CO2, the transport of sulphate to the shoot is increased at the level of xylem loading to enable increased sulphate reduction in the leaves.
	mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu /latest/1996/96_seegm1.htm (447 words)

	Digimorph - Quercus robur (pedunculate oak)
		Quercus robur L. (English or Pedunculate Oak) is one of two closely related species of oak native to the British Isles.
		In ring porous hardwoods like oak and elm, most of the water is conducted up the outer growth ring, and the earlywood vessels in growth rings formed in previous years are non-functional.
		This specimen of pedunculate oak (shown below), a small part of a much larger specimen, comes from Malvern in England.
	www.digimorph.org /specimens/Quercus_robur (676 words)

	Oak
		At one time, oak enemas were the primary approach to the treatment of extreme cases of dysentary as it causes a very rapid correction of the problem.
		Oak bark can be added to bathwater to treat large areas of damaged skin rather than applying it directly to affected areas.
		Oak galls are particularly potent medicine as they may contain up to two or three times the tannin of the bark, but can be used for the same things, although in smaller quantities.
	www.innvista.com /HEALTH/herbs/oak.htm (667 words)

	Pedunculate Oak : Keele University Arboretum
		This is the familiar oak of the English countryside.
		Separation of the Pedunculate from Sessile Oak is complicated by the fact that the two hybridise readily.
		Oak is widely used as a building material because of its hard wood.
	www.keele.ac.uk /university/arboretum/trees/pedunculate_oak.htm (562 words)

	Oak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Decoctions of oak bark are used externally as bath additives or gargles for diseases of the skin and mucous membranes or as poultices for itching and weeping eczemas, for sweaty feet, chilblains, burns, haemorrhoids, anal eczema and fissures, for inflammatory conditions of the mouth and throat as well as the eyes.
		The sacred oak was an assembly place where courts of justice were held or the gods were asked for their advice.
		Oak bark with its high tannin content was until very recently the most important raw material used for preparing tanning solutions.
	www.wala.de /english/pflanze/archiv/eiche.htm (1050 words)

	Quercus robur
		The pedunculate oak is the only oak species found in Finland.
		In Finland natural oak stands are fairly rare and the species occurs primarily in the south western parts of the country - further north the climatic conditions are not favourable.
		The pedunculate oak has long been a popular study species in ecological and chemoecological studies, and many species are associated with it.
	www.helsinki.fi /science/metapop/english/Species/Tammi.htm (122 words)

	Keele University Arboretum : Oaks at Keele
		In Sessile Oak, the leaf tapers into the stalk while in Pedunculate Oak there are two ear-like lobes or auricles at the base which are shown to better effect in the photograph on the right.
		Sessile Oak leaves tend to be symmetrical on either side (a leaf folded down the midrib matches on the sides) whereas the pedunculate oak tends to be much less symmetrical.
		Before we move on it is worth just comparing the leaves of the three common oaks at Keele again; the rather long and narrow leaves of the Turkey Oak, the short stalk with lobed base of the Pedunculate Oak and the tapered base with long stalk of the Sessile Oak.
	www.keele.ac.uk /university/arboretum/articles/oaks.htm (1464 words)

	Oak - Voyager, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Hybrids are common in oaks, but only between species within the same section; no verified inter-section hybrids are known.
		Oak Wilt, caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum (a fungus closely related to Dutch Elm Disease), is also a lethal disease of some oaks, particularly the red oaks (the white oaks can be infected but resist the disease better, and are not usually killed).
		The oak is a common symbol of strength and endurance, and is the national tree of the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States.
	www.voyager.in /Oak (944 words)

	Royal Forestry Society of England, Wales and Northern Ireland Home Page
		Following the last Ice Age, oak trees migrated to Britain naturally from mainland Europe by seeding across the land bridge that is now the English Channel.
		Oak wood is golden brown with prominent paler flecks (medullary rays) maturing to deep brown when used inside, or light silvery grey out of doors.
		Besides timber, oak woods once provided a harvest of bark for the leather tanning industry, and in good acorn seasons (mast years)animals were grazed under the trees to fatten them up before winter.
	www.rfs.org.uk /thirdlevel.asp?ThirdLevel=175&SecondLevel=33 (430 words)

	Tree2mydoor UK - Natural Tree Gifts and Wild Flower Gifts
		On pedunculate oak they are borne on stalks (or ‘peduncles’), sessile acorns are not.
		Oak leaves are quite distinctive, having 3-6 unequal ‘thumb’ shaped lobes on either side of the leaf, which gives it a wavy edged look.
		Oak wood is so durable and strong it was prized for roof timbers in great medieval grain barns and churches, such as Lincoln Cathedral.
	www.tree2mydoor.com /products/treedirectory.asp?id=13 (1400 words)

	Forestry Commission - Sessile Oak - Quercus petraea
		Regarded as “kings of the forest”, Oaks are sturdy, tall with domed crowns.
		Sessile Oak is naturally more typical in the north and west, Pedunculate Oak on the clay soils further south and east.
		Oak trees were often landmarks and are still found in many place names such as Sevenoaks in Kent, England.
	www.forestry.gov.uk /website/oldsite.nsf/byunique/infd-5nlj46?Open&PrintFriendly=y (730 words)

	WIRKSWORTH-Parish Records-Website rankings
		Large oaks were frequently depicted as dwelling places for woodland spirits and legend has it that Robin Hood hid from his enemies inside the Major Oak.
		The oak's great hollow interior is not man-made; it is actually caused by fungi, the most invasive of which is called the "poor man's Beefsteak" (Fistulina hepatica), whose fruiting bodies are sometimes seen growing on the bark of the tree during the Autumn.
		The Major Oak's first recorded name was the Cockpen tree; this was with reference to its earlier use as a cockerel pen during the mid 18th century.
	www.eyemead.com /Majorart.htm (1799 words)

	BBC - Nottingham 360 Images - Where to go : Inside the Major Oak
		The Major Oak is a Quercus Robur, an English or pedunculate oak.
		Inside the oak there is room for a small army to hide with their bows and arrows.
		The Major Oak vital statistics are impressive — it weighs around 23 tons, has a girth of ten metres (33ft) and a spread of 28 metres (92ft) - this makes it the biggest oak tree in Britain.
	www.bbc.co.uk /nottingham/360/where_to_go/sherwood_forest/major_oak_interior.shtml (182 words)

	Basildon District Local Plan Redeposit
		Oak and Hornbeam pollards of some good size are present along the lane, whilst the presence of Spindle-tree (Euonymus europaeus) and Midland Hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata) testify to its ancient woodland status.
		The canopy is composed of Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur).
		The planted trees are mainly Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur), Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus).
	www.basildon.gov.uk /localplan/appendix10.html (7395 words)

	Online Plant Encyclopedia: Quercus robur - Quercus pedunculata - Common oak - English oak - Pedunculate oak
		The timber of both native oaks was used in building of ships, timber framed buildings, and the construction of furniture.
		Very old oak trees are often given names, and people visit and wonder at them.
		The majesty and strength of a mature oak resonates within the hearts of many.
	www.plantpress.com /plant-encyclopedia/plantdb.php?plant=772 (773 words)

	Common Oak - Pedunculate Oak - English Oak - UK Safari
		It is these stalks which give the tree its alternative name the 'pedunculate oak'.
		The English oak is a deciduous tree, and in the autumn, usually around November, it sheds its leaves.
		The oak tree can be home to more than 300 species of invertebrates.
	www.uksafari.com /commonoak.htm (253 words)

	tree-shop.co.uk - Pedunculate (English) Oak tree
		The familiar common or English oak is found across most of lowland Britain.
		Oak timber is legendary for its strength and appearance.
		Living oaks are picturesque in the rural landscape.
	www.tree-shop.co.uk /products_detail.asp?productheadingID=1013 (176 words)

	Information on the herb oak.
		This page contains information on oak and how it is used as a herb in alternative herbal treatments to treat ailments and problems, such as prolapsed uterus, prolapsed anus and hemorrhoids.
		Please note that we are not advocating that people stop using their normal medication, but would like to make people aware that some alternative therapies can be very effective to help treat problems and create a healthier, younger and more vital you.
		Oak bark has bitter, astringent, and anti-septic properties, reducing inflammation and controlling bleeding.
	www.ageless.co.za /herb-oak.htm (456 words)

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