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Topic: Peer of France

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	Peer article - Peer peer group peerage nobility Britain Ireland duke marquess earl - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A peer is also a member of the peerage, or nobility, in Britain or Ireland, comprising the ranks of duke, marquess, earl, viscount, or baron.
		Peer is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
		Peer (short for peer-e-tariqat, or "leader of the order") is also the title given to the head of Sufi orders.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Peer (227 words)

	France (2004), DAC Peer Review: Main Findings and Recommendations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		France’s ODA increased significantly between 2001 and 2003, rising in volume terms from USD 4.2 billion to USD 7.3 billion and in terms of ODA/GNI from 0.32% to 0.41%.
		France could follow up on this example and use its influence to encourage the European Commission to pursue reforms in areas which would assist developing countries in sectors where they have a comparative advantage but which were not covered by the reform of common agricultural policy in 2003.
		France’s stated intention of entrusting the principal role in ODA implementation to the AFD has not been fully translated into action inasmuch as the latter is responsible for managing only about 10% of total ODA, with MAE and MINEFI responsible for 29% and 40% respectively.
	www.oecd.org /document/11/0,2340,en_2649_33721_32070731_1_1_1_1,00.html (3760 words)

	FRANCOIS HENRI DE MONTMORENCYBOUTEVILLE, DUKE OF LUXEMBURG - LoveToKnow Article on FRANCOIS HENRI DE ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In 1676 he was placed at the head of the army of the Rhine, but failed to keep the duke of Lorraine out Of Philipsburg in 1677 he stormed Valenciennes; and in 1678 he defeated thi prince of Orange, who attacked him at St Denis after the signature of the peace of Nijmwegen.
		St Simon describes in the first volume of his Memoirs how, instead of ranking as eighteenth peer of France according to his patent of 1661, he claimed through his wife to be due de Piney of an old creation of 1571, which would place him second on the roll.
		It was conquered by France in 1795, and retained b> that power until the end of the Napoleonic wars.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /L/LU/LUXEMBURG_FRANCOIS_HENRI_DE_MONTMORENCYBOUTEVILLE_DUKE_OF.htm (1753 words)

	Embassy of France in the US - Cooperation/Francophony
		As you know, France has decided substantially to increase her development assistance and is very keen to improve its effectiveness.
		Peer pressure, learning from each other and the principle of collective responsibility seem to us excellent ground rules.
		Capacity building is one of the keys to improving the effectiveness of our assistance in the partnership framework, a way of working which has to be prioritized.
	www.info-france-usa.org /news/statmnts/2003/wiltzer_oecd042203.asp (686 words)

	peer review \| Reorganisation and Reduction of Working Time in France
		Of particular interest to the peer countries was Austria's integration of the TEPs into the NAP and the ESF programme, its approach to gender mainstreaming, its efforts to involve NGOs and educational institutions in future, and devolution.
		Given the diversity in institutional contexts between the peer countries, a transfer of the Austrian TEP structure (which is never the same even within Austria) was not contemplated by the peer countries.
		The peer review meeting on Territorial Employment Pacts in Austria was held in Vienna on 10th and 11th May 2001 in co-operation with the Austrian Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Labour.
	peerreview.almp.org /de/AUSTmay01.htm (377 words)

	PIERRE FRANCOIS JOSEPH LEFEBVRE - LoveToKnow Article on PIERRE FRANCOIS JOSEPH LEFEBVRE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		, duke of Danzig (1755-1820), marshal of France, was born at Rouffach in Alsace on the 20th of October 1755.
		At the outbreak of the Revolution he was a sergeant in the Gardes francaises, and with many of his comrades of this regiment took the popular side.
		He was made a peer of France by Louis XVIII.
	26.1911encyclopedia.org /L/LE/LEFEBVRE_PIERRE_FRANCOIS_JOSEPH.htm (362 words)

	France:News & Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		France and Italy have joined the 10 existing Parties to the joint OECD/Council of Europe Convention on Mutual Assistance in Tax Matters.
		Since the early 1990s, when France's general government deficit reached a disturbing 6 per cent of GDP, the country's public finances have progressed substantially, even though significantly further improvement is required.
		France is the most generous G7 country in terms of ODA/GNI ratio.
	www.oecd.org /newsEvents/0,2347,en_2649_33873376_1_1_1_2_1,00.html (540 words)

	PIERRE ANDRE LATREILLE - LoveToKnow Article on PIERRE ANDRE LATREILLE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Guy, sire de la TrCmoille, standard-bearer of France, was taken prisoner at the battle of Nicopolis (1396), and Georges, the favorite of King Charles VII., was captured at Agincourt (1415).
		Louis (2), called the chevalier sans reproche, defeated and captured the duke of Orleans at the bat tie of Saint.Aubin-du-Cormier (1488), distinguished himself in the wars in Italy, and was killed at Pavia (f525).
		Louis Cl) became duke of Thouars in 1563, and his son Claude turned Protestant, was created a peer of France in 1595, and married a daughter of William the Silent in 1598.
	97.1911encyclopedia.org /L/LA/LATREILLE_PIERRE_ANDRE.htm (403 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Etienne-Antoine Boulogne
		Boulogne refused to take the oath of the civil constitution of the clergy demanded by the laws and was in consequence stripped of his titles and benefices.
		In 1811 Napoleon had the bishops of France and Northern Italy summoned to a council to be held at Paris.
		When this committee reported that there was no authority in France that could supply, even provisionally and for a case of necessity, the absence of the pope's Bulls of episcopal investiture, Napoleon dissolved the council and that very night Bishop Boulogne was arrested and imprisoned.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02714b.htm (573 words)

	Hugo's Honors and Exile
		In 1845 Hugo was made a peer of France, and in the Senate advocated giving permission for the return of the Bonaparte family to France.
		When the hateful Second Empire of France was overthrown in 1870, the illustrious exile hastened to Paris and vainly besought the Germans to withdraw from France.
		He died on the 22nd of May, 1885, and France in a memorable funeral testified her grief at the loss.
	www.theatrehistory.com /french/hugo007.html (761 words)

	REN JOSEPH ISIDORE, COUNT EXELMANS - LoveToKnow Article on REN JOSEPH ISIDORE, COUNT EXELMANS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		marshal of France, was born at Bar-le-Duc on the 13th of November 1775.
		After the second Restoration he denounced, if~ the House of Peers, the execution of Marshal Ney as an abominable assassination ; thereafter he lived in exile in Belgium and Nassau for some years, till 1819, when he was recalled to France.
		In 1828 he was appointed inspector-general of cavalry; and after the July revolution of 1830 he received from Louis Philippe th~ grand cross of the Legion of Honor, and was reinstated as a peer of France.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /E/EX/EXELMANS_REN_JOSEPH_ISIDORE_COUNT.htm (1472 words)

	PRINCES OF ROHAN, HEIRS OF THE DUCHY OF BOUILLON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Duke of Rohan and Peer of France (Apr 1603, registered 7 Aug 1603), whose elder surv dau Marguerite (1630-1684), m 1645 Henry Chabot, and were ancestors of the family of ROHAN-CHABOT, Dukes of Rohan (see that family).
		Sedan and Raucourt surrendered to France in exchange for the Duchy-Peerages of Albret and Château-Thierry 20 Mar 1651; possession of Bouillon recovered for 3
		Head of the House: Duke of Montbazon and Bouillon, Duke-Peer of France, Prince of Guemenée, prince of Rohan, Serene Hignness; cadets, Prince of Princess of Rohan and Serene Highness.
	www.chivalricorders.org /royalty/gotha/rohan.htm (605 words)

	peer review \| Réorganisation et Réduction du temps de travail en France
		The peer review meeting on the Dutch Flexibility and Security Act was held in The Hague on October 26-27, 2000.
		The participating peer countries were France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain.
		This balancing of employees' rights whilst encouraging the flexibility of the labour market is what raised the most interest among the peer countries though few saw an immediate possibility of transfer due to the unique model of co-operation of the Dutch government and the social partners.
	peerreview.almp.org /fr/NLoct00.htm (302 words)

	Articles - Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The second son of Francis of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, he was absent from France at the time of the massacre of St Bartholomew, but took part in the siege of La Rochelle in the following year, when he was created duke and peer of France.
		He went with Henry of Valois, Duke of Anjou (later Henry III of France), on his election as king of Poland, but soon returned to France to become the energetic supporter and lieutenant of his brother, the 3rd Duke of Guise.
		Henry III in his extremity sought an alliance with Henry of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France), and the allied forces drove the leaguers back, and had laid siege to Paris when the murder of Henry III by a Dominican fanatic changed the face of affairs and gave new strength to the Catholic party.
	www.worldhammock.com /articles/Charles_of_Lorraine,_Duke_of_Mayenne (1056 words)

	The Courier-Mail: Privatise France Telecom: OECD (archived) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		FRANCE should complete privatisation of Air France and France Telecom and should separate the telecom group from its cable business, the OECD has recommended in a review of regulatory reform.
		Commenting that France had reduced the role of the state in its economy and had largely opened its networks to competition, the OECD said that "further progress is still possible in some network industries and utilities".
		The government should "complete the privatisation of Air France and France Telecom", and divest the telecom operator of its cable subsidiary "as part of a strategy to strengthen competition in cable television".
	www.couriermail.news.com.au /common/story_page/0,5936,10066779%255E15306,00.html (485 words)

	Page 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		King John of England explicitly acknowledged Philip as his liege lord for Guyenne (which was part of the duchy of Aquitaine—see the 1337 map).
		Henry became a peer of France (the uppermost layer of French nobility), but that in turn meant he acknowledged the King of France as his liege lord.
		France now faced a situation it had not faced for centuries.
	history.boisestate.edu /hy309/100YW/02.html (945 words)

	The Man Who Laughs -- Chapter 91 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In France, the peer was a mock king; in England, a real prince--less grand than in France, but more genuine: we might say less, but worse.
		The peers of England held the throne in suspicion and guardianship.
		The peers of France were higher and less powerful, holding to rank more than to authority, and to precedence more than to domination.
	www.litrix.com /mlaughs/mlaug091.htm (2487 words)

	IN FRANCE
		In March 1631, the Mantuan succession dispute between France and the Hapsburgs was settled in a manner highly favorable to France, in part as a result of the startling successes of Gustavus Adolphus.
		Montmorency was a peer of France, in fact her greatest noble.
		From then on, the war became less and less a war of religion, and more an open struggle between France and her allies against the Spanish and Austrian Hapsburgs, a war carried out on German soil and supported by such German princelings as were willing to let themselves be hired.
	friends.xocomp.net /landry/LandryFamilyHistory/Ch03.htm (3888 words)

	France - Crussol
		Antoine, son of Charles, was one of the great military factors in the religious troubles that beset the reign of Charles IX.
		He was made a peer of France in 1572 and died a year late without posterity.
		Small boys and pet goats seem to be as much a part of French ruins as the ghosts that moan through the empty halls at night or the pines that take root in the high crannies.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles07/burgundy-14.shtml (2176 words)

	Victor Hugo
		Already France's greatest living writer at 30, in 1845 he was made a peer of France by Louis Philippe - the same year that he began to write Les Misérables.
		The most abiding picture of Hugo is that of the exile: the "Guernesy Tribunal" dispensing judgement and truth across Europe, his patriarchal image enhanced by the beard he grew to protect his weak throat.
		Hugo was France's favourite son but, more than that, for years he had been her champion, her conscience and her spirit.
	members.aol.com /cpntresan/hugo.html (732 words)

	The Nation, 07/22/1875 - New Universities in France
		Secondary education had practically become free in France but the higher instruction still remained a monopoly of the university.
		...It was a striking spectacle to see a peer of France and a Dominican monk defend themselves in the name of liberty against an administration which called itself liberal...
		...France may receive a new development from the free rivalry of various universities ; tlie great practical difficulty lies only in the right of giving degrees, as these degrees are necessary for all tlie liberal professions...
	www.nationarchive.com /Summaries/v021i0525_06.htm (1839 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - View Single Post - - ARCHIVE - Royal Court of France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Nobles of France know that this offer of peace is no further negotiable.
		France will pick the next monarch in line to serve as regent until Louis is of age.
		* Normandy, Aquitaine, Brittany, Auvergne, Bourbonaise, Provence, kingdom France etc. To accept the house of Plantaginet and future Kings and Queens of England as Judicial Overlord of France including all Frankish domains and are never to raise arms against him or any of his vassals again.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showpost.php?p=826631&postcount=11 (523 words)

	Amazon.fr : Livres en anglais: Peer Reviews in Software: A Practical Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		But implementing peer review can be challenging -- for technical, political, social, cultural, and psychological reasons.
		Wiegers begins by discussing the cultural and social aspects of peer review, and reviewing several formal and informal approaches- their implications, their challenges, and the opportunities they present for quality improvement.
		The heart of the book is an in-depth look at the "nuts and bolts" of inspection, including the roles of inspectors, planning, examining work products, conducting code review meetings; improving the inspection process, and achieving closure.
	www.amazon.fr /exec/obidos/ASIN/0201734850 (647 words)

	First empire - Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Titles: Marshal of the Empire in 1804; Peer of France under Charles X; Marshal General of France under Louis Philippe.
		Learning of the restoration of the Bourbons, he immediately demonstrated an ardent royalism which earned his being created a peer of France and minister of war.
		He had to retire for reasons of health, and Louis Philippe gave him the exceptional title of marshal general of France, which no one had borne before him except Turenne, Villars, and the Marshal of Saxony.
	www.histofig.com /history/empire/personnes/france_soult_en.html (1051 words)

	H-France Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		If members of the old aristocracy, high-ranking officials (notably prefects and subprefects), and clergymen participated in the learned societies that provided the organizational base for the cult of local memories, the majority of their members, who were overwhelmingly male, came from the professional and intellectual bourgeoisie.
		Only the historical pageants popular chiefly in northern France during the 1840s and 1850s drew a more diverse range of participants, but their rules and procedures, unlike those of the traditional religious festivals they imitated, largely eliminated any expression of class or even corporate solidarity.
		The commercialism of such pageants serves to cast the local as a site not simply of resistance but of creative adaptation to modernity, as towns without a strong industrial base marketed their pasts in a bid for the tourist trade on new railway lines.
	www3.uakron.edu /hfrance/reviews/sherman.html (1708 words)

	peer - definition of peer by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia.
		A person who has equal standing with another or others, as in rank, class, or age: children who are easily influenced by their peers.
		peer of the realm - a peer who is entitled to sit in the House of Lords
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	dict.thefreelibrary.com /Peer (648 words)

	Polignac, Jules Armand, prince de on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Belonging to one of the oldest families of France, he emigrated with them during the French Revolution.
		Instead, the chamber was dissolved, and when the new elections again resulted in a liberal majority, Polignac issued (July 26, 1830) the July Ordinances, which dissolved the new chamber even before it met, established a new electoral law, and ended the freedom of the press.
		Polignac was arrested and condemned by the chamber of peers to life imprisonment.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/P/PolgncJ1.asp (333 words)

	Louis-Antoine, Cardinal de Noailles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Noailles received his doctorate in theology from the Sorbonne on 14 March 1676.
		He was appointed bishop of Cahors in March 1679 but served only briefly before Pope Innocent XI ordered him transferred in 1680 to head the diocese of Châlons-sur-Marne, which made him a peer of France.
		On 19 August 1695, in recognition of Noailles's family connections, King Louis XIV made him archbishop of Paris and duc de Saint-Cloud, and in 1700 Pope Innocent XII made him a cardinal.
	www.lighthousepoint.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Louis-Antoine,_Cardinal_de_Noailles (342 words)

	peer review \| Reorganisation and Reduction of Working Time in France
		Based at the Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences in Germany, it collects information, co-ordinates projects and supports networks to increase the proportion of women working in the information technology and engineering sectors.
		The peer countries - Austria, Denmark, Finland, and Spain - demonstrated considerable interest in the centre and in its approach.
		While situations vary in the different countries, it was clear from the papers and the discussions at the peer review meeting that the experiences of the Competence Centre can be of great importance in the search for effective solutions to the gender digital gaps in information technology qualifications and employment.
	peerreview.almp.org /de/GERMdec00.htm (437 words)

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