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	Pehr Kalm - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Pehr Kalm (known in Finland as Pietari Kalm) (March 6, 1716 – November 16, 1779) was an explorer, a botanist, a naturalist, and an agricultural economist from what is now Finland.
		Kalm was the son of a Lutheran minister from Ostrobothnian Närpes who, during the Russian occupation of the Great Northern War, had sought refuge in Angermannia, one of the northernmost provinces of the Swedish realm.
		Kalm studied at the Academy of Åbo in Turku from 1735, and from 1740 at the University of Uppsala, where he met the renowned naturalist Carolus Linnaeus, one of whose first students he became.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Pehr_Kalm (497 words)

	Learn more about Pehr Kalm in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Pehr Kalm (March 6, 1716 — November 16, 1779) was a botanist born in Sweden of Finnish parents.
		Kalm was born in the province of Angermannia, the son of a Lutheran minister.
		Kalm arrived in Pennsylvania in 1748 and made his base of operations the Swedish ex-patriate communities in southern New Jersey, where he served as pastor of a local church and married in 1750.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /p/pe/pehr_kalm.html (280 words)

	Composers
		Peter Kalm or Pehr Kalm (1716-1779) was the most famous of the "apostles" of Carl LInneus, the Swedish botanist.
		Peter Kalm was one of the first Europeans to visit the falls, but instead of breaking out into exaggerated exclamations, the scientist sat down near the river and tried to estimate the amount of water that flowed down the enormous falls and rapids.
		Kalm’s description was later published by Benjamin Franklin in sever North American as well as European magazines and gazettes of the time.
	www.nordicway.com /finland_explorers.htm (652 words)

	Kalm (1749) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Pehr Kalm was born in Sweden in 1716, the son of a Lutheran minister.
		In addition, Kalm is a genuine forerunner in that he pays much attention to the Euroamerican inhabitants of New England and New France, at a time when explorers and travellers are almost exclusively interested in the Indians of North America.
		Kalm describes many aspects of the way of life of Euroamericans in the middle of the eighteenth century, including: economic and political structures, religious and social institutions, mores, customs, fashions in dress, dietary habits and even phonetic variants in their speech.
	www.collectionscanada.ca /passages/h8-233-e.html (321 words)

	Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
		Under the influence of Bielke and Linnaeus, Pehr Kalm developed a strong interest in utilitarian botany, that is, botany as applied to problems of agriculture and industry.
		Kalm recognized, however, that men such as La Galissonière were rare; what he did not realize was that he had arrived at the zenith of French scientific interest in New France.
		Kalm’s descriptions of Canadian life and mores are among the best found in travel literature concerning the country.
	www.biographi.ca /EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=36103 (1246 words)

	Linnaeus' life and sciences
		Pehr Kalm’s journey to North America was financed by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
		Linnaeus, who was ill with gout when Kalm returned to Sweden, was so excited at the prospect of being able to dig into Kalm’s collections that he quite forgot his aches and pains.
		Kalm died in Åbo on 16 November 1779.
	www.egs.uu.se /linne/kalm.html (670 words)

	Pehr Kalm - Désencyclopédie - A Wikia wiki
		Pehr Kalm - Désencyclopédie - A Wikia wiki
		Explorateur suédois d’origine finlandaise, Pehr Kalm (1716-1924) a laissé au Québec le récit des nombreux voyages qu’il y a effectués de 1748 jusqu’à la fin de sa vie.
		Pehr Kalm meurt inondé lors de la construction en 1924 du barrage de l’Isle-Maligne, à Alma.
	desencyclopedie.wikia.com /wiki/Pehr_Kalm (846 words)

	Linné on line - A visit to the "New York" in North America
		This was how Pehr Kalm had to witness the American Indians revenge on the Englishmen in Canada in 1748.
		Pehr Kalm grew up in Åbo in Finland, studied to become a clergyman and met Linnaeus when studying in Uppsala.
		Kalm immediately started writing on his travel journal, but his accuracy made it too time consuming to finish.
	www.linnaeus.uu.se /online/animal/5_7.html (238 words)

	American Journeys Background on Travels into North America [volume 1]
		Pehr Kalm (1716-1779), whose name is sometimes found in English as Peter Kalm, was the son of a Lutheran minister.
		Although botany was his main reason for traveling, Kalm trained his scientist's eye on all aspects of American culture and his careful, dispassionate observations show colonial settlement life in great detail.
		Kalm's journal of his travels was published in Stockholm, Sweden, as En Resa til Norra America in three volumes between 1753 and 1761.
	www.americanjourneys.org /aj-117a/summary/index.asp (518 words)

	490219-00. Colden to Linnaeus, 9 February 1749
		Mr Kalm ariv’d so late last fall in Pensylvania, that the season of the year did not permet him to proceed in his intended voyage.
		The second, undated, was written in the same year, and brought to Colden by Pehr Kalm.
		Kalm had copies of these two books bound in November 1748 and the cost is noted in his American travelling expenses account.
	andromeda.rutgers.edu /~jlynch/C18/pr/lc/lc000/490219-00.html (2004 words)

	Exploring Canada: Writing on Canadian History and Society in Finland
		At that time, a scholar in the field natural economy, Pehr Kalm from the old Academy of Turku, made a trip to North America.
		Kalm was most interested in many aspects of the New World: he was attracted by its geographical and botanical features as well as by the people and general living conditions.
		Undoubtedly, Kalm's work has had a great impact on maintaining and increasing the Finnish (and Swedish) interest in North America, and in our case also in Canada.
	www.genealogia.fi /emi/art/article370e.htm (3648 words)

	The America of 1750
		Pehr Kalm, a member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences and a pupil of Linné, is one of the immortal names in American history.
		Since Kalm was the first man to describe the Niagara Falls in English from first-hand information, many versions of his account were published between September 20, 1750, and 1921, when Kalm's description reappeared in C. Dow's Anthology and Bibliography of Niagara Falls.
		The present version is the first exclusively American edition of Kalm's Travels in English and the first one dealing with the part on the United States and Canada to appear in America.
	www.genealogia.fi /emi/art/article379e.htm (640 words)

	Linnaeus Tercentenary News
		Kalm finally arrived in Philadelphia on September 15, 1748, and was met by Benjamin Franklin, to whom he had been recommended by several mutual acquaintances in England.
		Kalm and Sandin had been friends and fellow students at the university in Uppsala, so Kalm stayed as a guest in Sandin’s home and attended with great care to his surviving family, a widow with a young daughter and a new-born infant.
		Kalm’s value to us, more than 250 years later, is primarily through the clear and objective descriptions he wrote of the people and places he saw during his journey.
	www.americanswedish.org /linnaeus3.html (3107 words)

	Carl von Linnés apostles
		Kalm recurred some years late with an im-pressing plant- and seedcollection, which done Linné very pleased.
		Kalm is con-sidered as one of the front disciples.
		Kalm came into a professorship in natural history and economy at Turku university.
	www.linnaeus.nu /eng/pkalm.htm (111 words)

	Pehr Kalm - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
		Pehr (Pietari) Kalm (* 6 de marzo de 1716 - † 16 de noviembre de 1779), fue un explorador, y botánico nacido en Suecia de padres finlandeses.
		En 1746, Kalm se convierte en profesor que imparte Historia natural y economía en la academia de Åbo, puesto fijo que ocupa a tiempo completo a partir de 1747.
		Kalm llega a Pensilvania en 1748 e instala su campo base en la comunidad finosueca instalada en el sur de Nueva Jersey.
	es.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pehr_Kalm (381 words)

	Amazon.com: "Pehr Kalm": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Pehr Kalm, a Swedish scientist sent to examine the North American way of life, had something to say about them: The women...
		One such botanical explorer was Swedish botanist Pehr Kalm, who traveled to America aboard the Mary Gally, arriving in Philadelphia in September 1748.
		This was Pehr Kalm, a professor of botany, whose assignment was to conduct a search in the new world for useful seeds and plants-...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Pehr-Kalm (508 words)

	Pehr Kalm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A picture commonly believed to portray Pehr Kalm, although some modern-day historians have claimed the person in the portrait might very well be Kalm's colleague Pehr Gadd.
		Kalm arrived in Pennsylvania in 1748; there he was befriended by Benjamin Franklin and John Bartram.
		^ TIEDE 5/2003, Suomalaisten löytöretket 3: Professori Kalm pääsi amerikan lehtiin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pehr_Kalm (726 words)

	Torture and Truth: Angélique and the Burning of Montreal
		Kalm, Pehr, Travels of Pehr Kalm in Canada in 1749
		Anonyme, The science of the steward and cook with observations on the knowledge and the properties of foods
		Kaml, Pehr, Travels of Pehr Kalm in Canada in 1749
	www.canadianmysteries.ca /sites/angelique/archives/books/indexen.html (684 words)

	Torture and Truth: Angélique and the Burning of Montreal
		Voyage of Pehr Kalm to Canada, 20 September 1749.
		Generally speaking, the women of Montréal appear to be better looking than those of Québec, if I dare say so and although I have little expertise in these matters.
		Source: Kaml, Pehr, "Voyage de Pehr Kalm au Canada en 1749" (Montréal: Pierre Tisseyre, 1977), p.
	www.canadianmysteries.ca /sites/angelique/archives/books/2284en.html (590 words)

	Carl Linnaeus 1707-1778
		When Linnaeus arrived in Uppsala in 1728 he learned about another medical student interested in natural history, Pehr Arctaedius, who had begun his studies there four years earlier but was absent because of his father’s illness.
		Linnaeus published Philosophia botanica; Pehr Kalm returned from America with exciting specimens; Sara Christina (1751-1835), Linnaeus’s fourth daughter, born; in June 1751 again resumed work on Species plantarum; death of Fredrik I, accession of Adolf Fredrik and Lovisa Ulrika as King and Queen of Sweden.
		A number of these Linnaean “apostles”, Anders Berlin, Pehr Forsskål, Fredrik Hasselquist, Pehr Löfling and Christopher Tärnström, alas, died in the cause of science far from home, but others, including Pehr Kalm and Carl Peter Thunberg, returned laden with specimens for research.
	linnaeus.c18.net /Doc/lbio.php (4080 words)

	Knife of Steel C14 dated to 760-380 BC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Pussville, Pehr Tain, Pehr Tentious, Pehr Vasive, Pehr Zuazive...
		Pehr Phunctory, Pehr Phect, Pehr Collater, Pehr One, Pehr Sent...
		I forgot to mention that Pehr Ambulator is known as Peter Walker in
	www.groupsrv.com /science/about97605-0-asc-210.html (1628 words)

	What is a spoon tree? - What's in a Name? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In 1748, the Swedish Academy of Science commissioned a student of Linnaeus, Pehr Kalm, to travel to North America and search for economic plants—dye plants, new foods, fodder for animals, and the like.
		In the three years he explored the colonies (northeast U.S. and parts of Canada), Kalm collected about 380 new species, made observations about plants and animals, and noted the customs and survival techniques of early settlers and natives in the New World.
		Kalm mentioned that the 'English' called the tree a "laurel", but Spoon tree was its name among the Swedes in the colonies.
	www.killerplants.com /whats-in-a-name/20050729.asp (1333 words)

	PBIO 250 Lecture Notes -- History -- Spring 1998: Linnaeus-III
		As the plant was new and not described by him in his various dissertations on Kalm plants published prior to 1753, Linnaeus included an expanded description.
		The location of "Virginia" is an error as Kalm collected mainly in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and New York, making only brief excursions into southern Canada.
		He cites initially the phrase he used when he described the specimens found by Pehr Kalm in 1750.
	www.life.umd.edu /emeritus/reveal/pbio/pb250/pltax3.html (614 words)

	450917-00. Linnaeus to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 17 September 1745
		In the letter to Pehr Elvius, the secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Linnaeus reminds him of the responsibility of the Academy for obtaining a place for Christopher Tärnström on one of the four ships leaving for East India in the autumn or winter of 1745.
		He also asks for observations from Pehr Kalm.
		[1] Pehr Elvius, the secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
	andromeda.rutgers.edu /~jlynch/C18/pr/lc/lc000/450917-00.html (403 words)

	The Carolinian Forest
		The groves will exhibit a variety of trees and shrubs, including signature species that have particular significance to the legacies of those explorers.
		For example, Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel) will be planted in the Kalm Grove.
		Pehr Kalm (1716–1779) was an explorer-botanist born in Sweden and a student of Carolus Linnaeus who collected in northernmost parts of the eastern hardwood forest (including Quebec).
	www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org /garden/carolinian.php (549 words)

	Early Botanical Collections from Colonial Maryland
		At OXF (Sherardian Herbarium no. 1437) there is a specimen probably collected by Krieg annotated with Ray's name that Linnaeus might have observed while visiting Oxford in 1736.
		The reference to Canada alludes to a Pehr Kalm collection (LINN, 882.1).
		The latter was published in November of 1751 and by then Linnaeus was able to study the North American collections of Pehr Kalm that had arrived in June of that year.
	www.life.umd.edu /emeritus/Reveal/pbio/comdfl/37095.html (591 words)

	Carl Linnaeus
		Anders Sparrman, another of Linnaeus's students, was a botanist on Cook's second voyage.
		Another student, Pehr Kalm, traveled in the northeastern American colonies for three years studying American plants.
		Yet another, Carl Peter Thunberg, was the first Western naturalist to visit Japan in over a century; he not only studied the flora of Japan, but taught Western medicine to Japanese practicioners.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /history/linnaeus.html (2236 words)

	Linnaeus Tercentenary News
		One of his students, Pehr Kalm, spent three years (1748-51) collecting in North America, especially in and around Philadelphia and southern New Jersey, but also northward on foot, horseback, and by canoe through New York to Montreal.
		Other adult education programs will include a series of speakers about Linnaeus, Pehr Kalm, and related topics that would begin late in 2006 and continue throughout 2007.
		She spoke on Pehr Kalm and colonial American medicinal plants at the ASHM's 2002 New Sweden History Conference and presented the 2003 Foundation Lecture to the Medical History Society of New Jersey on Kalm and health in New Sweden.
	www.americanswedish.org /linnaeus1.html (2333 words)

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