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	EARLIER AGRICULTURE IN HENAN PROVINCE AND SURROUNDINGS ACCORDING TO PEILIGANG SITE TOOLS
		Peiligang culture was first reported in 1977 at the Peiligang type site in Henan Province.
		Peiligang culture not only solved the Yangshao culture origin question, but this ancient society covers aspects like nature and religious consciousness and brought breakthroughs in a prominent part of agricultural history.
		Soil and climate made the Peiligang cultural area ideal for ancient habitat, as north precipitation concentrates in summer and is less than mean south precipitation, making millet a natural drought-resistant staple crop.
	www.carleton.ca /~bgordon/Rice/papers/WANGJH85.htm (961 words)

	Encyclopedia: Civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The earliest settlement in Jericho (9th millennium BC) was a PPNA culture that eventually gave way to more developed settlements later, which included in one early settlement (8th millennium BC) mud-brick houses surrounded by a stone wall, having a stone tower built into the wall.
		Developed agriculture appears in the 7th millennium BC in the Peiligang culture (discovered in 1977) of Henan, China, including storing and redistributing crops, millet farming and animal husbandry (pigs).
		Attributed to a later Chinese culture, in the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BC), are bronze artifacts and oracle bones, which were turtle shells or cattle scapula on which are written the first recorded Chinese characters and found in the Huang He valley, Yinxu (a capital of the Shang Dynasty).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Civilization (9979 words)

	Peiligang culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Peiligang culture (裴李崗文化) is a name given by archaeologists to a group of Neolithic communities who lived in the Yiluo river valley in Henan Province, China.
		Archaelogists believe that the Peiligang culture was egalitarian, with little political organization.
		The culture is also one of the oldest in ancient China to make pottery.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Peiligang_culture (168 words)

	ArtLex on the Stone Age
		Cultures included gradual domestication of plants and animals, formation of settled communities, use of the bow, and development of delicate stone microliths and pottery.
		Neolithic cultures existed in Mesoamerica that led to the Aztec and Inca civilizations.
		Making generalizations about the visual culture of any group of people is a crude endeavor, especially with a culture as diverse as that of the Stone Age.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/s/stoneage.html (0 words)

	Encyclopedia: Peiligang culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Pearl millet in the field Ripe head of proso millet The millets are a group of small-seeded species of cereal crops, widely grown around the world for food and fodder.
		‪Archaeological cultures‬ Yangshao culture (ä»°éŸ¶æ–‡åŒ–) was a Neolithic culture that existed extensively along the central Yellow River in China.
		Longshan culture (é¾å±±æ–‡åŒ–) was a late Neolithic culture centered around the central and lower Yellow River in China.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Peiligang-culture (385 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Peiligang and Cishan pots are mainly sand and red clay with some of red clay, while Dadiwan pottery is similar with few of red clay.
		Peiligang has simple mostly smoothed pots compared to Yangshan, but some have comb, chevron and dotted lines, etc. Cishan pots have simple design, but a third are cordmarked, a few have comb, chevron and dotted lines, and some small smoothed polychromes have twisted red lines.
		Peiligang, Cishan and Dadiwan cultures evolved from the north China Early Neolithic, yet closely relate to early Yangshao culture in similar distribution of living quarters, kilns, burials, round-based basins, wide-mouth deep-bodied jars, double-handled ewers and cauldrons, cordmarking, decoration and stone shovels and metates.
	admissions.carleton.ca /~bgordon/Rice/papers/an-84.htm (3287 words)

	Encyclopedia: History of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Cultural and political influences from many parts of Asia, carried by successive waves of immigration, merged to create the image of Chinese Culture today.
		Early evidence for proto-Chinese rice paddy agriculture is carbon-dated to about 6000 BC, and associated with the Peiligang culture (è£´æå´—æ—å—) of Xinzheng county (æ—°éç¸£), Henan (æ²³å—ç).
		The Erlitou culture (äºŒè£¡é æ–‡åŒ–) (1900 BC to 1500 BC) is a name given by archaeologists to an Early Bronze Age society that existed in China.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-China (9333 words)

	Definition of culture of england
		Culture is traditionally the oldest human character, its...
		Urban culture came from Moscow; the rural ethnic Romanian popul...
		culture marked a transition into a establishment of cities, as [[rammed earth]] walls and moats began...
	www.wordiq.com /search/culture+of+england.html (970 words)

	Map of China Province - Region, Regional
		Henan is one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilizations and it has in its history over twenty kingdoms and dynasties which had their respective capitals in its territory, of which Luoyang and Kaifeng are two of the six great ancient capitals of China.
		It was the birthplace of the Yellow River Culture.
		The famous Peiligang Culture, Yangshao Culture, Longshan Culture reflect the prosperity in this area during the late period of the primitive society.
	www.cntravel.biz /china_columns/provinces/henan.shtml (746 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: Culture :: Chinese Archaeology :: Neolithic and Bronze Age Cultures
		Toward the end of the Longshan culture, the population decreased sharply; this was matched by the disappearance of high-quality fl pottery found in ritual burials.
		The Wucheng culture was a distinct contemporary of Sanxingdui and Yinxu and is known for its distinct geometric pottery and bronze bells, the clapperless nao.
		The culture flourished mainly in the provinces of Henan, Shaanxi and Shanxi.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/02cul/c03s04.html (0 words)

	Formation of the Chinese Civilization - china.org.cn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Finds at the ruins of the Hemudu Culture in Yuyao and the site of the matriarchal society at Banpo Village near Xi'an, which all date back 6,000 to 7,000 years, include rice, millet and spade-like farm tools made of stone or bone.
		Zhang Qian's trip to the west promoted cultural and trade exchanges between the East and West, and established a route starting from Chang'an (today's Xi'an), then capital of the Western Han, through Gansu and Xinjiang to reach the region that today includes Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria and the eastern coast of the Mediterranean.
		Chinese silk began to be regularly transported along this route to Central Asia and the Mediterranean region, and further on to Africa and Europe.
	cangzhou.china.com.cn /e-gudai/2.htm (2869 words)

	Sinophilia - your gateway to China - guides
		Looking at the pottery of the Yangshao culture (5th-4th millennium b.C) the elegance and the appealing lines of later bronzes are already visible.
		The villages of Yangshao culture were made up of some tens of dwellings around a central higher building, the public building of the clan.
		Dawenkou culture is approximately contemporary to Yangshao culture, and is found throughout Jiangsu and Shandong.
	www.sinophilia.org /china/artestoria1.htm (0 words)

	Civilization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This hierarchical worldview was dealt further serious blows by the atrocities of World War I and World War II and so on.
		Many postmodernists, and a considerable proportion of the wider public, argue that the division of societies into 'civilized' and 'uncivilized' is arbitrary and meaningless.
		By 4000 BC a pre-Harappan culture emerged, with trade networks including lapis lazuli and other raw materials.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Civilization (3891 words)

	EARLIER AGRICULTURE IN HENAN PROVINCE AND SURROUNDINGS ACCORDING TO PEILIGANG SITE TOOLS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Peiligang culture was first reported in 1977 at the Peiligang type site in Henan Province.
		Peiligang culture not only solved the Yangshao culture origin question, but this ancient society covers aspects like nature and religious consciousness and brought breakthroughs in a prominent part of agricultural history.
		Soil and climate made the Peiligang cultural area ideal for ancient habitat, as north precipitation concentrates in summer and is less than mean south precipitation, making millet a natural drought-resistant staple crop.
	admissions.carleton.ca /~bgordon/Rice/papers/WANGJH85.htm (961 words)

	Civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The earliest known civilizations originated in the Nile valley, China's Peiligang culture (discovered in 1977), Fertile Crescent, the Indus Valley (namely Mehrgarh and Harappa) and West Africa, where ancient peoples grouped together to form the first developed societies between the 10th and 4th millennia BC.
		Anthropological and archaeological evidence both indicate a grain-grinding culture farming along the Nile in the 10th millennium BC using the world's earliest known type of sickle blades.
		Discovered in 1977, in the Peiligang culture of Henan, China, and characterized by developed agriculture -- including storing and redistributing crops, millet farming and animal husbandry (pigs) -- and specialized craftsmen and administrators, this region constitutes China's earliest known civilization (see History of China: Prehistoric times).
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Civilization.htm (3997 words)

	Jiahu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Archaelogists consider the site to be one of the earliest examples of the Peiligang culture.
		While millet cultivation is common among the Peiligang culture, rice cultivation at Jiahu is unique.
		Jiahu rice cultivation is one of the earliest found, and the most northerly found at such an early stage in history.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jiahu (381 words)

	History of Ancient China
		Early evidence for proto-Chinese rice paddy agriculture dates back to about 6000 BC and the Peiligang culture of Xinzheng county, Henan.
		In late Neolithic times, the Huanghe valley began to establish itself as a cultural center, where the first villages were founded; the most archaeologically significant of those was found at Banpo, Xi'an.
		The earliest written record of China's past, and therefore the beginning of its history, dates from the Shang dynasty in perhaps the 13th century BC and takes the form of inscriptions of divination records on the bones or shells of animals - so-called oracle bones.
	www.chineseculture.info /history/ancient.htm (730 words)

	ipedia.com: History of China Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		China is the world's oldest continuous major civilization, with written records dating back about 3,500 years and with 5,000 years being commonly used by Chinese as the age of their civilization.
		These cultural and political influences from many parts of Asia as well as successive waves of immigration and emigration merged to create the familiar image of Chinese culture and people today.
		Among the populace, however, there were strong feelings against the rule of the "foreigner" (known as Da Zi), which finally led to peasant revolts; Mongolian rule was pushed back to the steppes and replaced by the Ming dynasty in 1368.
	www.ipedia.com /history_of_china.html (3958 words)

	TOURISM.com.cn - Henan Province (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		All these cultural remains have profound significance in the history of Chinese civilization.
		First sculpted and chiseled around 493 AD when the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534) was moved from Datong City to Luoyang, the grottoes of Luoyang house an awe-inspiring collection of sculpted Buddha and other religious subjects.
		The Shang Dynasty Ruins, also known as the "Yin Ruins", are famous because of the unique style of the large palace and its grand mausoleums, in which emperors of the Shang Dynasty are buried.
	www.tourism.com.cn /henan.html (452 words)

	Chinese Archaeology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In addition, a preliminary exploration was made to investigate the vestiges of ancient rivers and canals and the relationship between geomorphology and the distribution of man’s living remains.
		The Luoyang Basin was in the center of the culture of successive dynasties within the Central Plains.
		The results indicate that bronze-making technology in the Huangshui River valley was higher than that in the Yellow River valley, and that the sexual difference of tomb-owners is reflected from the distinction of funeral objects.
	www.kaogu.cn /en_kaogu/show_News.asp?id=226&key= (1008 words)

	Welcome to The Human Past - Student Study Guide Website
		This led to a cultural transformation: permanently occupied villages led to higher populations, houses, and inhumation cemeteries.
		As in central China's millet-growing region, villages with houses, large cemeteries, and pits developed in the rice-growing areas, and accumulated in low mounds near lakes on the plains where remains of domestic activity are found.
		Two major cultures developed: on the loess plateau and the central plains the Yangshao culture is found, while further east lies the Dawenkou culture.
	www.thamesandhudsonusa.com /web/humanpast/summaries/ch07.html (2576 words)

	History of Zhengzhou - China History
		With a long history, Zhengzhou boasts one of the origins of the Chinese nation, giving birth to a brilliant culture of the Chinese nation.
		Zhengzhou had been a capital city for five times, respectively of the dynasties of Xia and Shang and of the states of Guan, Zheng and Han; and a prefecture in the eight dynasties of Sui, Tang, the Five Dynasties, Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing.
		In Zhengzhou area, the archeological findings made up to now include the ruins of the 8000-year-old Peiligang Culture, 5000-year-old Dahe Village, and the Yangshao Culture and Longshan Culture of various types such as Qinwangzhai.
	www.muztagh.com /china-history/zhengzhou.htm (516 words)

	Peiligang culture - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Peiligang culture - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This page was last modified 20:08, 18 Jun 2005.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Peiligang culture contains research on
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Peiligang_culture (136 words)

	GL Barnes, ACE China Lectures on Far East: China and periphery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Childs-Johnson, Elizabeth (1991) "Jades of the Hongshan culture: the dragon and fertility cult worship." Arts Asiatique 46 : 82-95.
		Teng, Shu-p'ing (1997) "A theory of the three origins of jade culture in ancient China." In Scott, Rosemary E. (ed.) Chinese Jades, pp.
		Yang, Yang (1996) "The Chinese jade culture." In Rawson, Jessica (ed.) Mysteries of ancient China: new discoveries from the early dynasties, pp.
	www.dur.ac.uk /creaa.www/ACEchinaessays.html (1934 words)

	Cloudband : Magazine : Reviews : NEOLITHIC WORKS COME OF AGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The oldest vessel in the show is a red pottery tripod jar from the middle Yellow River region in North Central China (1); the piece dates to the Peiligang culture (7th - 6th millennium BCE).
		Another highlight is a very modern-looking small white beaker from the Dawenkou culture (ca.
		Also striking, and perhaps humorous, is a red pottery ewer from the Qijia culture (ca.
	www.cloudband.com /magazine/articles1q00/rev_page_lally_0300.html (537 words)

	Prehistoric Art:Prehistoric art
		In Australia, the Murray culture (20,000-8,000bc) and the Panaramitee culture (10,000-3, ОООвс) produced notable ideographic engravings.
		Prehistoric art, in general, can be seen as the representation of a symbolic system that is an integral part of the culture that creates it.
		The symbols often appear ambiguous, and it is likely that they have also changed in meaning within the same culture that originally produced them.
	www.all-art.org /history16.html (0 words)

	China Travel Service - China Travel Guide
		As one of the major birthplaces of the Chinese civilization, Henan has several epoch-making archeological discoveries, including the Peiligang Culture Site dating back 7,000 years, Yanshao Culture Site of some 6,000 years ago, and Dahe Culture Site of more than 5,000 years ago.
		The province numbers first in the whole country in terms of underground cultural relics, and the second in existing cultural relics on the ground.
		The Yellow River, with numerous ancient relics and scenic attractions, also provides a rich tourist resource to Henan.
	www.landingchina.com /city_guide/Henan_Province.htm (0 words)

	AsiaFinest Discussion Forum -> How old is Chinese civilization? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Symbologies have been found as far back as 6600 BC (Peiligang, Jiahu), 6000 BC (Dadiwan, Gansu), 4000 BC (Banpo, Xian) and 2800 BC (Dawenkou, Shandong), many symbols of which resemble characters of the later formalized writing system of China.
		Another thing to take into account is whether the relations between the ancient cultures such as Dadiwan, Cishan, Peiligang, and Hemudu and later Chinese dynasties are relevant.
		I didn't really mean a centralized government with written laws but more of a group of peole that preform the duties of a government and there are laws in the society..
	www.asiafinest.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=4045 (1175 words)

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