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Topic: Pelagic

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	Description Pelagic Stingray - Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The dorsal surface of the pelagic stingray is dark purple or blue-green while the underside is purplish to gray.
		The pelagic stingray is a relatively small ray reaching a maximum size of 31.5 inches (80 cm) disc width and 63 inches (160 cm) total length.
		The pelagic stingray development is ovoviviparous with the eggcase retained within the uterus and the embryos hatching at an early developmental stage.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /fish/Gallery/Descript/PelagicStingray/PelagicStingray.html (1178 words)

	* Pelagic - (Aquarium): Definition
		Pelagic Strictly meaning 'of the open sea', this term is also applied ot eggs and spawnin methods.
		Pelagic eggs are lighter than water and are scattered after an ascending spawning action between a pair of fishes inopen water...
		Pelagic catfish are diurnal (active during the day), swim in the middle of the aquarium, and prefer to live in schools...
	en.mimi.hu /aquarium/pelagic.html (357 words)

	::Seabirds:: (Pelagic and Red-faced Cormorants)
		The Pelagic Cormorant and the Red-faced Cormorant are two of the three species of cormorants that nest in Alaska.
		Pelagic Cormorants nest on coastal headlands or islands throughout Alaska and the Asian North Pacific.
		Pelagic and Red faced Cormorants are not only similar in habits, but also in their appearance.
	www.absc.usgs.gov /research/seabird_foragefish/seabirds/flash_cards/pelagic_comorant.html (398 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Atlantic Highly Migratory Species; Pelagic Longline Fishery; Shark Gillnet Fishery; Sea Turtle ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		From 1992 to 1999, NOAA Fisheries estimates that the Atlantic pelagic longline fishery interacted with an average of 795 leatherback and 986 loggerhead sea turtles annually with an average annual estimate of 11 leatherback and 8 loggerhead mortalities.
		All Atlantic vessels that use pelagic longline gear and have been issued, or are required to have, Federal HMS limited access permits are required to deploy the gear so that hooked or entangled turtles have sufficient slack line to reach the surface and avoid drowning.
		Finally, all Atlantic vessels that use bottom or pelagic longline gear and have been issued, or are required to have, Federal HMS limited access permits are required to post inside the wheelhouse the guidelines for the safe handling of sea turtles captured in a longline interaction.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2002/July/Day-09/i17104.htm (8095 words)

	Pelagic zone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Diagram of the layers of the pelagic zone.
		The pelagic zone is the part of the open sea or ocean comprising the water column, i.e.
		The pelagic zone is further divided into a number of sub-zones, based on their different ecological characteristics (which is roughly a function of depth):
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pelagic_zone (428 words)

	PFRP Socio-Cultural Project - Social aspects of Hawaii's pelagic fisheries
		Pelagic fishing is objectively coded as a work/leisure activity, and subjectively experienced as a sacred/mundane "action gamble".
		Pelagic fishing is objectively coded as a work/leisure activity, and subjectively experienced as a sacred/mundane "action gamble." In Phase II, ethnographic fieldwork, survey research, and historical research activities have concentrated on the validation of fishing trip categories, and the local knowledge that Hawai'i fishermen have of the pelagic fisheries.
		Thus, while the project will describe the institutional environment of pelagic fishery management, the description will necessarily be somewhat superficial in nature and limited to those aspects most pertinent to our primary objective of examining the social and cultural aspects of pelagic fishing and pelagic fishery participants.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /PFRP/socio/miller_II.html (2182 words)

	Words and Pelagic and benthic and abyssal and OED and 6000 meters
		Pelagic creatures swim along on the surface of the open seas.
		Indeed, the pelagics have given the extreme bottom ("the trenches") to the benthics or abyssals, but they seem to have nearly taken over everything else.
		Just when I thought it was safe, then, to conclude this essay with the understanding that pelagic referred to everything except the creatures of the deepest ocean, my eye fell upon the next clause in the OED dictionary.
	www.willamette.edu /~blong/Words/Pelagic.html (673 words)

	American Pelagic Fishing Company, L.P. v. U.S.
		Preliminarily, American Pelagic alleged that it had a property right in its “lawfully duly issued fishery permits and authorizations” that was “appurtenant to the use and operation of [American Pelagic’s] fishing vessel, the [Atlantic Star].” Compl.
		The Court of Federal Claims concluded that American Pelagic did in fact possess a property interest in the use of the Atlantic Star to fish in the Atlantic mackerel and herring fisheries in the EEZ, and that this right was taken by the revocation of its permits and authorization letter.
		American Pelagic recognizes that one of the sticks in the bundle of property rights that the owner of property acquires with his title must be proscribed in order for a taking to occur.
	www.ll.georgetown.edu /federal/judicial/fed/opinions/03opinions/03-5101.html (9134 words)

	Marine Biology - Pelagic food webs
		Pelagic food web interactions are those that take place within the water column, and during this lecture we will only be concerned with marine pelagic food webs.
		This view of marine pelagic food webs was challenged during the 1970s and 1980s by scientists such as Pomeroy and Azam who showed that there was an alternative pathway of carbon flow that led from bacteria to protozoa to metazoa, with dissolved organic matter (DOM) being utilized as substrate by the bacteria.
		Changes in the flow of carbon in pelagic food webs may have large repercussions further up the food chain and may determine how much carbon is available for export from a pelagic ecosystem in the form of fish catches.
	www.lifesciences.napier.ac.uk /teaching/MB/Pelweb03.html (2515 words)

	Biology of the Pelagic Thresher
		The Pelagic Thresher Shark is the smallest member of its family and the least known.
		The Pelagic Thresher was originally described by Japanese ichthyologist Hiroshi Nakamura in a paper entitled "On the Two Species of the Thresher Shark from Formosan Waters", published in August 1935.
		The Pelagic Thresher is notoriously shy and difficult for divers to approach.
	www.elasmo-research.org /education/shark_profiles/a_pelagicus.htm (1021 words)

	Pelagic birding
		Pelagic birding off Southern Africa's shores varies from the warm tropical waters of the north-west and north-east coasts to the cold waters off the south coast.
		Pelagic birding in the tropical areas is rather slow, but does hold some special birds available nowhere else in the region.
		Pelagic fisheries thrive in the area, and discards from the trawlers provide a constant food source for pelagic birds.
	www.zestforbirds.co.za /pelagicbirding.html (1255 words)

	Marine Fisheries Review: Hawaii's pelagic fisheries - Fisheries of Hawaii and U.S.-associated Pacific Islands
		Pelagic fish availability is synonymous with local abundance, here defined as the amount of fish present within the range of the local fishery.
		The stock structure of large pelagic species is unclear, but a common assumption is that pelagic populations extend over much wider areas than are covered by Hawaii's fisheries (Skillman, 1989a, 1989b; Suzuki, 1989, In press; Miyabe, In press).
		Availability probably depends on overall abundance, but the availability of fish to Hawaii's pelagic fisheries is also highly seasonal (Shomura, 1959; Yoshida, 1974; Skillman and Kamer(4)), suggesting that highly mobile pelagic fish change their distribution in response to environmental conditions (Seckel, 1972; Mendelssohn and Roy, 1986), or to enter different areas for reproduction.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3089/is_n2_v55/ai_15462288 (1460 words)

	Pelagic Ecosystems -
		Pelagic means the open ocean, rather than the shores and estuaries.
		Pelagic organisms usually lead a free-floating existence at or near the surface of the ocean, away from the coast.
		The California Current is an example of a large pelagic ecosystem which has been studied by CalCOFI participants since 1949.The North Pacific Current feeds into the Alaska Current and the California Current which moves south along the coastline of North America.
	www.oceansatlas.org /cds_static/en/pelagic_ecosystems__en_39828_all_1.html (642 words)

	Guam DAWR Pelagic Fishery Description Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A small, but significant, segment of the pelagic fleet consists of marina-berthed charter vessels that are operated primarily by full-time captains and crews.
		In 1997, charter boats made up less than 10% of the pelagic fleet but accounted for 34% of trolling trips, 22% of the pelagic catch, and 24% of trolling hours, making them a significant part of the pelagic fleet.
		Total pelagic landings in 2001 was approximately 752,000 pounds, an increase of 23% compared with 2000.
	www.nmfs.hawaii.edu /wpacfin/guam/dawr/Pages/gdawr_fish_1.htm (1059 words)

	2.2 Contributions of pelagic and demersal fish
		In terms of value, pelagic production is much less important than demersal production, but its relative importance has been increasing and in 1993 pelagic production accounted for about 40% of the total value of the marine fish landings compared to 50% for demersal fish and 10% for unspecified marine fish.
		Pelagic fish species are here defined as those belonging to ISSCAAP groups 34-37 which include jacks, mullets, sauries, herrings, sardines, anchovies, tunas, bonitos, billfishes, mackerels, snooks and cutlassfishes.
		The ratio of pelagic fish (small and large) to demersal fish (taken to include unspecified species) landings from 1950 to 1994 for each ocean and the Mediterranean Sea is plotted in Figure 6 and the average proportion for pelagic fish for the period is given in Table 1.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/003/W3244E/w3244e05.htm (876 words)

	Ichthyology - Pelagic larvae ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Because most dispersal takes place during the pelagic larval phase, it is important to both researchers and managers to know what the larvae are doing, where they are doing it, and how far they move during the pelagic phase.
		Pelagic fish eggs were more abundant in the ocean than in the lagoons at the atolls, but not at the high island.
		Taxa were considered to be able to complete their pelagic phase in a lagoon (ie, were 'completers') if they were present in the lagoon plankton samples from across a full larval size range.
	www.austmus.gov.au /fishes/about/research/leis4.htm (1317 words)

	Watching out for sharks / Pelagic group studies and saves the creatures of the deep (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Pelagic survives on a budget that tops $20,000 in a good year, but is often as low as $12,000.
		Pelagic is among a handful of California researchers and biologists compiling shark data that could prove integral to enacting strong protective measures.
		Pelagic was one of the first to start ID tagging the 21 species of shark that populate Monterey Bay, and has tagged more than 1,500 sharks since its inception, according to Van Sommeran.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/12/19/PNGQ83MU1H1.DTL (2424 words)

	International Pelagic Shark Workshop (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		First call for papers Subject: International Pelagic Shark Workshop February 14-16, 2000 Monterey, California, USA This is a preliminary announcement that an International Workshop on Pelagic Sharks is being organized by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign.
		Pelagic sharks are targeted by commercial and recreational fisheries worldwide and are taken in large numbers in the bycatch of other fisheries.
		This session will include case studies of pelagic shark fisheries, summaries of available catch and effort time series data, and trends in abundance, focusing on the data that are necessary to do a fishery management plan.
	ces.iisc.ernet.in /hpg/envis/doc98html/confsh9949.html (467 words)

	FONT Recent Pelagic Bulletins
		During our annual late-May offshore pelagic birding trip, May 22/23, 2004, from Barnegat Light, New Jersey to the Hudson Canyon, seabirds were not as numerous as they have been during this trip in the past.
		Please be advised that due to weather conditions, the pelagic trip from Barnegat Light, New Jersey, scheduled for Sunday, December 7, is cancelled.
		During our pelagic venture, our furthest point from the parking lot was 105 miles east (that was at daybreak, where we awakened a few miles eastward of a tuna fleet).
	www.focusonnature.com /PelagicBulletins.htm (10429 words)

	Workshop on collective behavior of pelagic fish: schools and aggregations
		Pelagic schools and aggregations, however, usually comprise thousands of individuals and the links between the behavior of small captive schools to the behavior of large schools in the ocean, and therefore to fishery management, are not easy.
		Studying the schooling and aggregation behavior of pelagic fish is a difficult task as: (1) pelagic fish are often difficult to maintain in captivity, and the sizes of tanks are usually not compatible for developing experiments on the collective behavior of these fish, (2) observing pelagic fish in the ocean is always a challenge.
		In particular, it is noteworthy that scientists working on small pelagic fish and those working on large pelagic fish do not use the same tools to observe their animals.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~dagorn/workshop.htm (593 words)

	Pelagic Birdwatching
		"Pelagic" refers to species of birds which are of the sea or ocean.
		We incorporate pelagic birding into our tours, whether they be Whale Watching or Coastal Sightseeing excursions.
		Passengers are given the opportunity to view such species as eider ducks, wilson & storm petrels, greater & sooty shearwaters, razorbills, arctic terns, gannets and the colorful "atlantic puffin" to name a few.
	www.angelfire.com /biz/icbt/pelagic.html (154 words)

	Fishupdate.com: Pelagic RAC will soon be reality
		The new pelagic body follows the successful establishment of the North Sea RAC, which has already played a significant advisory role, and Mr MacSween underlined that in the new pelagic body they also wanted a structure that would be listened to.
		He said that historically, the pelagic industry has a fairly strong relationship with the European Commission because there tended to be less inter-state conflict in the pelagic sector as a whole.
		The new pelagic RAC is expected to cover all the geographical areas associated with EU pelagic involvement, not just the North Sea for example and with its membership representing so many key players it is seen as having considerable potential.
	www.fishupdate.com /news/fullstory.php/aid/2199/Pelagic_RAC_will_soon_be_reality.html (471 words)

	Pelagic Tunicate: Front Porch Reef, Bonaire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Pelagic Tunicates are a type of tunicate that live in open water.
		This Pelagic Tunicate was approximately 3 inches long.
		We saw this Pelagic Tunicate at Front Porch Reef on the island of Bonaire in the Netherlands Antilles.
	www.reefnews.com /reefnews/photos/ptunicat.html (142 words)

	NMFS Large Pelagic Survey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The primary purpose of the Large Pelagic Survey (LPS) is to collect data needed for generating estimates of the recreational fishing effort directed at large pelagic species and the recreational catch of bluefin and other large pelagics.
		A Dockside Survey is used to collect data needed for the estimation of the average catch of large pelagics per trip for charter and private/rental boats participating in the recreational large pelagic fishery.
		A Telephone Survey is used to collect data needed for the weekly estimation of the average number of trips and the average catch of large pelagics per trip for charter and private/rental boats participating in the recreational large pelagic fishery.
	www.st.nmfs.gov /st1/econ/lps_survey/large_pelagic_survey.html (457 words)

	WPACFIN - American Samoa DMWR - Pelagic Plan Team Report Data Processing Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The number of Trolling Trips is calculated by first subtracting the total pelagic landings by longlining from the total pelagic landings by all methods to get an estimate of the number of pounds caught by trolling and other fishing methods.
		In 1997 and after this number is the expanded number of longline fishing hooks from the offshore creel survey system for interviewed vessels plus the sum of the number of hooks for the sets entered in the longline logbook system for non-interviewed vessels.
		The unadjusted revenue/trip values for the pelagic species subgroups above and for all species were adjusted for inflation by multiplying the given year's revenue/trip by the 2002 consumer price index (CPI) divided by the CPI for that year.
	www.nmfs.hawaii.edu /wpacfin/as/Pages/as_proc_3.htm (1569 words)

	Ocean Wanderers: The Ultimate Resource for Pelagic Birding Enthusiasts
		Chris Gaskin and Karen Baird operate Pterodroma Pelagics as a subsidiary of Kiwi Wildlife Tours NZ.
		They have been operating pelagics to the Outer Hauraki Gulf (through Kiwi Wildlife Tours NZ) since the end of 2002, when the Gulf's full potential as a world-class pelagic destination was recognized.
		Pelagic Birding - Birds and marine mammals of the Eastern Tropical Pacific
	www.oceanwanderers.com (3795 words)

	pelagic stingray (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The pelagic stingray can also be found in open water, far from the shore or the ocean bottom.
		The pelagic stingray is reported to feed on small crustaceans, fish, and cephalopods.
		The pelagic stingray, with its more active swimming habits, could be conditioned to feed at the surface, allowing Aquarium Biologists to assure that it receives its food ration of smelt and squid.
	waquarium.mic.hawaii.edu /MLP/root/html/MarineLife/Vertebrates/PelagicStingray.html (504 words)

	In South Africa, Pelagic Birding off Cape Town
		While pelagic birding trips off the Cape Peninsula are an unforgettable experience for the unique birding opportunities afforded, the Cape waters are also renowned for unpredictable weather conditions, and on occasions leave pelagic passengers wishing that they had been better prepared for their day at sea.
		The pelagic trips venture to a distance of 45 km or so off shore, and expose one to conditions that are sometimes quite different from on shore.
		A sandwich lunch and soft drinks are served on pelagic trips, but for those with a healthy appetite it is a good idea to bring some snacks or fruit to munch on up until lunch.
	www.earthfoot.org /places/za009.htm (1258 words)

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