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Topic: Pellagra

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	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Pellagra
		Pellagra, a disease caused by a dietary deficiency in vitamin B (niacin), was seen in the southern United States after the Civil War (1861-65).
		By 1911 pellagra was reported in all but nine states, and the number of cases increased ninefold.
		During 1928-29, at its peak incidence, pellagra was the eighth or ninth leading cause of death besides accidents in the South.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2775 (404 words)

	Vitamin deficiencies \| 3 Pellagra
		The identification of pellagra as a deficiency disease was not evident.
		The reason why pellagra did not occur in the indigenous maize-eating population of Central America was found to be based on the fact that they used alkali in the preparation of their maize meal, which released niacin from niacytin.
		Specifically for pellagra, nicotinamide (precursor of niacin) is given as a supplement in a dose ranging from 300 to 1000 mg daily using divided doses.
	www.itg.be /itg/DistanceLearning/LectureNotesVandenEndenE/50_Vitamin_deficienciesp3.htm (1655 words)

	Pellagra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Pellagra can also occur when a hospitalized patient, unable to eat for a very prolonged period of time, is given fluids devoid of vitamins through a needle in the vein (intravenous or IV fluids).
		Secondary pellagra occurs when adequate quantities of niacin are present in the diet, but other diseases or conditions interfere with its absorption and/or processing.
		Pellagra causes a variety of symptoms affecting the skin; mucous membranes (moist linings of the mouth, organs, etc.); central nervous system (including the brain and nerves); and the gastrointestinal system.
	www.lifesteps.com /gm/Atoz/ency/pellagra_pr.jsp (1042 words)

	Pellagra \| Principal Health News
		Pellagra is a disorder brought on by a deficiency of the nutrient called niacin or nicotinic acid, one of the B-complex vitamins.
		This is seen in various diseases that cause prolonged diarrhea, with cirrhosis of the liver and alcoholism, with long-term use of the anti-tuberculosis drug called isoniazid, in patients with malignant carcinoid tumor, and in patients suffering from Hartnup disease (an inherited disorder which results in disordered absorption of amino acids from the intestine and kidney).
		Treatment of pellagra usually involves supplementing the individual's diet with a form of niacin called niacinamide (niacin itself in pure supplementation form causes a number of unpleasant side effects, including sensations of itching, burning, and flushing).
	www.principalhealthnews.com /topic/topic100587271 (938 words)

	A Pellagra epidemic in Kuito, Angola (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		This marked the beginning of the largest pellagra outbreak documented in the world for displaced or refugee populations since the outbreak in Malawi in 1990 when more than 18,000 cases of pellagra were reported among Mozambican refugees.
		The data showed that 83% of pellagra cases were female and that 85% of cases were over 15 years of age.
		There were many possible explanations for the high prevalence of pellagra amongst females over 15 years of age; demographic profile, different health seeking behaviour, different sunlight exposure (men go bare chested so will not get cassals necklace in sunlight), real dietary differences, different clinical expression of illness and hormonal differences.
	www.ennonline.net /fex/10/fa12.html (2066 words)

	Pellagra may be a rare secondary complication of anorexia nervosa: a systematic review of the literature - ...
		Pellagra is a nutritional wasting disease attributable to a combined deficiency of tryptophan and niacin (nicotinic acid).
		Classic pellagra is a nutritional wasting disease characterized by combined deficiency of the essential amino acid tryptophan and the vitamin niacin (nicotinic acid).
		Although pellagra is characterized by the four classic symptoms (four Ds)--diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death--other symptoms insidiously manifest earlier.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0FDN/is_2_8/ai_103194440 (802 words)

	Niacin and Pellagra - Part 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		(1) Pellagra is a parasitic disease because: (a) The characteristic eruption and other symptoms of the disease may recur each spring for a number of years, notwithstanding the removal of the patient from the endemic districts and the strict elimination of the maize from his diet.
		Pellagra was endemic in the countryside and in the small villages, and was not a problem in towns and cities.
		Pellagra was a seasonal disease, appearing in the spring, disappearing in the winter, and then to relapse in the spring in successive years.
	www.vorsoft.com /medical/niacin/part2.htm (5777 words)

	Full Text - No Breaks - Dr. Joseph Goldberger and the War on Pellagra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Pellagra was first identified among Spanish peasants by Don Gaspar Casal in 1735.
		There was a dramatic increase in pellagra and in the number of deaths, although not quite as many as he had predicted.
		The land reform that Goldberger believed necessary to eliminate pellagra was accomplished not by scientific reasoning but by the invasion of boll weevils.
	history.cit.nih.gov /exhibits/goldberger/full-text.html (2091 words)

	Pellagra definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Pellagra was especially a problem for the poor in the South whose meals usually consisted of the "three M's": meat (pork fatback); molasses; and meal (cornmeal).
		Today pellagra continues to be a problem in developing countries where there is significant malnutrition or where niacin-deficient foods such as corn and rice are the primary sources of nutrition.
		Pellagra, he deduced, did not arise from germs, as was commonly believed, but rather from a nutritional deficiency.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4821 (465 words)

	Spartanburg Pellagra Hospital (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The pellagra hospital in Spartanburg was the nation's first facility dedicated to discovering the cause of that baffling and serious disorder.
		One was pellagra's growing threat: 1,306 reported pellagra deaths in South Carolina during the first ten months of 1915; 100,000 Southerners infected in 1916.
		By the time the hospital shut down in 1921, owing to optimistic but erroneous predictions of pellagra's imminent demise, the Spartanburg facility had helped scientists prove the dietary basis of disease and enabled hundreds of upstate South Carolinians to rid themselves-at government expense-of a life threatening disease.
	www.scencyclopedia.com /spartanburg_pellagra_hospital.htm (234 words)

	Niacin and Pellagra - Part 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		I have been using the niacin treatment based upon an unconventional theory that pellagra was not a vitamin deficiency disease, but rather that pellagra was caused by a Borrelia spirochete, and that niacin was found to be preventive and curative for pellagra because it has some kind of antibiotic property.
		Pellagra is an acute condition, with a rapid deterioration of the skin, followed by severe peeling, with the loss of subcutaneous fat, followed by either death or by the regrowth of brown paper-thin skin.
		Some photographs of pellagra are deceptive in their appearance, because they show the scaling as the principal visual feature, rather then the condition of the skin after the scale has been removed and partial healing has taken place.
	www.vorsoft.com /medical/niacin/part1.htm (5027 words)

	Zebra Card DI-004: pellagra
		Pellagra as the presenting manifestation of Crohn's disease.
		Inhibition of tryptophan metabolism by oestrogens in the rat: a factor in the aetiology of pellagra.
		Pellagra among chronic alcoholics: clinical and pathological study of 20 necropsy cases.
	www.acponline.org /zebra/references/di/DI-004.html (95 words)

	eMedicine - Pellagra : Article by Vladimir Hegyi, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Pellagra is observed in malnourished individuals and as a complication of isoniazid therapy; however, the diagnosis is often overlooked or delayed, occasionally with life-threatening consequences.
		Pellagra first was recognized in the United States in 1902, and it became an epidemic in the American South.
		In 1914, scientists suggested that pellagra was caused by a deficiency of some nutrient in the diet and that the disorder appeared to be related to fl tongue (a condition analogous to pellagra) in dogs.
	www.emedicine.com /derm/topic621.htm (4172 words)

	eMedicine - Pellagra : Article by Kumaravel Rajakumar, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Pellagra remained endemic among the maize-eating poor peasants of southern Europe for nearly 2 centuries before being recognized in the United States.
		Epidemiological data collected during the pellagra epidemic in the United States reflect that women, children, and elderly persons of both sexes were the most common individuals affected with pellagra; while infants, adolescents, and working young males were affected least frequently.
		In endemic cases, pellagra tends to be seasonal and occurs during spring and early summer.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic1755.htm (2236 words)

	A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Pellagra shown to be dietary disease
		Pellagra had been a low-level problem throughout the South for years, but crop failures and an economic downturn had raised it to epidemic proportions.
		The pellagra symptoms disappeared when the volunteers were given meat, fresh vegetables, and milk.
		He also was thwarted by the medical world's obsession with infectious disease, newly understood and in some cases treatable, and the political world's resistance to hearing that poor social conditions could cause disease.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm15pa.html (380 words)

	International Notes Outbreak of Pellagra Among Mozambican Refugees - Malawi, 1990
		Editorial Note: Pellagra is a nutritional deficiency disease characterized by dermatitis on areas of the body exposed to sunlight, such as the face, neck, arms, and legs.
		A high proportion of dietary niacin is derived from tryptophan, which is metabolized in the body to niacinamide; the common association of pellagra with diets high in maize results from the low tryptophan content of the principle maize protein (zein) and the biologically unavailable form of niacin in maize (7).
		The higher risk for pellagra among refugee women is consistent with reports of pellagra in the southeastern United States in the early 1900s and might reflect decreased access to foods containing niacin (e.g., meat, fish, and nuts), as well as a higher requirement for NE per 1000 kcal (9).
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001945.htm (1574 words)

	Pellagra
		The conquest of pellagra is commonly associated with a single name, that of Joseph Goldberger (1874-1929) of the United States Public Health Service.
		However, the standard version of pellagra shortchanges the contributions of many other workers and tends to overlook the fact that Goldberger’s involvement with pellagra came at a propitious moment, when the possibility of a specific dietary deficiency and indeed a vitamin deficiency had already been posited.
		in which he asked whether pellagra might be an outward manifestation of a deficiency of a specific substance.
	www.healthsystem.virginia.edu /internet/him/pellagra.cfm (564 words)

	Prevention's Healing with Vitamins Pellagra
		The prisoners, and the experimenters themselves, were injected with blood from people with pellagra or were exposed to their nasal or throat excretions.
		In fact, the turn-of-the-century pellagra tragedy led to the fortification of flours and cereals with niacin.
		The amount of niacinamide a person with pellagra should take really depends on the condition of the individual and should be determined by a doctor, he says.
	www.mothernature.com /Library/Bookshelf/Books/10/94.cfm (878 words)

	USC Spartanburg research
		The American South was plagued by a condition that resulted in scaly skin sores, diarrhea, inflamed mucous membranes, dementia, and death during the early part of the 20th century.
		Pellagra haunted the Southern states in epidemic proportions, although the cause was unknown.
		Labanick has his student’s research pellagra, including its symptoms, the major role that vitamins play in the condition, and the local devastation and political ramifications as part of their biology curriculum.
	www.sc.edu /usctimes/articles/2004-05/pellagra_research.html (484 words)

	Pellagra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The photo was taken in South Carolina, where thousands of rural poor succumbed to the illness at the start of the twentieth century.
		A pellagra epidemic emerged during the 1900s in the United States, when corn (maize) began to replace other sources of dietary protein among the rural poor.
		Niacin in corn is tightly bound to protein, and thus poorly absorbed.
	www.faqs.org /nutrition/Ome-Pop/Pellagra.html (196 words)

	NIACIN Pellagra dementia
		Deficiencies: Pellagra, the classic niacin deficiency disease, is characterized by bilateral dermatitis in sun exposed areas, glossitis, diarrhea, and dementia.
		Often associated with a largely cereal diet such as maize or sorghum, the disease is now rarely seen in industrialized countries but still appears in India, China, and Africa.
		Pellagra is often associated with other micronutrient deficiencies and may also develop in cases of disturbed tryptophan metabolism (carcinoid syndrome, Hartnup's).
	www.eagle-min.com /faq/faq100.htm (480 words)

	pellagra - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Pellagra, dietary-deficiency disease resulting from inadequate intake or absorption of niacin, one of the components of the vitamin B complex.
		Nicotinic acid cures pellagra, but a beefsteak prevents it.
		Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid and vitamin B
	ca.encarta.msn.com /pellagra.html (85 words)

	pellagra - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		PELLAGRA [pellagra], deficiency disease due to a lack of niacin (nicotinic acid), one of the components of the B complex vitamins in the diet.
		Treatment includes large doses of niacin and the institution of a proper diet to prevent recurrences.
		Pellagra may be a rare secondary complication of anorexia nervosa: a systematic review of the literature.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/p/pellagra.asp (257 words)

	Amazon.com: pellagra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Mental and neuromuscular symptoms in tryptophan deficiency: Pellagra, carcinoidosis, phenylketonuria, Hartnup disease and disturbances of tryptophan metabolism...
		Pellagra in 2 homeless men: An article from: Mayo Clinic Proceedings by Stefan G Kertesz (Mar 31, 2001)
		The influence of vitamines on the course of pellagra (Hygienic Laboratory) (Hygienic Laboratory) by Carl Voegtlin (Unknown Binding - Jan 1, 1920)
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&search-alias=aps&keywords=pellagra&page=1 (345 words)

	Special Collections Digital Library - Nutrition History
		At the time pellagra was thought to be an infectious disease.
		He beleived that diet and pellagra were related and wrote in Septmber 1914, "No pellagra develops in those who consume a mixed, well-balanced diet." Carefully controlled dietary studies in orphanages confirmed this theory and in a classic experiment in a convict camp in Mississippi, Goldberger produced the disease experimentally by diet.
		Nine years later, a researcher at the University of Wisconsin identified nicotinic acid as the curative factor for pellagra.
	www.mc.vanderbilt.edu /biolib/hc/nh7.html (208 words)

	Pellagra - WrongDiagnosis.com
		A disease caused by deficiency of niacin or tryptophan (or by a defect in the metabolic conversion of tryptophan to niacin); characterized by gastrointestinal disturbances and erythema and nervous or mental disorders; may be caused by malnutrition or alcoholism or other nutritional impairments - (Source - WordNet 2.1)
		Detailed information about the causes of Pellagra including medication causes and drug interaction causes can be found in our causes pages.
		With a diagnosis of Pellagra, it is also important to consider whether there is an underlying condition causing Pellagra.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /p/pellagra/intro.htm (309 words)

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