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	Pelobiont
		The most notable member is Pelomyxa pelustris, called the giant amoeba because of its size: usually 500-800 μm, but occasionally passing 3 mm in length.
		The other pelobionts are monoflagellate amoebae, which share various ultrastructural characteristics with Pelomyxa.
		The group does not appear to have any other especially close relatives, and probably diverged from the other eukaryotes early on.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pe/Pelobionts.html (201 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Pelobiont
		The pelobionts are a small group of amoebae that lack mitochondria.
		Both pelobionts and the closely related entamoebae lack mitochondria and dictyosomes, now known to be a secondary absence.
		The mitochondria characteristically have branching tubular cristae, but have been lost among pelobionts and the parasitic entamoebids, collectively referred to as archamoebae based on the earlier assumption that the absence was primitive.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Pelobiont (201 words)

	Rhizopoda
		Difflugia, and two groups of amitochondriate taxa (pelobionts and entamoebids) that sometimes are lumped together as the archamoebae.
		The pelobionts, however, do possess flagella (Patterson, 1999) and are associated (though loosely) with the other Rhizopoda (lobosea).
		Furthermore, the relationships between the archamoebae (pelobionts and entamoebids) still emerges as a sister relationship to the other lobosea rhizopoda and has yet to be resolved (Walochnik et al.
	comenius.susqu.edu /bi/202/AMOEBOZOAE/rhizopoda.htm (1071 words)

	The pelobionts are a small group of amoeboid protists... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The pelobionts are a small group of amoeboid protists...
		The "pelobionts" are a small group of amoeboid protists that lack mitochondria.
		The entamoebae, parasitic amoeba which also lack mitochondria, are close relatives of the pelobionts, and the two may be derived from the Amoebozoa.
	www.geodatabase.de /Pelobiont (276 words)

	IngentaConnect Ultrastructural identities of Mastigamoeba punctachora, Mastigamo... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Ultrastructural identities of Mastigamoeba punctachora, Mastigamoeba simplex and Mastigella commutans and assessment of hypotheses of relatedness of the pelobionts (Protista)
		Ultrastructural data are compiled and analysed to assess two alternative views that the pelobionts are a primitive group of eukaryotes and the source of the other eukaryotes, or that they are related to eumycetozoan slime moulds.
		Mastigamoeba punctachora, Mastigamoeba simplex and Mastigella commutans and assessment of hypotheses of relatedness of the pelobionts (Protista)" title="post to CiteUlike">Post to CiteUlike
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/urban/301/2001/00000037/00000001/art00780 (304 words)

	Mitochondrion - New World Encyclopedia Preview
		Unlike their nuclear cousins, mitochondrial genes are small, generally lacking introns (sections of DNA that will be spliced out after transcription, but before the RNA is used), and the chromosomes are circular, conforming to the bacterial pattern.
		A few groups of unicellular eukaryotes lack mitochondria: the symbiotic microsporidians, metamonads, and entamoebids, and the free-living pelobionts.
		While this may suggest that these groups are the most primitive eukaryotes, appearing before the origin of mitochondria, it is now generally held to be an artifact—that they are descendants of eukaryotes with mitochondria and retain genes or organelles derived from mitochondria.
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /p/index.php?title=Mitochondrion&printable=yes (2003 words)

	NAI: Year 4 Annual Report: Marine Biological Laboratory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Pelobionts represent another group of eukaryotes that has been identified as a potentially deep-branching eukaryotic lineage on the basis of ultrastructure and certain molecular phylogenies.
		Based upon re-examination of the M. invertens structure and its failure to converge with other pelobionts in molecular analyses, we conclude that this organism was not correctly identified.
		The apparent sister-group relationship between the pelobionts and the entamoebae is consistent with the emerging view of the secondarily amitochondriate status of several groups previously thought to be primitively amitochondriate.
	nai.arc.nasa.gov /year4/year4.cfm?PageAction=5&Section=11&Page=45&Proj=29 (707 words)

	Pelobionts are Degenerate Protists: Insights from Molecules and Morphology -- Edgcomb et al. 19 (6): 978 -- Molecular ...
		Pelobionts are Degenerate Protists: Insights from Molecules and Morphology -- Edgcomb et al.
		Pelobionts are Degenerate Protists: Insights from Molecules and Morphology
		Walker G., A. Simpson, V. Edgcomb, M. Sogin, D. Patterson, 2001 Ultrastructural identities ofMastigamoeba punctachora, Mastigamoeba simplex, and Mastigella commutans and assessment of hypotheses of relatedness of the pelobionts (Protista) Eur.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/19/6/978 (2102 words)

	Astrobiology Magazine ::
		Results show that despite the absence of typical eukaryotic organelles, e.g., mitochondria, dictyosomes, chloroplasts, coated vesicles, and peroxisomes, pelobionts are not basal to other eukaryotes in our molecular analyses nor are they specifically related to a previously described pelobiont-like organism, Mastigamoeba invertens.
		Pelobionts do not represent one of the earliest branching lineages as suggested by RNA polymerase II and ultrastructure.
		Collection of new pelobiont taxa was performed by Alastair G. Simpson, Virginia P. Edgcomb, and David J. Patterson (MBL/University of Sydney) at various locations in Australia between 1996 and 1998.
	www.astrobio.net /news/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=16&page=15 (404 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Archamoebae
		Early molecular trees based on rRNA placed the parasitic or commensal genera (entamoebids) and the flagellate genera (pelobionts) as separate groups that diverged from other eukaryotes very early on, suggesting that the absence of mitochondria was a primitive condition.
		Instead, the Archamoebae are part of the Amoebozoa that have lost their mitochondria, and are particularly close relatives of the slime moulds.
		It also appears the pelobionts and entamoebids are not separate groups, i.e.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Pelobiont (257 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Evolution of four gene families with patchy phylogenetic distributions: influx of genes ...
		In the phylogenetic tree of nagB, a strongly supported group including the Entamoeba, ciliate, mycetozoa, pelobiont, parabasalid and several eubacterial sequences was detected (box B in Figure 4).
		To increase the resolution of this group, a separate analysis was performed which only included the sequences of the long version of the protein and therefore was based on a larger number of positions in the alignment – 560 unambiguously aligned aa residues compared to 229 (Figure 5).
		In the ML analyses the mycetozoan Dictyostelium discoideum is found as a sister to these sequences with a bootstrap support of 56% (Figure 5), while the Rhodopirelulla baltica 4 sequence is found as the immediate outgroup to the ciliate/Mastigamoeba/Entamoeba sequences with a posterior probability of 0.45 in the grouped aa analysis (data not shown).
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2148/6/27 (8434 words)

	giselle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		She has been involved in projects on species concepts in protists, euglenids and the ultrastructure and taxonomy of the pelobionts.
		Walker, G, Simpson, A.G.B. Edgcomb, V., Sogin, M. and Patterson, D.J. Ultrastructural identities of Mastigamoeba Protozoologica punctachora, Mastigamoeba simplex and Mastigella commutans and assessment of hypotheses of relatedness of the pelobionts (Protista).
		Walker G., Simpson A.G.B. and Patterson D.J. Pelobionts: Phylogeny and Systematics.
	www.bio.usyd.edu.au /Protsvil/giselle.htm (135 words)

	Protistology. 2004. Volume 3. Number 4. Alexander O. Frolov. Ludmila V. Chystjakova. Andrew V. Goodkov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		A new species of multinucleate pelobionts, Pelomyxa corona, is described.
		Morphology of the amoebae has been studied with the use of the light and the transmission electron microscope.
		corona, but another bacterial species is present which has not been reported from pelobionts so far.
	protistology.ifmo.ru /num3_4/frolov.htm (136 words)

	Alastair G. B. Simpson, Roger Lab, Dalhousie University, Canada
		Simpson, A.G.B. 2000: On the evolution of amitochondriate eukaryotes: phylogenetic examinations of pelobionts and excavate taxa, Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
		Edgcomb V.P., Simpson A.G.B., Amaral Zettler L., Nerad T.A., Patterson D.J., Holder M.E. & Sogin M.L. (2002) Pelobionts are degenerate protists: insights from molecules and morphology.
		Walker G., Simpson A.G.B., Edgcomb, V., Sogin M.L. & Patterson D.J. (2001) Ultrastructural identities of Mastigamoeba punctachora, Mastigamoeba simplex and Mastigella commutans and assessment of hypotheses of relatedness of the pelobionts (Protista).
	hades.biochem.dal.ca /Rogerlab/Alastair/Alastair.html (1015 words)

	Amitochondriate amoebae and the evolution of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II -- Stiller et al. 95 (20): 11769 -- ...
		of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II (RPB1) from the pelobiont Mastigamoeba
		in a pelobiont amoeba is unknown; however, the presence of introns
		hypothesis that pelobiont amoebae may be a true lineage of primitively
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/20/11769 (4540 words)

	Mastigamoeba
		) concludes that Mastigamoeba together with other amoeboid genera Mastigella, Mastigina and Peloxyma represent a group "the pelobionts" which is a sister group to Eumycetozoa (which includes amoeboid "Physarum" and "Hyperamoeba").
		simplex, and Mastigella commutans suggested a relationship between Mastigamoeba and the pelobionts.
		Walker, G., Simpson, A. B., Edgcomb, V., Sogin, M. and Patterson, D. (2001) "Ultrastructural identies of Mastigamoeba punctachora, Mastigamoeba simplex and Mastigella commutans and assessment of hypotheses of relatedness of the pelobionts (Protista)"., Eur.J.Protistol.
	www.bms.ed.ac.uk /research/others/smaciver/mastigamoeba.htm (758 words)

	Tree of Amoebozoa
		Amoebozoa is a supergroup of Eukaryotes that unifies lobose amoebae, pelobionts, entamoebids, and slime molds (Cavalier-Smith 1998).
		The monophyly of Amoebozoa has been proposed based on SSU rRNA gene phylogenies (Bolivar et al.
		Figure : Bayesian phylogeny of Amoebozoa inferred from SSU rRNA gene sequences using the GTR+G+I model of evolution.
	www.unige.ch /sciences/biologie/biani/msg/Amoeboids/Amoebozoa.html (142 words)

	Pelobionta - MicrobeWiki
		Arisue N, Hashimot T, Lee JA, Moore DV, Gordon P, Sensen CW, Gaasterland T, Hasegawa M, Muller M. "The phylogenetic position of the pelobiont Mastigamoeba balamuthi based on sequences of rDNA and translation elongation factors EF-1alpha and EF-2." J Eukaryot Microbiol.
		"Pelobionts are Degenerate Protists: Insights from Molecules and Morphology." Molecular Biology and Evolution.
		Edgcomb, Virginia P. "Project Report: Eukaryotic Origins and the Evolution of Cellular Complexity - Eukaryotic rRNA Evolution: Early Diverging Eukaryotes."
	microbewiki.kenyon.edu /mediawiki-1.6.6/index.php/Pelobionta (496 words)

	The world's top amoeboid websites
		Most such amoebae move by flowing into an anterior pseudopod, but some crawl using relatively permanent pseudopods as limbs, and others roll, the ectoplasm sliding around the outside of the cell like a tank tread.
		Most, including Amoeba itself, appear to form a monophyletic group called the Amoebozoa, which also includes most slime molds, and may or may not include the entamoebae and pelobionts.
		Filose pseudopods arise from the same sort of underlying pressure system as lobose ones, but are tapering and frequently extended.
	www.websbiggest.com /wiki-article-tab.cfm/amoeboid (583 words)

	Microbial Diversity: Deeply Branching Eukarya
		Indeed, genetic analysis has shown the pelobionts to be related to both the diplomonads and the trichomonads [Roger, 1999;
		Both the diplomonads [Wu et al., 2000] and the trichomonads [Keeling and Palmer, 2000] continue to have their early divergences re-established continually.
		Other candidates (the oxymonads and retortamonads among them) remain as well, their phylogenetic affinities unresolved [Roger, 1999].
	web.pdx.edu /~heiss/biology/dbe.paper.html (5717 words)

	NAI Team Pages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		While diplomonads and retortamonads lack any mitochondria-like organelle, Carpediemonas contains double membrane-bounded structures physically resembling hydrogenosomes.
		Because they lack stacked dictyosomes, mitochondria, and outer dynein arms in their flagellar apparatus, pelobionts might represent early diverging eukaryotic lineages.
		Objective No. 2: Develop and test plausible pathways by which ancient counterparts of membrane systems, proteins and nucleic acid were synthesized from simpler precursors and assembled into protocells.
	nai.nasa.gov /team/index.cfm?page=projectreports&teamID=20&year=4&projectID=388 (706 words)

	Simpson lab people
		He used multi-protein phylogenetics to help determine the evolutionary position of the mysterious jakobid (or jakobid-like) flagellates Andalucia godoyi and Andalucia incarcerata (formerly Jakoba incarcerata).
		Lori was an honours student for 2005-2006, working on the diversity and evolutionary relationships among pelobionts, and their relationship to Entamoebae.
		She is working on the deep-level evolutionary relationships amongst kinetoplastids, using both electron microscopy and molecular data.
	myweb.dal.ca /asimpso2/people.htm (415 words)

	Giselle Walker
		My project is about phylogeny and taxonomy of heterotrophic amoebae and flagellates, and evolution of mechanisms for dealing with anoxia (hydrogenosomes).
		Key words: eukaryote, phylogeny, archamoebae, amoebozoa, pelobiont, mastigamoeba, pelomyxa, entamoeba, mycetozoa, amoeba, methanogenic bacteria, hydrogenosome, ultrastructure, SSU rRNA, actin, tubulin, [Fe] hydrogenase, PFO, pyruvate ferredoxin:oxidoreductase.
		The project is shared with the London Natural History Museum's Zoology Department.
	www.bi.ku.dk /students/ex-PHD-details.asp?ID=334 (68 words)

	Peloxyma
		, Pelomyxa is related to Mastigamoeba being included in the pelobiont group together with Mastigella and Mastigina.
		The pelobionts being a sister group to eumcetozoan slime moulds including Physarum, Protosporangium and Hyperamoeba.
		These relationships has support from both ultra-structural (
	www.bms.ed.ac.uk /research/others/smaciver/peloxyma.htm (373 words)

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