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Topic: Peltier effect

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	Peltier-Seebeck effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Peltier-Seebeck effect, or thermoelectric effect, is the direct conversion of heat differentials to electric voltage and vice versa.
		The Peltier-Seebeck and Thomson effects are reversible; Joule heating is not, and cannot be, under the laws of thermodynamics.
		A Peltier cooler/heater or thermoelectric heat pump is a solid-state active heat pump which transfers heat from one side of the device to the other.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Peltier-Seebeck_effect (1554 words)

	Peltier-Seebeck effect -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		The Peltier-Seebeck effect, or thermoelectric effect, is the direct conversion of heat differentials to electric (The rate at which energy is drawn from a source that produces a flow of electricity in a circuit; expressed in volts) voltage and vice versa.
		The Peltier, Seebeck, and Thomson effects are reversible; Joule heating is not.
		The Peltier effect is the reverse of the Seebeck effect; a creation of a heat difference from an electric voltage.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pe/peltier-seebeck_effect1.htm (1580 words)

	Peltier coolers
		Peltier heat is considered positive in case of dissipation, and negative in case of absorption.
		In theory, the Peltier effect is explained the following way: electrons speed up or slow down under the influence of contact potential difference.
		Peltier modules are very reliable; they haven't got any moving parts, unlike refrigerators constructed according to the traditional technology.
	www.digit-life.com /articles/peltiercoolers (1945 words)

	Ars Technica: The Ars guide to advanced cooling: Peltier edition - Page 1 - (4/2000) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		Peltier coolers, also known as thermoelectric coolers, are solid state heat pumps that, with the application of electrical current, transfer heat from one side of the device to the other.
		The Peltier Effect was discovered in 1834 by a French watchmaker and physicist by the name of Jean Charles Athanase Peltier.
		The Peltier Effect takes place when an electrical current is sent through two dissimilar materials that have been connected to one another at two junctions.
	arstechnica.com /guide/cooling/peltier-1.html (643 words)

	The Peltier Effect: Reversible Electromagnetic Thermodynamics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		The Peltier Effect was discovered in 1822, and refers to the reversible heating, or cooling which occurs at a contact when current flows from one connector to another.
		The Peltier effect can be found calorimetrically as the quantity of heat absorbed or given off at a junction is proportional to the total charge passing through the junction.
		The Peltier effect is demonstrated using thermochromic liquid crystals on both sides of a junction.
	olbers.kent.edu /alcomed/Sam_Net/Symp2net/pel.html (414 words)

	JCE 1996 (73) 940 [Oct] Thermoelectric Devices: Solid-State Refrigerators and Electrical Generators in the Classroom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		The simplest demonstration of the Peltier effect is simply to power the module, allow it to establish a temperature difference between the heat sinks, and permit students to touch the hot and cold heat sinks.
		To demonstrate the Seebeck effect (in which a temperature gradient produces a potential), a small electrical device can be connected to the module in place of the power supply after the module has reached its maximum temperature gradient; power can be extracted from the module until the temperature gradient becomes too small.
		The Peltier coefficient and the thermopower are elated by the expression
	jchemed.chem.wisc.edu /Journal/Issues/1996/Oct/abs940.html (5747 words)

	Thermoelectrics 12 Most Frequently Asked Questions
		The Peltier effect occurs whenever electrical current flows through two dissimilar conductors; depending on the direction of current flow, the junction of the two conductors will either absorb or release heat.
		Explaining the Peltier effect and its operation in thermoelectric devices, is a very challenging proposition because it ultimately keys on some very complex physics at the sub-atomic level.
		The net effect is a continuous current level which is equal to the generated current capacity of the primary conductor (for the given temperature difference) minus the generated current capacity of the second conductor.
	www.tellurex.com /12most.html (4437 words)

	Seebeck effect -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Peltier heat, Q, was shown to be proportional to the applied junction current, I, through the relationship Q =, where is the Peltier coefficient.
		Some sound effects correspond to the action in the visual image: as waves are seen breaking on the shore, the synchronous sound of breaking waves is heard.
		Factsheet on the effects of ozone depletion on humans, plants, and marine life, with the increase in the ultraviolet rays that are emitted from the Sun.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9066565?tocId=9066565 (839 words)

	History
		Thermoelectric generators are solid-state power sources that utilize the Seebeck effect, while thermoelectric coolers are solid-state heat pumps utilizing the Peltier effect.
		The proportionality constant is known as the Peltier coefficient.
		In the Thomson effect, heat is absorbed or produced when current flows in a material with a temperature gradient.
	www.cco.caltech.edu /~jsnyder/thermoelectrics/history_page.htm (809 words)

	The educational encyclopedia, thermoelectric devices, peltier effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		Peltier effect device also known as thermoelectric (TE) modules, are small solid-state devices that function as heat pumps
		Thermoelectric effect thermocouples manipulate the fact that the electromotive force (EMF) between two dissimilar metals is a function of their temperature difference, Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, Thomson effect
		Thermoelectric modules thermoelectric modules (also known as thermoelectric heat pumps, and Peltier devices) are used to move heat from one area to another.
	users.telenet.be /educypedia/electronics/thermoelectric.htm (452 words)

	Seebeck Effect Curiosity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		Peltier junctions used to be rather rare, used only to cool some exotic telecommunications and ultra-sensitive amplifier circuitry to reduce electrical noise.
		The Peltier array in my cooler had to be generating at least 1.6 volts to light the LED, at about 10 milliamps.
		In conjunction with a storage battery or capacitor, a solar collector, and a heatsink, a Peltier array could be capable of providing a source of electrical power for a low-current device such as a weather station or data logger.
	blueneon.xidus.net /spork/seebeck.html (448 words)

	Ars Technica: Swiftech MC1000 Peltier Cooler - Page 1 - (10/99) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		The MC1000 Peltier Cooler was made with people like me in mind, people who enjoy tweaking and trying new things that improve performance just as much as they enjoy the performance gain they get.
		Discovered in 1834 by a Frenchman named Jean Peltier, the Peltier effect makes it possible to produce a kind of solid-state heat-pumping device, a device that can transfer heat from one side of a solid crystalline plate to another.
		To put it simply, the Peltier uses an advanced electrical method to displace heat from the top of a CPU to another location where one can better attend to its dissipation.
	arstechnica.com /reviews/4q99/mc1000/mc1000-1.html (587 words)

	Nexus Hardware - We tell it like it is! - Peltier Basics, Danger Den Maze 4-1 & Z Chipset (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		The Maze 4-1 is a peltier powered CPU water block, and the Z Chip block is used on the northbridge.
		The effect is demonstrated when a current is run through two materials of dissimilar electron densities (usually made of copper and constantan).
		The last drawback of peltier cooling is the tremendous amount of heat that must be dissipated in order for the system to perform well.
	nexushardware.com /articles/index.php?id=18 (751 words)

	Electronics Cooling: an introduction to thermoelectric coolers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		Thermoelectrics are based on the Peltier Effect, discovered in 1834, by which DC current applied across two dissimilar materials causes a temperature differential.
		The Peltier Effect is one of the three thermoelectric effects, the other two are known as the Seebeck Effect and Thomson Effect.
		Whereas the last two effects act on a single conductor, the Peltier Effect is a typical junction phenomenon.
	www.electronics-cooling.com /Resources/EC_Articles/SEP96/sep96_04.htm (1552 words)

	Introduction to Thermoelectrics
		It was later in 1834 that Peltier[2] described thermal effects at the junctions of dissimilar conductors when an electrical current flows between the materials.
		Peltier failed however to understand the full implications of his findings and it wasn't until four years later that Lenz[3] concluded that there is heat adsorption or generation at the junctions depending on the direction of current flow.
		This is know as the Thomson effect and is defined as the rate of heat generated or absorbed in a single current carrying conductor subjected to a temperature gradient.
	www.thermoelectrics.com /introduction.htm (1007 words)

	Peltiers in practice - how do you test them, and what're they good for?
		The better the Peltier and the higher the voltage - up to a ceiling of about 16 volts for most models - the bigger the temperature differential can be, and the more heat they can transfer.
		The white plates on either side of a Peltier element are special thermally conductive ceramic, but they're still not tremendously conductive; if you put a copper plate between the Peltier and your processor, it'll take the heat from the small CPU die and transfer it more efficiently to the larger Peltier area.
		This Peltier's rated for 16 volts maximum, at which voltage it's meant to draw 8.5 amps; my bench supply managed to feed the Peltier and the heater in parallel almost 15 volts.
	www.dansdata.com /peltprac.htm (3887 words)

	Peltier, Jean-Charles-Athanase -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The effect, known by his name, is used in devices for measuring temperature and, with the discovery of new conducting materials, in refrigeration units.
		In a circuit consisting of a battery joined by two pieces of copper wire to a length of bismuth wire, a temperature rise occurs at the...
		In 1834 the French physicist and watchmaker Jean-Charles-Athanase Peltier observed that if a current is passed through a single junction of the type described above, the amount of measured heat generated is not consistent with that which would be predicted from Joule heating (see below) alone.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9059020?tocId=9059020 (846 words)

	Dr Karl's Homework - Peltier Effect (26/1/2000)
		He spent the rest of his life investigating scientific phenomena such as the boiling point of water at high altitudes, electricity in the atmosphere, and water spouts.
		In one experiment, Peltier joined a piece of copper wire, to a piece of bismuth wire, to a battery, and then completed the loop back to the copper wire.
		The disadvantage of the Peltier Effect refrigerator is that it's not very powerful, nor is it very efficient, but it is very reliable, because it has no moving parts.
	www.abc.net.au /science/k2/homework/s95611.htm (263 words)

	The Peltier effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		Contrary to Joule heating, the Peltier effect is reversible and depends on the direction of the current.
		The Peltier effect is caused by the fact that an electric current is accompanied by a heat current in a homogeneous conductor even at constant temperature.
		In this case the Peltier coefficient is negative.
	www.uni-konstanz.de /physik/Jaeckle/papers/thermopower/node2.html (241 words)

	CRYONICS: More Peltier Effect
		We should use the Peltier effect to provide this power.
		There is another problem the Peltier effect may solve for us.
		Since commercial refrigeration systems exist based on the Peltier effect, I infer that they must use something other than copper/constantan (probably semiconductors).
	www.cryonet.org /cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=2031 (740 words)

	Cool Off That Hot CPU Easily & Effectively (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		Employing the Peltier effect in a thermoelectric module that is actually a small solid state device which can be operated as a heat pump, or as an electric power generator, earns it the moniker TEG.
		TECs employing the Peltier effect are basically a series of p-Type and n-Type semiconductors sealed between two ceramic plates.
		The folks at Magaland Technology, manufacturer of the Peltier Chip, suggest setting the monitoring software that you use in your computer system to power on the Peltier chip at 45C and to shut off the power to the Peltier Chip at 30C to effectively prevent condensation from occurring.
	www.infinisource.com /features/peltier-chip-pf.html (571 words)

	Directory:AC via Peltier Effect - PESWiki
		The reverse of this -- applying current to effect a temperature difference -- is called the Peltier Effect (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peltier-Seebeck_effect).
		There is a large body of research that has been done to try and optimize this principle for practical cooling or heating.
		"The disadvantage of the Peltier Effect refrigerator is that it's not very powerful, nor is it very efficient, but it is very reliable, because it has no moving parts." (http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/homework/s95611.htm)
	peswiki.com /index.php/Directory:AC_via_Peltier_Effect (351 words)

	MC1000 Peltier Review
		In order to understand the Peltier effect, you have to understand the Seebeck effect first.
		Peltier coolers use paired semiconductors sandwiched in between two ceramic plates.
		Peltier coolers are very effective at keeping the processor cool, but they do have a few drawbacks.
	www.firingsquad.com /hardware/swiftech/page2.asp (463 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		A theoretical analysis of thermal transport in nanowires, in field-free conditions and under influence of applied magnetic fields, is presented.
		It is shown that in the nonlinear regime (finite applied voltage) new peaks in the Peltier coefficient appear leading to violation of Onsager{close_quote}s relation between the Peltier and thermopower coefficients.
		Oscillations of the Peltier coefficient in a magnetic field are demonstrated.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=688024 (237 words)

	Re: How is heat transported by a Peltier Junction?
		Since the temperature is just a representation of the average speed of the random movements of the particles, the temperature at the upper junction seems to decrease.
		Similarly, At the lower junction, there is a net flux of electrons from the red to the green, therefore a net heating effect.
		There is a very good article on the web about the Peltier effect in semiconductors [1], it can also help you understand the Peltier effect at the junction of two different metals.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/sep99/938380875.Ph.r.html (332 words)

	Silicon Chip Online - Peltier-Effect Tinnie Cooler
		Like the cooler we presented back in September 1999 (see, it was last century!) this one is based on a Peltier Effect device.
		If you thermally bond the Peltier (that's shorthand for Peltier Effect device!) to another object, that object will either cool down or heat up, depending on the polarity of supply to the Peltier.
		That's why a Peltier can be used for both cooling and heating.
	www.siliconchip.com.au /cms/A_30311/article.html (342 words)

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