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	California Penal Code - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The California Penal Code forms the basis for the application of criminal law in the American state of California.
		The code is divided into Parts 1 and 2, which each contain "titles," some of these being subdivided into "chapters," with "sections" comprising the smallest unit of content.
		Major portions of the California Penal Code right down to section numbers were adopted for many years in the Territory of Guam when it was administered by the U.S. Navy and later by the Department of the Interior, as many of the local attorneys, judiciary, and police had been educated in California.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/California_Penal_Code (498 words)

	Penal code - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A penal code can be defined as that portion of a state's laws that deal with defining the elements of particular crimes and specifying the punishment for each crime.
		Other parts of the laws of a given state can also define crimes and punishments, such as a traffic code or a building safety code, or laws addressing environmental resources by regulating hunting, fishing, or forestry.
		In many states, the body of criminal law is published in one or more printed books for convenient reference by lawyers, other professionals of the criminal justice system, and, in principle, ordinary citizens.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Penal_code (148 words)

	Indian Penal Code - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Indian Penal Code came into force in 1862 (during the British Raj) and was amended in 1993.
		Some sections of the penal code have become popular culture references, such as Section 420 of the Penal Code.
		Confidence tricksters in India and Pakistan, where the penal code apply are called 420, after this section.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indian_Penal_Code (208 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		\par (2) For achievement of this objective the Penal Code shall determine which acts dangerous to society constitute crimes and what punishments shall be imposed for them, and shall specify the cases where instead of punishment measures for social influence and education may be imposed.
		33 \par (1) Penally responsible shall not be a person, who has acted in a state of insanity - where due to retarded mentality or derangement of his consciousness of prolonged or short duration, the person has not been able to understand the nature and meaning of the act or to manage his actions.
		79 \par (1) Penal prosecution and the serving of punishment shall be excluded: \par 1.
	www2.umt.edu /lawinsider/library/lawbyjur/bulgarpc.doc (17800 words)

	Penal Code by L. Ron Hubbard - Humanitarian - Road to Self-Respect
		his penal code of the Constitution is based on the principle that all men are equal under law, regardless of privilege, wealth, descent, antecedents, repute or poverty and that no costs, conditions, rumor or publicity shall swerve favorably or unfavorably the course of justice or the rights thereto.
		It shall be a felony to subvert, ignore or alter this Constitution.
		The death sentence shall not be part of any penal code of the country.
	humanitarian.lronhubbard.org /penal.htm (751 words)

	Albania - Penal Code (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Prior to the reforms of the early 1990s, a politically and ideologically oriented penal code facilitated systematic violations of human rights and ensured the communist party control over all aspects of Albania's political, economic, and cultural life.
		Article 53 of the 1982 code, for example, broadly defined sabotage as "activity or inactivity to weaken or undermine the operations of the state and the Albanian Party of Labor, the socialist economy, and the organization and administration of the state and society"--a crime punishable by at least ten years' imprisonment or by death.
		Article 47 stipulated a penalty of not less than ten years or death for "flight from the state" or for "refusal to return to the fatherland." The penal code listed a total of thirty-four offenses punishable by death, of which twelve were political and eleven were military.
	countrystudies.us /albania/167.htm (229 words)

	CALIFORNIA PENAL CODE
		Sections 204, 218, and 219 of the Code of Civil Procedure specify the exemptions and the excuses which relieve a person from liability to serve as a grand juror.
		The commissioner and his assistants, referred to in Sections 69895 and 69896 of the Government Code, shall have power to administer oaths and shall be allowed actual traveling expenses incurred in the performance of their duties.
		The maximum amount shall be subject to increase by the presiding judge through contract amendment during the term thereof, subject to and in compliance with the procedure prescribed by Section 914.5.
	www.co.el-dorado.ca.us /grandjury/PenalCodes.htm (7834 words)

	Crim.Code_E
		The Criminal Code is based on the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan and generally recognized principles and norms of International Law.
		The Criminal Code is aimed to defend rights and freedoms of a person and citizen, rights of juridical persons, property, environment, public order, constitutional system, peace and security of humankind from criminal invasions, to bring up citizens in the spirit of observance of the Constitution and laws of the republic and to prevent crimes.
		To implement these objectives the present Code consolidates grounds and principles of criminal responsibility, defines which socially dangerous actions are deemed to be crimes and determines sentences and other measures of criminal-legal influence for committing crimes.
	www.osi.hu /ipf/fellows/Zaripova/PCode.htm (17078 words)

	California Penal Code
		To prove the killing was "deliberate and premeditated," it shall not be necessary to prove the defendant maturely and meaningfully reflected upon the gravity of his or her act.
		The rules of the common law, distinguishing the killing of a master by his servant, and of a husband by his wife, as petit treason, are abolished, and these offenses are homicides, punishable in the manner prescribed by this Chapter.
		(2) A petition was sustained or the minor was convicted of a violation of Section 23103 as specified in Section 23103.5, 23140, 23152, or 23153 of the Vehicle Code or a violation of Section 191.5 or paragraph (3) of subdivision (c) of Section 192.
	www.fordhamprep.org /socstud/Cases/code.htm (6263 words)

	Nigeria: The death penalty and women under the Nigerian penal systems - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Penal Code is applicable to all residents (both Muslim and non-Muslim) of the states under its jurisdiction, and likewise the Criminal Code is applicable to all its residents in the southern states under its jurisdiction (27).
		This new legislation comprises three parts: penal codes laying down the criminal offences and sentences, criminal procedure codes regulating the procedures in criminal cases and a law which relates to the establishment of the courts and the competence of the respective judicial authorities.
		Hence, the Maliki interpretation as represented by the Sharia penal codes in northern Nigeria appears to be discriminating against women in the sense that is appears to be easier to convict a woman of the offence of zina.
	www.web.amnesty.org /library/index/engafr440012004 (16398 words)

	Texas Criminal Lawyer - Texas Penal Code
		This code shall be known and may be cited as the Penal Code.
		The general purposes of this code are to establish a system of prohibitions, penalties, and correctional measures to deal with conduct that unjustifiably and inexcusably causes or threatens harm...
		The provisions of this code shall be construed...
	law.onecle.com /texas/penal (9462 words)

	REVISED PENAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES - BOOK TWO (FULL TEXT)
		If any person present at the meeting carries an unlicensed firearm, it shall be presumed that the purpose of said meeting, insofar as he is concerned, is to commit acts punishable under this Code, and he shall be considered a leader or organizer of the meeting within the purview of the preceding paragraph.
		In applying the provisions of Articles 148 and 151 of this Code, teachers, professors and persons charged with the supervision of public or duly recognized private schools, colleges and universities, and lawyers in the actual performance of their professional duties or on the occasion of such performance, shall be deemed persons in authority.
		If the person solicited be the wife, daughter, sister of relative within the same degree by affinity of any person in the custody of such warden or officer, the penalties shall be prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods and temporary special disqualification.
	www.chanrobles.com /revisedpenalcodeofthephilippinesbook2.htm (8317 words)

	PENAL CODE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Penal Code shall also apply to foreign citizens who have committed crimes of general nature abroad, whereby the interests of the Republic of Bulgaria or of Bulgarian citizens have been affected.
		The sentence of a foreign court for a crime to which the Bulgarian Penal Code is applicable shall be taken into consideration in the cases specified in an international agreement to which the Republic of Bulgaria is a party.
		(1) Penally responsible shall not be a person, who has acted in a state of insanity - where due to retarded mentality or derangement of his consciousness of prolonged or short duration, the person has not been able to understand the nature and meaning of the act or to manage his actions.
	www2.umt.edu /lawinsider/library/lawbyjur/bulgarpc.htm (13685 words)

	AllRefer.com - Czechoslovakia - Penal Code \| Czech Republic Information Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Both codes had been amended during the years of independence, but no distinctively Czechoslovak code had been formulated until the KSC hastily improvised one after the coup.
		This 1950 Penal code was harsh and repressive, reflecting the siege mentality of the communist elite, who felt threatened by the people they ruled.
		Amendments in the mid-1950s eliminated some of the harshest aspects, and a new code was issued in 1961, with a revision in 1973.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/czechoslovakia/czechoslovakia147.html (697 words)

	Penal Code to guide Higher Media Council's mandate, says premier
		The government endorsed amendments to the Penal Code on Oct. 8, introducing fines of up to JD5,000, prison sentences of up to three years, or both for press violations.
		The code is seen by many lawyers and activists as a violation of articles 15 and 94 of the Constitution.
		Abul Ragheb and government officials have repeatedly stressed that the changes were not aimed at the dailies but rather at a number of weeklies, which, they said, fabricated news and misquoted officials, insulting them and distorting their image as well as the image of the country.
	www.jordanembassyus.org /12042001004.htm (703 words)

	Aljazeera.Net - Relief as Turkish penal code put back (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The code appears to be a backwards step by Turkey, which has been pushing hard to reform its legal codes to bring them into line with European Union legislation.
		Journalist groups say the new penal code gives room for wide interpretation of terms such as "insult", while even indirect criticism of the country's leaders could lead to jail terms.
		"Article 327 of the penal code, for example," says Eksi, "says that whoever obtains information which is supposed to be confidential and which is related to state security or the interests of the state, externally or internally, is liable to imprisonment for three to eight years.
	english.aljazeera.net /NR/exeres/6DD6FDDC-3506-4D68-8F22-A1FD59017B5D.htm (1098 words)

	IFEX :: Penal Code amendments pose threat to press freedom
		The amendments to 17 of the Penal Code's articles were approved by the National Assembly on second reading on 9 December.
		After Parliament approved the corrections, the so-called "partial reform of the Penal Code" took effect on 16 March and was published in the official gazette on 17 March.
		Until now, the Penal Code provided for no more than 18 months in prison for this kind of offence.
	www.ifex.org /en/content/view/full/65631 (763 words)

	Article 281 (Genocide) in the Ethiopian Penal Code of 1957 -- Prevent Genocide International
		PENAL CODE OF THE EMPIRE OF ETHIOPIA OF 1957, Proclamation No. 158 of 1957, Negarit Gazeta, Extraordinary Issue No. 1 of 1957, 23 July 1957.
		The Penal Code of the Empire of Ethiopia of 1957, incorporates the crime of genocide in Article 281 using language which closely parallels the wording of the U.N. Genocide Convention, "with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group"
		Ethiopia took part in the negotiation of the Genocide Convention in 1948, signed the Convention on the day it become open for signature and was the first nation to ratify the Convention on July 1,1949.
	preventgenocide.org /law/domestic/ethiopia.htm (1109 words)

	Zamfara Online - SHARI'AH PENAL CODE LAW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This law may be cited as the Shari'ah Penal Code Law, 2000 and it shall come into operation on 27th day of January, 2000.
		The Provisions contained in the schedule to this Law shall be the law of the State with respect to the several matters therein dealt with and the said schedule may be cited as, and is hereby called, the Shari'ah Penal Code.
		E.(i) When by the Shari'ah Penal Code, any act is declared to be lawful no action shall be brought in respect thereof.
	www.zamfaraonline.com /sharia/introduction.html (277 words)

	SSRN-Reforming the Federal Criminal Code and The Model Penal Code: A Top Ten List by Paul Robinson
		Also consistent with the recent trend, in its ideal if not its practice, is the proposal that code drafters follow an articulated distributive principle to develop statutory formulations and to define the rules by which the code provisions are to be interpreted.
		First, it is suggested that a new code be drafted in a way that avoids conflicts with the community's perceptions of desert, for this is necessary to enhance the code's moral credibility with the community it governs, which in turn is necessary to increase the code's power to gain compliance by that community.
		It is only through this separation, it is argued, that codes can effectively perform both of the two central functions of a criminal code: communicating to the public ex ante the rules of lawful conduct, and defining for adjudicators the principles governing ex post adjudication of a violation.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=10237 (467 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code)
		Article 58 of the Russian SFSR Penal Code was put in force on February 25, 1927 to arrest those suspected guilty of counter-revolutionary activities.
		In particular, its Article 58-1 was updated by the listed sub-articles and put in force since June 8, 1934.
		Penal codes of other republics of Soviet Union also had articles ofsimilar nature.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Article_58 (707 words)

	Revise the Penal Code - INQ7.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		AS I've pointed out in the past, the Revised Penal Code is a colonial document, one dating back to the period before the country's enjoying full autonomy as a Commonwealth.
		Beyond the need to purge the Penal Code of its colonial underpinnings, there is the need to continue refreshing the law to make it applicable to present-day conditions.
		The fundamental defect of the Revised Penal Code, for example, is that terrorism, as a method and a crime, simply isn't covered.
	news.inq7.net /opinion/index.php?index=2&story_id=30427&col=111 (724 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| Analysis: Turkish penal reform woes
		Last September and October all seemed set fair for the passing of a new penal code to top off the extraordinary process of legislative reform that Turkey has put itself through over the past four years.
		The code was to be passed just before the European Commission issued its final report on Turkey's fitness for entry into the EU - and the new code was crucially important because the old one was so badly riddled with sexual discrimination.
		The old press law forbade criticism of certain state institutions; the new penal code has a clause, albeit rewritten, that does much the same thing.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/4400993.stm (783 words)

	Turkey: Concerns about new Penal Code should be addressed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In recent days, press groups in Turkey have articulated their concerns regarding the new Penal Code which is due to come into effect on 1 April.
		The new Penal Code was presented by the government as a less restrictive and democratic piece of legislation and hastily passed by Parliament in September 2004 as a result of pressure from the European Union.
		For example, Article 122 of the draft of the new Penal Code which forbids discrimination on the basis of "language, race, colour, gender, political thought, philosophical belief, religion, denomination and other reasons" was amended at the last moment so that "sexual orientation" was removed from the draft.
	www.kurdmedia.com /news.asp?id=6472 (706 words)

	CA Penal Code
		Code or Section 300 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, or to a licensing agency when abuse in out-of-home care is reasonably suspected, or when those persons waive confidentiality, or by court order.
		Disclosure under this section shall be subject to the California Public Records Act (Chapter 3.5 (commencing with Section 6250) of Division 7 of Title 1 of the Government Code).
		Nothing in this section prohibits a submitting agency prior to disclosure from redacting the name, address, and telephone number of a witness, person who reports under this article, or victim to maintain confidentiality as required by law.
	www.cacscc.org /resources/binder/penalcode.htm (1236 words)

	EU-sought penal code takes effect in Turkey despite criticism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		ANKARA, June 1 (AFP) - 10h19 - Turkey’s new penal code, a key reform demanded by the European Union, took effect Wednesday after months of political wrangling and despite criticism that it severely restricts press freedoms.
		Controversy has haunted the code ever since the government rushed it through parliament last September as part of reforms that helped Turkey win an EU green light for accession talks scheduled to start this fall.
		The Radikal newspaper lashed out at the government for failing to address the complaints of press groups, which argue that under the new code, journalists may still end up behind bars although jail sentences were purged from the press law in an earlier reform last year.
	www.kurdmedia.com /news.asp?id=6981 (493 words)

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