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CNT - An Act respecting labour standards | Penal dispositions The fines collected pursuant to the first paragraph shall be paid into the labour market development fund established under section 58 of the Act respecting the Ministère de l’Emploi et de la Solidarité sociale and establishing the Commission des partenaires du marché du travail (chapter M-15.001). Where a legal person commits an offence, every officer, director, employee or agent of that legal person who has prescribed or authorized the perpetration of the offence or agreed or was a party thereto, is deemed to be a party to the offence. Penal proceedings for an offence under a provision of this Act shall be prescribed by one year from the date on which the prosecutor became aware of the commission of the offence. www.cnt.gouv.qc.ca /en/lois/normes/penales/index.asp   (523 words)

Penal labour - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Penal labour or penal servitude is a form of unfree labour. The British penal colonies in Australia between 1788 and 1868 are probably the best examples of convict labour, as described above: during that period, Australia received thousands of transported convict labourers, many of whom had received harsh sentences for minor misdemeanours in Britain or Ireland. Another historically significant example of forced labour was that of political prisoners and other persecuted people in labour camps, especially in totalitarian regimes since the 20th century where millions of convicts were exploited and often killed by hard labour and bad living conditions. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Penal_labour   (626 words)

Unfree labour - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations, especially in modern or early modern history, in which adults and/or children are employed against their will by the threat of destitution, detention, violence (including death), or other extreme hardship to themselves, or to members of their families. Unfree labour is often more easily instituted and enforced on migrant workers, who have travelled far from their homelands and who are easily identified because of their physical, ethnic or cultural differences to the general population, since they are unable or unlikely to report their conditions to the authorities. Another historically significant example of forced labour was that of political prisoners, people from conquered or occupied countries, and prisoners of war, especially during the 20th century. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Unfree_labour   (1465 words)

penal code - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about penal code The measures were gradually repealed in the late 18th century, although the penal laws were not completely removed until the Catholic emancipation of 1829. The purpose of these laws was partly punishment for the support given by Irish Catholics to King James II between 1688 and 1690, and partly to ensure the domination of Ireland by the Protestant settlers. In the long term, however, the penal laws had the opposite effect to subduing the Irish, as they fuelled resentment to British rule and encouraged thoughts of future rebellion. encyclopedia.farlex.com /penal%20code   (550 words)

Penal Labour Camp Treblinka I, Page I - The penal labour camp Treblinka I, was established in the summer of 1941. The other important areas to where prisoners were sent to slave labour were the Malkinia railway station and the irrigation area in the valley of river Bug. - Theodor von Eupen the commandant of the penal labour camp Treblinka I, was killed in December 1944 by the Polish partisans. www.silentwall.com /TreblinkaLabourI.html   (251 words)

Katorga - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Katorga (ка́торга, from Greek: katergon, galley) was a system of penal servitude of the prison farm type in Imperial Russia. Penal labour has been quite common throughout history, in a number of countries. As well as the punishment aspect, penal labour also partially attempts to address the financial cost of keeping prisoners. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Katorga   (486 words)

NationMaster.com - Encyclopedia: Penal colony   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26) A Penal Colony is a colony used to detain prisoners and generally use them for penal labor in an economically underdeveloped part of the state's (usually colonial) territories, and on a far larger scale than the prison farm. Penal labour is a form of the unfree labour. In the Penal Colony system, prisoners were deported far away to prevent escape and to discourage returning after their sentence expired. www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Penal-colony   (2221 words)

CRC/C/41/Add.4 - State Party Report - Georgia Under article 125 of the Penal Code, to use guardianship, care or patronage for mercenary motives, harming the interests of the person under guardianship, or to abandon a child under guardianship without supervision and necessary material assistance is punishable by imprisonment for up to two years of reformatory labour. Signing of a labour contract by 15-year-old children is also possible, but in each individual case the labour inspectorate's permission is required; 16-year-old children may be hired only for easy jobs that are not dangerous to their health and physical and mental development. Under article 133 of the Penal code it is a crime to abduct or otherwise restrict the liberty of a person and is punishable by imprisonment from 10 to 15 years, with or without confiscation of property. www.hri.ca /fortherecord1997/documentation/tbodies/crc-c-41-add4.htm   (16114 words)

penal colony - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about penal colony   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26) The first examples of penal colonies were those established by the British in New South Wales, Australia, which began European encroachment on the continent; these included Sydney (Port Jackson; 1788–1840), Newcastle (1804–23), and Port Macquarie (1821–36). Other notorious penal colonies were Devil's Island, a French institution off the coast of South America, and the vast network of Soviet forced labour camps (or ‘gulags’) set up under Stalin in remote areas of the Soviet Union, in which millions perished. A fictional penal colony run by a sadistic commandant is the subject of Franz Kafka's short story ‘In the Penal Colony’ (1919). encyclopedia.farlex.com /penal+colony   (237 words)

UN Profile - Japan   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26) The majority of this increase was disposed of by fine with an increase of 223 289 from 1980 to 2 260 791 in 1986, and minor fine, rose from 24 780 in 1980 to 27 004 in 1986. Daily average population of penal institutions was 50 596 in 1980, with an increase of 4 752 (9.4%) to 55 348 in 1986. As to the number newly admitted to penal institutions, 32 837 inmates were incarcerated in 1986, an increase of 4 463 (15.7%) as compared with that of 1980. christianparty.net /japanun.htm   (2630 words)

International Labour Law Even when the labour legislation or practice of a country has reached a certain level, it may be desirable for the country to ratify a Convention that provides for a standard corresponding to the existing national situation. Prohibits the use of any form of forced or compulsory labour as a means of political coercion or education, punishment for the expression of political or ideological views, workforce mobilization, labour discipline, punishment for participation in strikes, or discrimination. Aims at the abolition of child labour, stipulating that the minimum age for admission to employment shall not be less than the age of completion of compulsory schooling, and in any case not less than 15 years (14 for developing countries). www.itcilo.it /english/actrav/telearn/global/ilo/law/lablaw.htm   (6122 words)

The Elimination of All Forms of Forced or Compulsory Labour The Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) and the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105) are the primary ILO instruments aimed at the prohibition and elimination of forced or compulsory labour. Labour trafficking is a major form of migration in abusive conditions and Part I of Convention No. 143 is primarily aimed at traffickers of labour. As a result, the exploitation of such labour must not only be prohibited and punished but the need also has to be recognized of establishing social and economic programmes to prevent commercial sexual exploitation in the future and to rehabilitate the victims of such abusive work. ilo.law.cornell.edu /public/english/dialogue/ifpdial/llg/ch6/index.htm   (7051 words)

HomO - About Complaints If you are a member of a labour union the Ombudsman must first find out whether or not your union is going to take your case. You cannot be made liable for the trial costs in a case where the Ombudsman presents a case to the Labour Court on your behalf. You cannot be made liable for the trial costs in a case where the Ombudsman presents a case to the District Court on your behalf. www.homo.se /o.o.i.s/1216   (1098 words)

penology2   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26) Penal history is the story of what has happened to the people who got into difficulty with the law. For adultery, the punishment was slavery and penal servitude. With the new criminological developments, especially in the fields of penology and penal policy, it was generally recognised that punishment must be in proportion to the heaviness of the offence. members.rediff.com /ac/Penology2.htm   (4781 words)

YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> labour   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26) Labour (economics), one of the three main factors of production. Labour (childbirth), the process of childbirth, especially the period from the start of uterine contractions to delivery. Organized labour, in the form of trade unions www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/labour   (81 words)

Concluding Observations/Comments - Honduras Penal Code, Labour Code, Family Code and draft Adoption Law) are in full conformity with the principles and provisions of the Convention. The situation of children involved in hazardous labour, especially in the informal sector where the majority of working children are found, deserves special attention. Furthermore, the Committee recommends that child labour laws should be enforced, the labour inspectorates strengthened and penalties imposed in cases of violation. www1.umn.edu /humanrts/crc/honduras1999.html   (3820 words)

Katorga: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26) Imperial russia is the term used to cover the period of russian history from the expansion of russia under peter the great, through the expansion of the russian... Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for forms of work, especially in modern or early modern history, in which adults and/or children are employed... Penal labour has been quite common throughout history, EHandler: no quick summary. www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/k/ka/katorga.htm   (1290 words)

Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) Forced or compulsory labour exacted as a tax and forced or compulsory labour to which recourse is had for the execution of public works by chiefs who exercise administrative functions shall be progressively abolished. The normal working hours of any person from whom forced or compulsory labour is exacted shall be the same as those prevailing in the case of voluntary labour, and the hours worked in excess of the normal working hours shall be remunerated at the rates prevailing in the case of overtime for voluntary labour. In the case of labour to which recourse is had by chiefs in the exercise of their administrative functions, payment of wages in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall be introduced as soon as possible. www.ohchr.org /english/law/forcedlabour.htm   (2422 words)

TUAC EVALUATION It is essential that the OECD maintains its special monitoring procedure on labour law reform in Korea until Korean labour legislation is brought into line with internationally accepted standards of freedom of association and collective bargaining. The OECD’s monitoring procedure of labour law reform in Korea was established in the light of the Korean government’s solemn commitment at the time of its accession to the OECD, in October 1996, to “reform its legislation in line with internationally accepted standards, including such basic rights as freedom of association and collective bargaining”. While reliance on police intervention in labour disputes may be the result of a culture which places a heavy emphasis on the security and stability of the country, the Committee is of the view that this sort of action only serves to aggravate industrial disputes. www.tuac.org /News/nelsarok200004.htm   (5992 words)

VICTOR BAILEY | The Shadow of the Gallows: The Death Penalty and the British Labour Government, 1945-51 | Law and ... The emergence of the Labour Party in 1906, and its rise to become the main opposition to the Conservative Party by the 1920s, changed the parliamentary dynamics of the capital punishment debate. Then, in January 1924, Labour was asked and agreed to form a ministry, though the party was in a minority in the House of Commons. He was told that the bulk of the working-class (or broadly Labour) voters favored hanging and that abolitionism tended to be a middle-class fad. historycooperative.press.uiuc.edu /journals/lhr/18.2/bailey.html   (10046 words)

RP Book 2 Chapter 10 All these kinds of labour, whether indiscriminate or specific, require as a necessary accompaniment that the individual should be upon that spot where the business is to be done. Labours which require great efforts ought to be performed by free labourers. Labour in mines, except in particular circumstances, is little suitable for malefactors, partly for the reason above given, and partly from the danger of degrading this occupation. www.la.utexas.edu /research/poltheory/bentham/rp/rp.b02.c10.html   (2941 words)

Convention (No. 169) concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26) Particular attention shall be paid to the establishment of adequate labour inspection services in areas where workers belonging to the peoples concerned undertake wage employment, in order to ensure compliance with the provisions of this Part of this Convention. The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall notify all Members of the International Labour Organisation of the registration of all ratifications and denunciations communicated to him by the Members of the Organisation. The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall communicate to the Secretary-General of the United Nations for registration in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations full particulars of all ratifications and acts of denunciation registered by him in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Articles. www.unhchr.ch /html/menu3/b/62.htm   (3851 words)

RP, Book 1, Chapter 7 Penal labour is variable in both respects, in nearly equal degrees. In the preparation of a penal code, it ought constantly to be kept in view, that according to circumstances, of condition, fortune, age, sex, &c. Punishments are commensurable when the penal effects of each can be measured, and a distinct conception formed, of how much the suffering produced by the one falls short of or exceeds that produced by another. www.la.utexas.edu /research/poltheory/bentham/rp/rp.b01.c07.html   (2695 words)

LOÏC WACQUANT - FROM SLAVERY TO MASS INCARCERATION   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26) [23] Indeed, penal labour, in the form of the convict-lease and its heir, the chain gang, played a major role in the economic advancement of the New South during the Progressive era, as it ‘reconciled modernization with the continuation of racial domination’. The former are exalted as the living incarnation of genuine American values, self-control, deferred gratification, subservience of life to labour; the latter is vituperated as the loathsome embodiment of their abject desecration, the ‘dark side’ of the ‘American dream’ of affluence and opportunity for all, believed to flow from morality anchored in conjugality and work. The leading analysts of the penal question, from David Rothman to Michel Foucault to Alfred Blumstein, were then unanimous in predicting the imminent marginalization of the prison as an institution of social control or, at worst, the stabilization of penal confinement at a historically moderate level. www.newleftreview.net /NLR24703.shtml   (4037 words)

Tom Dunning and Hamish Maxwell-Stewart | Mutiny at Deloraine: Ganging and Convict Resistance in 1840s Van Dieman's Land ... The period of probationary labour to be served was fixed at 12-18 months for those sentenced to seven years transportation, 18-24 months for those sentenced to 10 or 14 years transportation, and over two years for lifers. In effect the system of probationary labour was designed to operate as a moral barometer where the good would rise through the ranks to freedom and the wicked sink, via chain gangs and penal stations, to the gallows and oblivion. Convict labour was necessary in order to accomplish tasks and where this involved skilled labour that labour came at a price. www.historycooperative.org /journals/lab/82/dunning.html   (7022 words)

ARAMARK IN ENGLAND: THE PRISONER'S COMPANY STORE The token remuneration prisoners receive for their labour is still remarkably small, with prisoners earning pennies rather than pounds for an hour's work, but even these pitifully small wages are seen as fair game by capitalism. Exploiting prison labour directly and indirectly, Aramark has an annual turnover of $7.3 billion, making a profit of $1.6 billion, over the past 6 years. Following their re-election, New Labour quickly made bold claims to take a tougher line on the abuse of monopolies, yet they have encouraged one to be created within the prison system, just as they have encouraged the exploitation of prisoners in every other sense. www.angelfire.com /fl3/starke/aramarkengland.html   (1612 words)

labour | | Dictionary & Translation by Babylon Le labour, on dit aussi labourage, est le travail de la terre d'un champ cultivé, généralement effectué avec une charrue, qui consiste à l'ouvrir à une certaine profondeur, à la retourner et à l'ameublir, avant de l'ensemencer ou de la planter. De Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid) is een centrum-linkse of sociaal-democratische partij in het Verenigd Koninkrijk. Labour heeft sinds de verkiezingen in 1997 een meerderheid in het Lagerhuis (House of Commons). www.babylon.com /definition/labour/All   (657 words)

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