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Topic: Penal transportation

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	DEPORTATION - LoveToKnow Article on DEPORTATION
		The colony was long a penal settlement and nothing more, peopled only by two classes, convicts and their masters; criminal bondsmen on the one hand who had forfeited their independence and were bound to labor without wages for the state, on the other officials to guard and exact the due performance of tasks.
		The penal colony, having triumphed over early dangers and difficulties, was crowded with convicts in a state of semifreedom, maintained at the public expense and utilized in the development of the latent resources of the country.
		Transportation exercised no salutary terror in offenders; it was no longer exile to an unknown inhospitable region, but to one flowing with milk and honey, whither innumerable friends and associates had gone already.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /D/DE/DEPORTATION.htm (5079 words)

	Transportation (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Penal transportation, the moving of convicted criminals to penal colonies.
		Transportation problem, an optimization issue that involves the transport of supplies to satisfy a demand, subject to the minimization of transport cost.
		Transportation (geology), the movement of weathered rocks from one place to another.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transportation_(disambiguation) (117 words)

	Penal transportation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Transportation punished both major and petty crimes in Britain and Ireland from the 17th century until well into the 19th century.
		The British colonies in North America received transported British criminals in the 17th and 18th centuries, the biggest penal colony being Georgia which was opened in 1732.
		In 1787 penal transportation from Britain commenced to New South Wales, a colony (now a state) in Australia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Penal_transportation (474 words)

	Penal transportation: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		At one time, returning from transportation was a hanging (hanging: Decoration that is hung (as a tapestry) on a wall or over a window) offence.
		Transportation punished both major and petty crimes in Britain (Britain: A monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland) from the 17th century (17th century: (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries)...
		In 1787 penal transportation from Britain commenced to New South Wales, now known as Australia (Australia: A nation occupying the whole of the Australian continent; aboriginal tribes are thought to have migrated from southeastern Asia 20,000 years ago; first Europeans were British convicts sent there as a penal colony).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/penal_transportation (671 words)

	Bruce Kercher \| Perish or Prosper: The Law and Convict Transportation in the British Empire, 1700-1850 \| Law and ...
		The punishment of transportation to America was essentially exile, to which was attached in practice a form of compulsory service modeled on the indentured labor that had been invented (or at least specifically adapted) in the American colonies.
		Unlike the transportation of convicts to North America, which was based on the contractor obtaining both a subsidy and a property interest in the services of each individual convict, the Navy Board chartered the transports and storeships for the first fleet to New South Wales.
		But section 8 of the 1824 Transportation Act provided that the assignee of a convict could "assign over" such a convict and that the original assignee "or his or their Assigns" had property in the service of the offender for the full period of the transportation.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/lhr/21.3/forum_kercher.html (15332 words)

	Eastern Book Company - Practical Lawyer
		Transportation for life, which involved sending of a convict into banishment or exile, had been authorised as one form of punishment for certain serious crimes by the East India Company's Government under the "General Regulations" long before the said punishment was enacted in the Indian Penal Code (IPC) in 1860.
		The punishment of transportation under the IPC depending on the particular offence could be for life or for a term (of years) and involved the convict being sent into banishment to an appointed place or locality[2] or into exile[3] to such places commonly known as Penal Settlements.
		Punishment of transportation for life was one of exile or banishment to an appointed locality for the whole of the remainder of the convict's "natural life" unless the convict's sentence was remitted by the Government.
	www.ebc-india.com /lawyer/articles/9905a2.htm (3494 words)

	Bedford GAOL - Glossary of terms
		Sentences of 7 years transportation or less were substituted by penal servitude for 4 years; 7 to 10 years transportation by 4 to 10 years; 10 to 15 years by 6 to 8 years’ penal servitude; over 15 years’ transportation by 6 to 10 years’ penal servitude; transportation for life by penal servitude for life.
		This clumsy system of converting transportation to penal servitude equivalents was theoretically ended by the Penal Servitude Act of 1857 which abolished transportation as a sentence; subsequently prisoners were sentenced directly to penal servitude if found guilty of offences that formerly warranted transportation.
		However, in practice, convicts were still being transported as late as 1867 so there continued to be a hazy overlap between the sentencing of transportation and penal servitude for many years.
	www.schools.bedfordshire.gov.uk /gaol/glossary.htm (1665 words)

	Penal Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In the most general sense, penal is the body of laws that are enforced by the State in its own name and impose penalties for their violation, as opposed to civil law that seeks to redress private wrongs.
		In English history, penal law refers to a specific series of laws that sought to uphold the establishment of the Church of England against Protestant nonconformists and Roman Catholics, by imposing various forfeitures, civil penalties, and civil disabilities upon these dissenters.
		A penal colony is a colony used to house prisoners.
	www.wwwtln.com /finance/142/penal-law.html (1244 words)

	nygray
		These charges are a result of their participation in a demonstration organized by Transportation Alternatives on October 22, 1990, at the entrance to the south outer roadway of the Queensboro Bridge, in opposition to the opening to vehicular traffic of the one lane that had been reserved for bicycles and pedestrians, during evening rush hours.
		Penal Law 35.05(2) requires, however, that a defendant establish a prima facie case by producing evidence from which a reasonable juror could find that he has met each element of the defense.
		Transportation Alternatives took the position that if they could obtain a public hearing on the issue of why the south outer roadway should not be closed to walkers and cyclists, they would end their protests.
	wings.buffalo.edu /law/bclc/web/nygray.htm (5934 words)

	DEPORTATION - Online Information article about DEPORTATION
		The penal colony, having triumphed over early dangers and difficulties, was crowded with convicts in a state of semi-freedom, maintained at the public expense and utilized in the development of the latent resources of the country.
		main object of transportation as a method of penal discipline and repression was in danger of being quite overlooked.
		journey was made mostly on foot and not by sea transport, the principle of deportation (or more exactly of removal) was the essence of the system.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /DEM_DIO/DEPORTATION.html (6575 words)

	AUSTRALIAN PENAL COLONIES
		Convicts sent to penal settlements suffered the same abuse that slaves were exposed to.
		Often, transportation of convicts was called "convictism"; convicts were thrown on a boat and spent many days in waiting (Inglis 12).
		The case of the Second Fleet in the very beginning of transportation "was the worst in the history of transportation" (O'Brien 168).
	www.umd.umich.edu /casl/hum/eng/classes/434/geweb/AUSTRALI.htm (2619 words)

	STEFAN PETROW \| Policing in a Penal Colony: Governor Arthur's Police System in Van Diemen's Land, 1826-1836 \| Law and ...
		Feeling that a penal colony was "an unnatural condition" because "virtue" was subordinate to "crime," Arthur believed he had no choice but to rule the colony as a jail.
		After Bigge found that transportation was an ineffective deterrent, the British government removed the popular Sorell and in 1824 appointed the strict disciplinarian George Arthur as lieutenant-governor, thus beginning the most important period of the penal colony's history.
		But as controversial as it was in the history of transportation, this article is the first to subject his police system, or "optical apparatus" as one diarist called it, to close investigation and to determine whether Arthur's claims had validity.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/lhr/18.2/petrow.html (12345 words)

	Ethics Advisory Opinion No. 118
		Chapter 305 of the Government Code, which regulates lobby activity, and chapter 36 of the Penal Code, which regulates gifts to public servants, are both relevant to questions about the provision of transportation to state officers and employees.
		Under section 36.08(a), an agency employee may not accept a benefit from a person the public servant knows to be subject to regulation, inspection, or investigation by the public servant or his agency.
		As to the Penal Code, even if the ride is a benefit, the employee of the local governmental body may accept a ride to a restaurant if the person providing the ride comes along.
	www.ethics.state.tx.us /opinions/118.html (1462 words)

	Convicts in Australia
		"Transportation" as a punishment had been established in 1717, when most felons sentenced to transportation were sent to the American colonies.
		Those sentenced to transportation were taken to a Hulk, where chances of actually being sent to Australia depended on previous record and behavior.
		Captain Maconochie condemns the whole of the penal institutions of the colonies, and says that the bad state of society may be traced directly to their pervading and demoralising influence; he complains that physical coersion (by which he means flogging) is resorted to upon every little breach of regulation, &c.
	www.postcolonialweb.org /australia/convicts.html (1160 words)

	The International Centre for Convict Studies
		Hall, then, is an ideal subject upon which to base an examination of the attitudes which underpinned transportation and the treatment of convicts in the colonies; a man who, to reverse the title of the conference, was concerned with the convicts place in their colonial space.
		Approaching the penal transportation of felons out of British North America from an administrative history perspective enhances understanding of the context for this alternative to capital punishment, and for the expression of clemency.
		Arrangements for penal transportation began in the colony of conviction, but the final destination -- service on the hulks of England, Bermuda or Gibraltar, or in the antipodean penal stations -- was determined by His Majesty in the person of the Superintendent of Convicts.
	iccs.arts.utas.edu.au /abstracts2.html (4905 words)

	The Development of the Modern Prison in England
		The brutality of the eighteenth century penal code is sometimes attributed to the panic of the ruling classes at the growth of the urban 'mob' and the need to instil respect for property.
		Transportation was essentially a transitional phase in the move from execution to imprisonment as the core of punishment.
		Transportation in this respect was modern because the offender could be sentenced to varying periods in the penal colonies depending on the severity of the offence, though a three month voyage to Australia meant that short sentences were not very practical.
	www.bunker8.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /history/36808.htm (4080 words)

	____Gender and the Carceral Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The penal colony in the Andaman Islands was overwhelmingly a society of men; throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century, male convicts outnumbered their female counterparts by an average of ten to one.
		Women and marriage in the penal colony were the means by which the state hoped to achieve a general rehabilitation of the individual male prisoner and convict society as a whole.
		It might be argued, in the end, that although the convict family was intended to extend the control that the penal regime had over transported men and women, it also served as a space where the convicts could shelter from the punishing state, and pursue their autonomous agendas.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~ssen/ConvictFamily.htm (9884 words)

	Origins of Parole & Its History in NY: Page 1 of 8
		While Australia springs immediately to mind, “transportation,” launched by King James I in 1615 as a more “merciful” punishment, did not really become a regular feature of English law and order until land in the Americas became availability for colonization.
		Penal transportation in the various New Worlds took a twist.
		Maconochie in 1840 at the Norfolk Island penal settlement in the South Pacific put into practice a program that he had advocated earlier for prisoner colonies while at one in what is now Tasmania where he had served as an official.
	www.correctionhistory.org /html/chronicl/parole/parolepage1.htm (958 words)

	79(R) HB 76 - Engrossed version - Bill Text (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A person finally convicted of an offense under Section 49.06, 49.07, or 49.08, Penal Code, before September 1, 2005, is covered by Chapter 521, Transportation Code, as that law existed on the date the conviction became final, and the former law is continued in effect for that purpose.
		A person arrested for an offense under Section 106.041, Alcoholic Beverage Code, or under Section 49.06, 49.07, or 49.08, Penal Code, before September 1, 2005, is covered by Chapter 524, Transportation Code, as that law existed on the date of the person's arrest, and the former law is continued in effect for that purpose.
		A person arrested for an offense involving the operation of a motor vehicle or watercraft before September 1, 2005, is covered by the law in effect on the date of the person's arrest, and the former law is continued in effect for that purpose.
	www.capitol.state.tx.us /tlo/79R/billtext/HB00076E.HTM (830 words)

	Topics: Transportation of Convicts: System of Transportation
		During the 62 years of transportation from Ireland to Australia, some 30,000 men and 9,000 women were sent as convicts to Australia for a minimum period of seven years - many more followed their loved ones as free settlers to a new life in the colony.
		The sentence of transportation was abolished in July 1857 under an Act of that year, but the Act allowed for convicts sentenced to penal servitude to be sent 'beyond the seas'.
		As far as is known, nobody convicted of a crime committed in Ireland was transported to Australia between 1853 and 1868, although no doubt some persons of Irish birth or origin who were convicted of crimes committed in England were among those transported to Australia.
	www.nationalarchives.ie /topics/transportation/transportation.html (535 words)

	Stop Drugs.org - Penal code section 654-678
		The provisions of Section 654.1 of the Penal Code shall not apply to the selling, furnishing, or providing of transportation of any person or persons in any of the following circumstances: (a) When no compensation is paid or to be paid, either directly or indirectly, for the transportation.
		(e) For transportation of persons over a route wholly or partly within a national park or state park where the transportation is sold in conjunction with, or as part of, a rail trip or trip over a regularly operated motorbus transportation system or line.
		A prior conviction of a particular felony shall include a conviction in another jurisdiction for an offense which includes all of the elements of the particular felony as defined under California law if the defendant served one year or more in prison for the offense in the other jurisdiction.
	www.stopdrugs.org /cc654.html (6324 words)

	Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No. GA-0157 (2004) -- Greg Abbott Administration
		You ask how the offense of "racing on the highway," section 545.420 of the Transportation Code, should be classified under the Family Code, and whether juvenile courts or the justice and municipal courts have jurisdiction when a juvenile is charged with such an offense.
		Since September 1, 2003, however, a violation of section 545.420 is a penal offense subject to punishment ranging from a Class B misdemeanor to a second degree felony, depending on a particular violation's circumstances.
		Consequently, according to the plain language of the JJC and the Transportation Code, a violation of section 545.420 by a child is a traffic offense.
	www.oag.state.tx.us /opinions/op50abbott/ga-0157.htm (2424 words)

	Topics: transportation of Irish convicts to Australia (1791-1853) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		On the occasion of the Australian bicentennial celebrations in 1988 it was decided by the Irish government that a database be compiled containing all transportation register entries, as well as details of all Prisoners' Petitions and Cases and Convict Reference Files which referred to those transported from Ireland.
		Transportation sentences were for periods of seven years (the most common), ten years, fourteen years or life.
		Rena Lohan, The management of female convicts sentenced to transportation and penal servitude 1790-1898, (unpublished TCD thesis, 1989) pp 1-13.
	www.nationalarchives.ie /topics/transportation/transp10.htm (341 words)

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