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Penjing - Its History, Aesthetics, and Spiritual Background |
 | | Penjing is the older form from which bonsai derived. |
| | In addition to aesthetically refined penjing, one could find trees styled by representatives of regional schools where trunks had been coiled to represent dragons or whose canopies were to depict cloud layers, or trees shaped to resemble the strokes of fortuitous characters. |
| | In the later years of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the 19th century, foreign aggression and domination led to a decline in penjing, and this development was exacerbated during the years of foreign occupation and humiliation, war, civil war, and revolutions that China experienced during much of the 20th century. |
| www.venuscomm.com /Penjingdef.html (1399 words) |
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