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Topic: Pennatulacea

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	AllRefer.com - sea pen (Zoology: Invertebrates) - Encyclopedia
		Sea pen colonies are formed by several genera of the order Pennatulacea.
		The colony consists of a stalk formed by an organism called a primary polyp (see polyp and medusa) and short branches formed by secondary polyps.
		They belong in the phylum Cnidaria, class Anthozoa, order Pennatulacea.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/seapen.html (220 words)

	Journal of Paleontology: REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM: TESTING THE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS OF EDIACARAN AND PALEOZOIC ...
		We find that assuming the existence of Pennatulacea and Scyphozoa in the "Ediacara biota" places the root of the Cnidaria between 800 and 1,000 Ma, a figure which is, at least, not out of line with other molecular clock estimates.
		The second extant clade that may be represented in Ediacaran assemblages is the Pennatulacea or the "sea pens," a clade of colonial anthozoans within the Octocorallia (Anthozoa).
		Pennatulaceans are composed of one large primary zooid which forms a central stalk or rachis, with multiple secondary feeding zooids branching from the primary zooid.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200401/ai_n9368118 (1221 words)

	Index_Intro
		Taxonomic, geographic, and field-of-study indexes to the literature are included, as well as a synopsis of historical periods in the study of the Pennatulacea.
		The following annotated and alphabetical bibliography to the Pennatulacea of the world is derived from a variety of sources - primarily the Zoological Record (1864-1998), as well as the author's research library.
		The pre-eminent author of the Pennatulacea during this period was Rudolf Albert von Kölliker, who produced major descriptive taxonomic works between 1865 and 1880.
	www.calacademy.org /research/izg/index_intro.htm (3720 words)

	Introduction to the Octocorallia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Notice also that the tentacles of Muricea, like those of all octocorals, are pennate -- small branches come off of the main tentacle to give a more or less feather-like appearance.
		All octocorals are colonial polyps, and in some, such as the Pennatulacea or "sea pens," the polyps are specialized for various functions.
		The Pennatulacea includes the sea pens and sea pansies.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /cnidaria/octocorallia.html (256 words)

	Sea Pen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Group of soft corals known as the Pennatulacea includes sea pens, a colony of polyps.
		Link resources compiled by your Guides to places on the Web that contain a wide variety of soft and stony coral species photos to further help with the identification of all types of reef...
		Includes a digital library of resources on several aquaculture topics, including open ocean and cage or pen culture, recirculating systems, design and construction.
	www.pensnow.com /sea-pen.html (292 words)

	Sea Pen - Big Pen Guide
		Order Pennatulacea The Flowery sea pen looks more like a sea pencil when its secondary polyps are retracted!
		Distribution: The common sea pen is not unusual on muddy substrate in the Norwegian fjords, south of TrÃ¸ndelag but you need to go deeper than 15 meters to...
		In Puget Sound, the sea pen Ptilosarcus gurneyi is preyed upon by starfish and nudibranchs (Birkeland, 1974).
	www.bigpenguide.com /sea-pen.html (498 words)

	The Sea Slug Forum - Tritonia diomedea
		You might try Renilla (andquot;Sea Pansyandquot;) which occur in inshore waters in Georgia and the Carolinas; these are in the same order as Ptilosarcus (Pennatulacea).
		You might try Renilla ("Sea Pansy") which occur in inshore waters in Georgia and the Carolinas; these are in the same order as Ptilosarcus (Pennatulacea).
		The Tritonia may require a training period to learn to eat the new food source, though.
	www.seaslugforum.net /display.cfm?id=134 (218 words)

	Sea Pens - Big Pen Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Sea pens Order Pennatulacea, click for enlarged image.
		Sea pens belong to the same group as sea anemones and soft corals.
		Living genera of sea pens (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Pennatulacea): illustratedkey and synopses.
	www.bigpenguide.com /sea-pens.html (558 words)

	54
		Probable functions of bioluminescence in the Pennatulacea (Cnidaria, Anthozoa).
		Behavior of the sea pansy Renilla kollikeri (Coelenterata, Pennatulacea) and its influence on the distribution and biological interaction of the species.
		Sand dollars as suspension feeders: a new description of feeding in Dendraster excentricus.
	www.eeb.cornell.edu /morin/pubs.html (1244 words)

	Palaeos Invertebrates: Cnidaria: Subclass Octocorallia
		`-- Xeniidae ?- PENNATULACEA (merisulat) `--o HELIOPORACEA -- Helioporidae `-- Lithotelestidae
		Pennatulacea - the sea pens, have a single long main polyp forms a stalk which anchors the colony in its mud substrate.
		Branches from this bear the feeding and ciliated polyps and generate an inward current of water that keeps the whole colony inflated.
	www.palaeos.com /Invertebrates/Cnidaria/Octocorallia.htm (221 words)

	About the Pennatulacea checklist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Go to the current ERMS 2 web site
		The list was extracted from the URMO list for Pennatulacea by Jacob van der Land and checked by Gary Williams, San Francisco, October 1999
		Dr Jacob van der Land, National Museum of Natural History - Naturalis, Darwinweg 2,
	erms.biol.soton.ac.uk /lists/info/Pennatulacea.shtml (139 words)

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