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Topic: Pennsylvanian

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Mississippian

Carboniferous

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Geology of the Grand Canyon area

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	HA 730-J Pennsylvanian aquifer text
		The central part of the Pennsylvanian aquifer is overlain by a confining unit in rocks of Jurassic age, but, elsewhere, the aquifer subcrops at the bedrock surface under the surficial aquifer system that is the principal source of recharge.
		Water from the Pennsylvanian aquifer generally is salty (dissolved-solids concentrations in excess of 1,000 milligrams per liter); the average dissolved-solids concentrations is 1,600 milligrams per liter, but, in areas where the aquifer subcrops beneath the surficial aquifer system, the water is fresh (dissolved-solids concentrations range from 300 to 700 milligrams per liter).
		Freshwater in the Pennsylvanian aquifer tends to be of a mixed ion type, as shown in figure 57.
	capp.water.usgs.gov /gwa/ch_j/J-text4.html (780 words)

	KGS--Stratigraphic Succession--Pennsylvanian
		Pennsylvanian outcrops are widespread in eastern Kansas (Fig.
		Before earliest Pennsylvanian sedimentation in Kansas, the eroded surface of Mississippian and older rocks was deformed by renewed uplift of the Nemaha anticline, the Central Kansas uplift, and some minor structures (Fig.
		The Checkerboard Limestone is an important marker in the Pennsylvanian strata of northeastern Oklahoma and is recognized in southern Kansas as far north as southern Neosho County.
	www.kgs.ku.edu /Publications/Bulletins/189/07_penn.html (13753 words)

	Pennsylvanian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Pennsylvanian is an epoch of the Carboniferous period lasting from roughly 325 Ma to 299 Ma (million years ago).
		The Pennsylvanian is named after the state of Pennsylvania where rocks from this age are widespread.
		In Europe, the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian are one more-or-less continuous sequence of lowland continental deposits and are lumped together as the Carboniferous period.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pennsylvanian (198 words)

	NMBGMR Bulletin 66 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Pennsylvanian rocks in southwestern AZ are mapped as the Horquilla Formation and lower part of the Earp Formation of the Naco Group, and in south-central AZ as the Naco Formation and lower part of the Supai red beds.
		Pennsylvanian strata in central and southwestern NM generally have been referred to the Sandia and Madera Formations of the Magdalena Group by the U.S. geological Survey, or to the faunal equivalents of the Morrow, Derry, Des Moines, Missouri, and Virgil series, which were subdivided by Thompson into groups and formations.
		Pennsylvanian strata are potential sources of oil and gas at least in the northern and eastern parts of the region, on the southern edge of the Colorado Plateau, and in the Estancia Valley, Acoma embayment, Chupadera Mesa, Jornada del Muerto, and the Tularosa Valley.
	geoinfo.nmt.edu /publications/bulletins/66/home.html (678 words)

	ISGS Depositional History of Pennsylvanian Rocks
		Later, but still during early Pennsylvanian (Morrowan) time, the sea level started to rise; the corresponding rise in the base level of deposition interrupted the erosion and led to filling the valleys in the erosion surface with fluvial, brackish, and marine sand and muds.
		During most of Pennsylvanian time, the Illinois Basin gradually subsided; a maximum of about 3000 feet of Pennsylvanian sediments are preserved in the basin.
		Pennsylvanian Cyclothems The Pennsylvanian strata exhibit extraordinary variation in thickness and composition both laterally and vertically because of the extremely varied environmental conditions under which they formed.
	www.isgs.uiuc.edu /tours/outliers/dephist.htm (951 words)

	Pennsylvanian Fossil Site Geology
		The identification of stomach ejecta pellets, which are probably of fish, reptilian, or amphibian origin, and the presence of insects, aquatic arthropods, molluscs, and crustaceans in the fossil record establish additional faunal diversity for this ancient environment.
		This conclusion agrees with other middle Pennsylvanian studies in the Illinois Basin (Baird et al., 1985; Utgaard and Givens, 1978) and is supported by the geographical location of the North American portion of the Laurasia supercontinent 305 Ma.
		This conclusion is in agreement with paleontology and paleoecology studies of the middle Pennsylvanian in Illinois (Weller, 1957; Utgaard and Givens, 1978; Palmer et al., 1979; Carpenter, 1979; Nitecki, 1979; Baird et al., 1985; Leary, 1988).
	www.science.siu.edu /geology/big/paper.htm (2158 words)

	USGS Professional Paper 1151-H: The Geology of Kentucky: Pennsylvanian System
		The relief of the erosion surface of underlying Mississippian strata diminishes southward in northeastern Kentucky and southeastward from the Cincinnati arch.
		The middle and upper parts of the Pennsylvanian are dominated by discontinuous sequences of siltstone, subgraywacke (micaceous, feldspathic, and lithic sandstone with clayey matrix), and shale.
		The oldest Pennsylvanian strata are exposed on Cumberland Mountain along the Kentucky-Virginia State line; the youngest strata are preserved in a broad syncline in the area generally south of Ashland in northeastern Kentucky.
	pubs.usgs.gov /prof/p1151h/penn.html (7792 words)

	Paleos Paleozoic: Carboniferous: The Pennsylvanian Epoch
		The Pennsylvanian Epoch of the Carboniferous Period: 320 to 292 Mya
		Lasting some 33 million or so years, the Late Carboniferous or Pennsylvanian age was the high point of stem tetrapod evolution, especially during the Bashkirian and Moscovian epochs.
		PENNSYLVANIAN TIME-SCALE PROBLEMS - the usual given for the Pennsylvanian is around 34 million years.
	www.palaeos.com /Paleozoic/Carboniferous/Pennsylvanian.htm (596 words)

	Pennsylvanian Period, Kentucky Geological Survey
		Pennsylvanian rocks are only preserved in the Eastern and Western Kentucky Coal Fields, although all of Kentucky was probably covered by Pennsylvanian sediments at one time.
		Spider fossils have the potential to be found in the Pennsylvanian rocks of Kentucky's two coal fields.
		One cephalopod fossil that had the puncture marks of a shark that had bitten it was found in the Pennsylvanian rocks of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field.
	www.uky.edu /KGS/fossils/pennsyl.htm (694 words)

	Pennsylvanian Plants , Kentucky Geological Survey
		The most abundant plant fossils in Kentucky are found in Pennsylvanian rocks in the State's two coal fields.
		The Pennsylvanian, for the eastern United States, was a time of tropical, humid climate and lush forests.
		The large number of coals in the coalfields is a result of these conditions; coal is fossil peat, and peat is the accumulation of plant debris, and the abundance of plant debris results from the large lowland forests.
	www.uky.edu /KGS/fossils/pennsylvanianplants.htm (377 words)

	[No title]
		Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks are present in both outcrop and the subsurface across much of Arizona and surrounding areas.
		Pennsylvanian strata include dominantly carbonate rocks in the southeast, northeast, and northwest portions of Arizona and siliciclastic, primarily red rocks in the central and north-central portions of the state.
		Pennsylvanian deposition was initiated by incursion of the sea in extreme northwestern, northeastern, and southeastern Arizona.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~nrr/GLG240/blakey2a.htm (15825 words)

	Distribution of Pennsylvanian and Permian Rocks in Colorado
		The story of the Pennsylvanian Period begins with the return of shallow seas depositing marine shales.
		The humid conditions of Pennsylvanian time were replaced by a more arid climate.
		In the western part of the state, limestone and shale were still being deposited in a shallow sea.
	geosurvey.state.co.us /Default.aspx?tabid=415 (276 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: News :: Irate Student Government Forces Suspension Of 'Daily Pennsylvanian' After Bitter Feud
		Publication of the Daily Pennsylvanian, the student newspaper at the University of Pennsylvania, has been suspended "until further notice" as a result of a bitter quarrel between the student government and the editors of the newspaper.
		In the issue containing the editorial against the student government, the Pennsylvanian also reported the resignations of the vice-president of the Association and the chairmen of three committees.
		The reason for the resignations, as recorded in the Pennsylvanian editorial, was the "high handed and totally unconstitutional manner" in which the Association had made its appointments to these committees.
	www.thecrimson.com /article.aspx?ref=179013 (643 words)

	Pennsylvanian (Amtrak) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Pennsylvanian is a 444-mile (715 km) daytime Amtrak train running between New York and Pittsburgh via Philadelphia.
		Services on the Pennsylvanian includes coach, business class (reserved deluxe seating), dinette (for food, snacks, and drinks), and Railfone for public telephone access, which is available in the food service cars.
		After that period, and after the required public hearings were conducted, the Pennsylvanian was restarted on March 8, 2005 as a truncation of the Three Rivers over the original route of the Pennsylvanian.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pennsylvanian_(Amtrak) (473 words)

	Carpenter Park: Pennsylvanian Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A bit later, but still in the early Pennsylvanian, the sea level started to rise; the corresponding rise in the base level of deposition interrupted the erosion and led to a filling of the valleys in the erosion surface with fluvial, brackish, and marine sands and mud.
		The periodic invasions of the Pennsylvanian sea across the coastal swamps killed the forests, and the peat deposits were often buried by marine sediments.
		Following burial, the peat deposits were gradually transformed into coal by slow physical and chemical changes in which pressure, heat, and time were the most important factors.
	www.museum.state.il.us /mic_home/carpenter/penn.html (311 words)

	[No title]
		On many of the northern continents, Pennsylvanian strata onlap beveled uplifts resulting in angular unconformities which developed in response to the final assembly of Pangea.
		Biostratigraphy and Paleontology Pennsylvanian biostratigraphy is based primarily on ammonoids and increasingly on conodonts, both of which can potentially be used for intercontinental correlation.
		The most prominent extinction event in the Pennsylvanian is the end of the Desmoinesian; on the Russian platform, this is at the Middle CarboniferousUpper Carboniferous boundary.
	www.lib.purdue.edu /lists/geonet/doc00032.doc (789 words)

	Middle Pennsylvanian, late Atokan-early Desmoinesian echinoderms from an intermontane basin, the Central Colorado ...
		ABSTRACT-Middle Pennsylvanian, Atokan and Desmoinesian, crinoids and echinoids are described from the Belden and Minturn Formations of the Central Colorado Trough.
		Articulated cups and crowns of Pennsylvanian crinoids from intermontane basins of Colorado have been described in papers by Tischler (1963), Strimple and Miller (1971), Strimple and Moore (1973), and Strimple (1976).
		The Pennsylvanian stratigraphy and structural development of Colorado has been documented in numerous articles and theses on specific areas and parts of the stratigraphic section by various individuals during the past 65 years.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_199811/ai_n8813444 (850 words)

	Life during the Pennsylvanian Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In any case, the dominant insects of the Pennsylvanian were cockroaches and dragonflies, and while that may not seem impressive, consider the fact that the cockroaches were almost a foot long and the dragonflies had average wingspans of 2 feet!
		It is also thought that it was late in the Pennsylvanian when insects developed the ability to fold their wings (as the fly does, for example); this suggests an immense radiation of insects during this time period.
		Although Pennsylvanian reptiles and amphibians are virtually indistinguishable, reptiles produced amniote eggs as a form of reproduction; these eggs eliminated the necessity for an infant reptile to be in water at birth.
	www.geo.brown.edu /geocourses/QE/fr/classtopics/EvoIntro/NCarlisle/geo31_3.html (522 words)

	Upper Carboniferous
		Pennsylvanian times saw a return to a wetter equatorial climate typified by the rapid advance of fluviatile and deltaic sandstones into local subsiding basins.
		By Pennsylvanian (Coal Measures) major rivers, distributary channels and freshwater lakes provided an ideal environment for coal swamps.
		The Carboniferous Period came to an end when general desiccation (failure of coal seams and the spread of red beds) began in the north and spread southwards.
	www.kabrna.com /cpgs/stratigraphy/pennsylvanian.htm (299 words)

	Pennsylvanian Period
		The Kanawha Formation was deposited in West Virginia during the Middle Pennsylvanian Period, and yields 26 of the 62 minable coal seams officially identified in West Virginia.
		During the Pennsylvanian Period the continental plates of Africa, Europe, and North America were in collision, forming volcanic mountain ranges along their margins as oceanic crust was subducted under the relatively lighter continental crust.
		For this reason the oldest of these coal seams, such as the Pocahontas and Sewell seams, are only found in the southern part of the state and the youngest seams, like the Pittsburgh, are found only in the northern part.
	www.clearlight.com /~mhieb/WVFossils/PennsylvPeriod.html (511 words)

	Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Rocks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Mississippian Period, 360 to 320 million years ago, and the Pennsylvanian Period, 320 to 284 million years ago, are divisions of the Paleozoic Era.
		They are sometimes combined and called simply the Carboniferous Period, because of the large coal deposits found in rocks of this age throughout the world.
		In North America, the rocks of the Mississippian (or lower Carboniferous) are mostly limestones, whereas the rocks of the Pennsylvanian (or upper Carboniferous) are coal-bearing strata.
	tapestry.usgs.gov /ages/carboniferous.html (145 words)

	Pennsylvanian Period
		The Pennsylvanian time period lasted from 325 to 286 million years ago, a time span of 39 million years.
		The term Pennsylvanian was first used in the late 1800s to describe a sequence of rocks in, of all places, Pennsylvania.
		These Pennsylvanian rocks were defined based on a particular type of fossil assemblage contained within them.
	www.watersheds.org /earth/gtime02f.htm (113 words)

	Pennsylvanian Deposition and Erosion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In later Pennsylvanian time, sandstone deposits were formed over much of the Ozarks.
		In late Pennsylvanian time, the area was again uplifted and another period of erosion began.
		Faulting along the Bolivar-Mansfield Fault Zone involves Pennsylvanian age rocks and may have been activated during this time by the Ouachita collision to the south.
	www.watersheds.org /earth/gtime02ff.htm (176 words)

	Stratigraphy of the Carboniferous
		The Mississippian is differentiated from the Pennsylvanian by the appearance of the conodont Declinognathodus noduliferus, the ammonoid genus Homoceras, and the foraminifers Millerella pressa and Millerella marblensis.
		The distinction between the Pennsylvanian and Mississippian subsystems may also be illustrated by a break in the flora due to transistional changes from a terrestrial environment to a marine one and as a result of a change in the climate.
		Index fossils used for the Pennsylvanian Period are fusulinid foraminifers and the pollen and spores from the coal forests prevalent during that time.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /carboniferous/carbstrat.html (1058 words)

	Geology of Missouri--Pennsylvanian
		Missouri is not normally thought of as a coal producing state, but the coalfields of northern and southwestern Missouri are large enough to produce local supplies, though not nearly as extensive as the the coals of nearby Illinois.
		Pennsylvanian strata are the dominant rock north of the Missouri River and in the Osage Plains region; they exist as hilltop outliers even over much of the Ozark uplift, often resting unconformably on Ordovician rocks.
		Even though the Pennsylvanian deposits are quite extensive, they form usually thin to mediumly bedded layers of distinctive composition, called cyclothems.
	members.socket.net /~joschaper/penn.html (569 words)

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