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	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Penny Black was the world's first official adhesive postage stamp, issued by Great Britain on May 1, 1840, for use from May 6.
		The Penny Black was in use for only a little over a year; in a manner familiar to technologists of the 20th century, usage experience showed that even a red cancellation on a fl stamp was rather hard to see, and so the Treasury switched to the Penny Red and cancelled it with fl ink.
		The Penny Black is readily available, but because of its significance is in great demand by collectors and therefore not cheap; in 2000 a used copy cost about US$200, and an unused copy about US$3,000.
	www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/p/pe/penny_black.html (270 words)

	Penny Red - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Penny Red, issued in 1841, succeeded the Penny Black and continued as the main type of postage stamp in the United Kingdom until 1879, with only minor changes to the design during that time.
		The colour was changed from fl to red because of difficulty in seeing a cancellation mark on the Penny Black; a fl cancel was readily visible on a Penny Red.
		Initially the stamp had no perforations, and had to be cut from the sheet using scissors in the same manner as for the penny fl and the early printings of the Two pence blue.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Penny_Red (475 words)

	Penny Black CD Reviews
		Penny Black vocalist / guitarist Russ Graham is a former member of KILLER DWARFS and that band's influence is clearly heard on the debut album of Graham's new band (I use "new" loosely here because Penny Black has been writing songs and playing showcases for nearly five years now).
		"Penny Black" is a collection of guitar-driven songs with pop-ish melodies and smooth vocals, given an extra oomph with solid bass and drum backbones.
		Penny Black seems to have a strong focus on the brand of music they want to play and this debut album is consistently strong throughout.
	www.roughedge.com /cdreviews/p/pennyblack.htm (227 words)

	Penny Black (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Penny Black was printed from 11 plates, however as plate 1 was completely overhauled due to excessive wear, it is generally considered as two separate plates, 1a and 1b.
		An original printing press for the Penny Black is on display to the public at the British Library in London.
		In addition to the general issue of the Penny Black postage stamps, a similar stamp was produced which had the letters V and R in the top corners replacing the stars.
	www.infothis.com /find/Penny_Black (864 words)

	Dakshina Kannada Philatelic Association - The first postage stamp Penny Black
		The Penny Black and Penny Post were the brain child of Sir Rowland Hill often called the father of modern post office.
		The Penny Black, the first ever adhesive postage stamp was issued on 1st May 1840 though it became valid for postage on 6th may 1840.
		Forged Penny Blacks first appeared in 1840, which are crude counterfeits made from a wood engraving.
	www.geocities.com /dakshina_kan_pa/art11/penny.htm (1022 words)

	The Penny Black
		It was issued on Wednesday 6th May 1840 and the Twopenny Blue was issued on Friday 8th May 1840 early in the reign of Queen Victoria (b1819), who reigned from 1837-1901, her portrait was used on the stamp as it would be more recognisable by the public.
		The portrait on the penny fl is based on the Wyon city medal of 1837 which William Wyon modelled in 1834 when Princess Victoria was only 15.
		The Penny Black is not that rare a stamp as about 68 million were issued in 1840-41, today the price varies according to condition, since the stamps were cut by scissors, the best prices are for stamps which still have all four margins of the design intact.
	imagesoftheworld.org /stamps/info.htm (1401 words)

	Great Britain: Line Engraved Victoria Made Easy by Wm F Blank
		The penny fl was printed from 11 plates numbered 1 to 11, many having more than one state due to repairs and re-entries.
		The first printing of the imperforate penny reds were made from the some of the same plates as the penny fls.
		Initially the penny fls were canceled using red ink that was easy to remove.
	www.kernunnos.com /Philately/GBQVLE.html (1698 words)

	Penny Black
		Penny is a 14hh fl, 11 year old thoroughbred cross welsh mare.
		Penny is ridden in a GP saddle a loose ring snaffle and a cavesson noseband with a running martingale for jumping.
		She is fed on a scoop of oatless mix and a scoop of good-doer chaff every day, with farriers formula and stroppy mare supplements in the summer.
	www.expage.com /pennyblackthepony (432 words)

	Penny Black (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Penny Black was the world's first official adhesive postage stamp, issued by the United Kingdom on May 1, 1840, for use from May 6.
		Cole's sketch was in turn based on the head by William Wyon, that had been done for a medal used to commemorate the visit of Queen Victoria to the City of London in the year she ascended the throne, 1837.
		The VR official is stated as being made from the original master die, however, this can not be the case as this still exists and is housed in the National Postal Museum, London.
	mywiseowl.com /articles/Penny_Black (935 words)

	The Penny Black Project
		The introduction of the Penny Black stamp played an important role in the reform of the British Postal System during the 1830's.
		The introduction of the Penny Black shifted the cost of postage to the sender and eliminated the complexity of postage computation by requiring a uniform, low rate.
		The Penny Black project has investigated several techniques to reduce spam by making the sender pay.
	research.microsoft.com /research/sv/PennyBlack (625 words)

	SG2 - Penny black of May 1840
		It was issued on 6th May 1840 and the Twopenny Blue was issued on 8th May 1840 early in the reign of Queen Victoria, her portrait was used on the stamp as it would be most recognisable by the public.
		Prior to the uniform penny postage the postage depended on the distance travelled and the number of sheets.
		In 1841 some of the same plates would be used to print the Penny Red, the colour was changed so that the fl cancellation would be more clearly seen.
	www.imagesoftheworld.org /stamps/sg2.htm (280 words)

	Ken Lawrence: Before the Penny Black
		A fl feather fastened to the letter by a red wax seal certainly is intriguing as a stamp forerunner.
		Whether or not the advocates who support Chalmers are correct in attributing priority to his invention, the canceled essays he submitted to the Treasury Competition in 1840 more closely resembled later postage than the Penny Black does, and reflected his deeper insight into the overlapping requirements of security and mail processing.
		In May of 1840, when Great Britain issued the one-penny and two-pence stamps, stamped envelopes, and lettersheets that those men had designed, standing on the shoulders of many who had come before, they represented a leap forward for worldwide communication -- a success story for which they are justly celebrated.
	www.norbyhus.dk /btpb.html (3164 words)

	Teal Sunglasses: Penny Black anti-spam project. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This obviates the need for a server to maintain any sort of whitelist, as the fl penny proposal would; the owner of the domain and the IP range manages their own space and publishes that information for you to use.
		The fl penny protocol would almost require some kind of middle-man gateway between conforming and non-comforming systems.
		For domains where there's no info at all, you accept the mail, but at sandboxed rates (i.e., implement fl penny on your end by rate-throttling how fast you accept the e-mail, not by requiring the other side to rate-throttle itself).
	www.plaidworks.org /chuqui/blog/001107.html (706 words)

	Geek.com Geek News - Can MS's Penny Black Project stop spam?
		The form of payment is not money, however; instead, the Penny Black project uses the power of the computer in the form of the time it takes for your machine to do a particular task.
		The Black Penny idea is a good one, just as good as paying for the email service (1 cent each is an idea).
		Penny Black is an encyrption system that targets the most innovative Internet targets, spammers.
	www.geek.com /news/geeknews/2003Dec/gee20031229023241.htm (2984 words)

	Powell's Books - Missing Mysteries #01: Penny Black by Susan Moody
		Funny, free-spirited Penny, the knockout daughter of an African diplomat father and an aristocratic English mother, is dismayed to arrive in Big Sur from London and discover her vacation mate is missing.
		Penny's even more dismayed when Martha's body is found at LAX, clothed in a bright white orchid and multiple stab wounds.
		In a turnabout of the James Bond model, suave, sexy, smart-mouthed Penny descends upon Washington, DC, where, with the inevitable dashing male counterpart, and distracted by fl orchid breeding, she pursues her quest for a remarkably fl-hearted killer.
	www.powells.com /cgi-bin/partner?partner_id=27576&cgi=product&isbn=1890208019 (201 words)

	BBC - History - Penny Black Stamp 1840 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This involved adhesive, pre-paid penny stamps for all letters (of a certain weight).
		The first stamps were printed with fl ink and so became known as 'Penny Blacks'.
		From 1846 until 1864, Rowland Hill held office as postmaster-general and implemented a series of expansions to the scheme.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/timelines/britain/vic_penny_black.shtml (128 words)

	In Praise of the Penny Black
		In the case of the Penny Black, and other early British issues, the stamps are marked "A" through "T" horizontally on the grid and "A" through "L" on the vertical, with "AA" being at the top left of the sheet (see the accompanying illustration).
		The Penny Black that crowns this article is of exceptionally fine quality, its design fresh, its details sharply defined, almost as if it were chiseled from a block of Marmora marble.
		This introduction of the 1840 Penny Black set a style which was imitated by virtually all of Britain's colonies and continues to this day in the austere beauty of the "Machin heads", as the Queen Elizabeth II definitives are known.
	www.themysterybox.com /FHist.html (1132 words)

	Penny Black: The Post Office, Rowland Hill
		When the Post Office finally realised that the fl in which the stamps were printed allowed those of a criminal disposition to remove the Maltese Cross frank quite easily, they changed it to the Penny Red by the simple expedient of using red ink.
		It must have given Penny Black quite a shock when told the next day that three of her four guests had died so horribly in the night following her housewarming party.
		She grew into a fine young woman with strong, shapely calves filling the finest of silk stockings, thighs that shaped her pencil skirt, a broad hip that could not but inspire awe, and a wasp waist that owed nothing to the manufacturers of corsets.
	www.dacha.freeuk.com /penny (2290 words)

	MORE CINDERELLAS OF THE PENNY BLACK CENTENARY
		The Midwest Philatelic Society of Kansas City, Missouri, published a similar motif, combining the society’s triangular emblem with the Penny Black in a small souvenir sheet on yellow paper (Figure 3).
		The design shows the Penny Black and two-penny blue stamps on a background of the Mulready envelope, the world’s first postal stationery.
		The stamp uses the frame of the Penny Black but incorporates a vignette of Queen Victoria reminiscent of the famous full-face Chalon portrait found on the early stamps of New Zealand and several other British Colonies (Figure 6).
	www.stampsonstamps.org /cinderellas/moreCinderellas.htm (736 words)

	Ken Lawrence: Before the Penny Black
		In response to last year's Before the Penny Black Series, Giorgio Chianetta called my attention to a type of postal stationery that pushes the first stamp ancestor's date back another half century prior to the de Velayer's penny post of Paris.
		It is tied to the cover by diagonal crisscrossed pen strokes and a circular negative P fl ink handstamp.
		To my surprise, this year's Before the Penny Black Revisited series has evoked virtually no commentary in reply, elaboration, or rebuttal, although the readership is presumed to be manyfold larger than last year's, whose robust posts and e-mails continued long after that series had ended.
	www.norbyhus.dk /btpbr.html (4092 words)

	Edinburgh Pub Guide - Penny Black pubs review information and chat
		the penny fl is somewhere that is so surreal that you pinch yourself to make sure you are actually there.
		penny fl is the centre of the universe for weirdo´s and phantoms alike.
		I worked at the Penny Black a few times as a fill in and have had many a drunken morning there after every decent night out.
	www.edinburgh247.com /pubreview.asp?pubID=9 (1575 words)

	Letters from the past - a history part 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		On the first day of the Penny Post 112,000 letters were posted, more than three times the number posted on that day the previous year.
		In 1840 after the introduction of the Penny Post there were 168 million and ten years later this had doubled to an incredible 347 million letters.
		The inventor of the Penny Black, Rowland Hill, was knighted by Queen Victoria for 'services to the Nation'.
	homepages.ihug.co.nz /~awoodley/Letter5.html (1242 words)

	Penny Black anti-spam technical solution would stop spam virtually overnight
		This solution, which is called the "Penny Black" solution, has been under development at Microsoft for quite some time.
		If large ISPs like AOL, Yahoo, and MSN stopped accepting e-mail that wasn't Penny Black compliant, every IT administrator in the world would update their mail servers virtually overnight.
		But it does require a secure algorithm that cannot be hacked or counterfeited by spammers, because if just one person breaks the code and manages to send out Penny Black compliant e-mail without having to spend the associated CPU time normally required, the whole system falls apart, and we are all back to square one.
	www.newstarget.com /000844.html (1355 words)

	BBC - History - Penny Black Stamp 1840 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Rows of the penny fl stamp with the trademark portrait of Queen Victoria ;
		Hill wrote 'Postal Reform; its Importance and Practibility' in 1837 and gave it to Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne.
		The Reform also called for a uniform low rate of one penny per half-ounce a letter, which made letters affordable for everyone and dramatically cut the accounting costs of the Royal Mail, who until then were logging each individual letter.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/timelines/england/vic_penny_black.shtml (178 words)

	Letters from the past - a history part 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Before the Penny Black by E and R Shanahan.
		The Penny Black, is without doubt the best-known stamp in the world, but it was only the end result of a campaign for cheap postage that had been gaining momentum for more than 100 years.
		This was the result of a decree of the Council of State in 1652, to allow correspondence to and from Members of Parliament and certain State Officials to pass free through the post.
	homepages.ihug.co.nz /~awoodley/Letter.html (1827 words)

	The First Stamp: The Penny Black - Stamps
		It was only in 1840 that the first official stamp, the Penny Black, was issued in Great Britain.
		Rowland Hill was responsible for bringing the Penny Black to the public.
		Later issues used the same design as the Penny Black, but collectors will always be fond of an item that was, at the time, characterized by critics as "ugly."
	www.bellaonline.com /articles/art3929.asp (209 words)

	Still Eggplant . . . forever more: The Penny Black Project
		I was reading an article in the NYTimes today about the proliferation of spam, even since the so-called anti-spam legislation went into effect.
		Well, I'd never heard of the Penny Black Project.
		But, users could set their email programs to reject mail that hasn't gone through this process, or basically mail that doesn't have a stamp.
	mlflorence.blogspot.com /2005/02/penny-black-project.html (148 words)

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