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Topic: Pentarchy

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	Milton V. Anastos - 21. The theory of the pentarchy and Byzantine arguments against the Roman primacy
		The theory of the pentarchy underwent considerable revision in the course of time, and reached its highest development in the period from the eleventh century to the middle of the fifteenth.
		The pentarchy, as thus conceived, had a strongly anti-Roman orientation, since the mediaeval popes claimed the right to the final word on all matters concerning the Church, and insisted that they had the authority to judge all members of the clergy, including the patriarchs.
		The Byzantine conception of the pentarchy was associated with the view that the twelve Apostles were teachers of the whole world, and did not localize their authority in any one place.
	www.myriobiblos.gr /texts/english/milton1_21.html (3858 words)

	Pentarchy - OrthodoxWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Pentarchy consisted of the five ancient patriarchates of the undivided Church of the first millennium of her history, including the Churches of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.
		These major centers of early Christianity, founded by the apostles, were looked to by their respective regions as leaders in Church life, and eventually their bishops came to be regarded as the primates of their areas.
		The members of the Pentarchy all participated in some form in the first eight Ecumenical Councils, from 325 to 880.
	www2.orthodoxwiki.org /Pentarchy (115 words)

	Pentarchy - OrthodoxWiki
		The Pentarchy consisted of the five ancient patriarchates of the undivided Church of the first millennium of her history, including the Churches of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.
		These major centers of early Christianity, founded by the apostles, were looked to by their respective regions as leaders in Church life, and eventually their bishops came to be regarded as the primates of their areas.
		The members of the Pentarchy all participated in some form in the first eight Ecumenical Councils, from 325 to 880.
	www.orthodoxwiki.org /index.php?title=Pentarchy&printable=yes (219 words)

	Pentarchy - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		The Pentarchy, the Five Great Sees or early Patriarchates, were the five major centers of the Christian church in the early Middle Ages:
		These were the four most important cities in the Roman Empire of the 4th century (the period when Christianity first received support from the Roman state), plus Jerusalem.
		Today it would be difficult to identify a leading claimant to the patriarchate of Antioch, and there are multiple claimants to the patriarchal throne of Jerusalem dating from the time of the Crusades.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/p/e/n/Pentarchy.html (92 words)

	News & World Affairs--Beliefnet.com
		In the beginning this was related to the institution of the “Pentarchy”, but, it became widely accepted in the East even after the Schism of 1054 AD.
		A proof of this is the fact that throughout the centuries the Ecumenical Patriarchate has avoided the founding of bishoprics in the West with titles that had been already used by bishops of the Church of Rome.
		3.The fact of course that the “Pentarchy”, which was based on the geographical structure of the known “oecumene” during the time of the Byzantine period, has weakened ecclesiastically through the creation of other Patriarchates and Autocephalous Churches within the Orthodox Church after the fall of the Byzantine Empire, is an undeniable historical reality.
	www.beliefnet.com /boards/message_list.asp?boardID=354&discussionID=516092 (785 words)

	Pentarchy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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		The Pentarchy, the Five Great Sees or early Patriarchates, were the five major centers of the Christian church in the early Middle Ages:
		These were the four most important cities in the Roman Empire of the 4th century (the period when Christianity first received support from the Roman state), plus Jerusalem.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pentarchy (128 words)

	Cubafacts.com - History of Cuba from Hatuey to Castro: Chapter 8 - The Revolution of 1933 and its Aftermath (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		As soon as the students learned of the revolt, leaders of the Student Directorate (a student-faculty group from the University of Havana that was created to oppose Machado's reelection) joined the sergeants and suggested a broadening of its base of support, thus turning a military revolt into a full blown revolution.
		On September 10 the pentarchy was dissolved, and one of its members, Ramon Grau San Martin, became the revolutionary provisional president, Grau was popular among the students for his political stance while at the university, where he had defended nationalism, socialism, and anti-imperialism as the basic tenets of the revolutionary program.
		The pentarchy had given Batista the rank of colonel and the position of chief military commander of the Cuban armed forces.
	www.cubafacts.com /History/history_of_cuba_8.htm (1223 words)

	Amazon.com: Pentarchy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The ecclesiology of St. Nicephorus I (758-828), Patriarch of Constantinople: pentarchy and primacy (Orientalia Christiana analecta) by Patrick O'Connell (Unknown Binding - 1972)
		European Pentarchy and the Congress of Verona, 1822.
		Antioch, and Jerusalem in a "Pentarchy" of five patriarchs whose influence...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Pentarchy&index=blended&page=1 (890 words)

	pentarchy Pentarchy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		SSJC The Eastern Churches Of the five initial Patriarchates, known as the Pentarchy, the four in the Eastern half of the Roman Empire are the origins of what are today called the Eastern Churches.
		It is one of the 4 major basilicas, and one of the five Patriarchal basilicas associated with the Pentarchy.
		Justinian I 482 - 565 Phidas, The Institution of the Pentarchy of the Patriarchs in Greek, 2 Vols.
	nonrheumatic.host4.usaken.com /1141016818.html (1339 words)

	CalendarHome.com - Patriarch of Alexandria - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		At first, it was an Episcopate, that was revered as one of the three most ancient Episcopates, with Rome and Antioch, a century before Jerusalem or Constantinopole became one in 381, the five came to be known as the Pentarchy.
		It was, de facto, elevated to an Archiepiscopal status by the local Alexandrine Council on the one hand and it was then regulated by canon law of the First Ecumenical Council stipulating that all the Egyptian episcopal and metropolitan provinces be subjected to this Metropolitan See of Alexandria, as was already the prevailing custom.
		The title Pope was originally used in a capacity of an appellation rather than a title and eventually it became a title, but contrary to the Pope of Rome, the Pope of Alexandria had no distinction in his Papal/Pontifical and Patriarchal titles.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Patriarch_of_Alexandria (732 words)

	pentarchy - OneLook Dictionary Search
		We found 11 dictionaries that include the word pentarchy:
		pentarchy : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
		pentarchy : The Phrontistery - A Dictionary of Obscure Words [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?loc=rescb&lang=all&w=pentarchy (131 words)

	Fourth Ecumenical Council - OrthodoxWiki
		Also, it was during this council that the bishops in each city received the title "Patriarch." The Patriarchates then divided the whole of the known world into spheres of jurisdiction, except for Cyprus, which had been granted independence by the third Council and remains self-governing to this day.
		If a dispute arises, it is not enough for any one bishop to express his opinion; all diocesan bishops have the right to attend a general council, express their opinion and cast a vote.
		The system of the Pentarchy does not impair the essential quality of each bishop nor does it strip the local community of the significance Ignatius assigned it.
	www.orthodoxwiki.org /Fourth_Ecumenical_Council (886 words)

	Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 7: Gregory XII-Infallability \| Christian Classics Ethereal Library
		The Orthodox rejoiced; the new patriarchate was admitted everywhere as fifth, after Jerusalem, leaving the first place to Constantinople; they explained that now the sacred pentarchy, the (not really very) ancient order of five patriarchs, was restored; Moscow had arisen to atone for the fall of Rome.
		The restored pentarchy was not destined to last very long.
		From 1589 to 1700 the Russian Church was ruled by the Patriarch of Moscow.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/herbermann/cathen07.html?term=Holy%20Synod (4851 words)

	THE PENTARCHY content is overrated. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		You may be asking yourself, "where have they, those fools from the pentarchy, been?", and that is a completely valid and deserved question.
		All I am permitted to say at this moment is, I have no answers for you tonight, I don't even have anything new right now...I do not even have a purpose in writing all this.
		The nature of the pentarchy's existence is going to be redefined shortly.
	www.geocities.com /thepentarchy (148 words)

	[No title]
		In Christian literature, the expression begins to be used in the East when, from the fifth century, the idea of the Pentarchy gained ground, according to which there are five Patriarchs at the head of the Church, with the Church of Rome having the first place among these patriarchal sister Churches.
		The fact of course that the “Pentarchy”, which was based on the geographical structure of the known “oecumene” during the time of the Byzantine period, has weakened ecclesiastically through the creation of other Patriarchates and Autocephalous Churches within the Orthodox Church after the fall of the Byzantine Empire, is an undeniable historical reality.
		With all due respect, it might be well to step back from the idea of pentarchy that is so much a part of your thinking and world view and try to understand that another might see this idea as wholly alien to both orthodoxy and orthopraxy as the West understands it.
	www.byzcath.org /forums/ubbthreads.php/ubb/printthread/Board/4/main/16452/type/thread (4436 words)

	Evidence of the pentarchy - FIRST millenium only - Page 2 - Catholic Answers Forums
		So the evidence that the early church was governed by a Pentarchy is valid from the time of the Christian Roman Emperor only.
		The form of church government that predated the ecumneical counicls, is obviously that of the local councils.
		The system later known among Orthodox as the Pentarchy was now complete, whereby five great sees in the Church were held in particular honor, and a settled order of precedence was established among them: in order of rank, Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem.
	forums.catholic.com /showthread.php?p=2309175 (2210 words)

	AlternateHistory.com Discussion Board: Mosaic Earth: Thrown into this world, thrown into war (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		For tomorrow, there would be a special day in Prague, a common military parade of the German Empire and the Pentarchy, demonstrating unity, especially against the unrest at their common eastern border, and demosntrating strength and readyness even after the short but brutal Berlin War.
		Karl Schulze, German ambassador to the Pentarchy, did not know how many times he already explained it, but it seemed as it were not enough.
		We try to integrate the Pentarchy into the new world, against the unreasonable ressentments of others.“ With others‘ it was pretty clear who was meant.
	www.alternatehistory.net /cgi-bin/discus/discus.cgi?pg=prev&topic=5&page=4099 (1536 words)

	pentarchy - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		The Pentarchy, a Greek word meaning government of five, designates the Five Great Sees or early Patriarchates, which were the five major centres of the Christian church in the early Middle Ages...
		As part of the Pentarchy, the Pope's Patriarchate of Rome was the only one in the Western Roman empire.
		Pentarchy Prime Auspice Registry and Directory Libraries: The Foundation for Prime Directives and...
	encarta.msn.com /pentarchy.html (140 words)

	[No title]
		The relationship between the Regional Board and Pentarchy is of such an importance to the proposed Bylaws that if one of these entities were not adopted by the Regional Assembly the entire proposed document would be unworkable.
		In short, the Pentarchy is charged with developing policy and approving rules that affect the affiliated Chapters of the Region, and the Regional Board is charged with carrying out the policies and rules adopted by the Pentarchy and overseeing the general operations of the Region.
		Although conceptually speaking the relationship between the Regional Board and the Pentarchy may be similar to the executive and legislative branches of government in the United States, there exists no separation of powers between these two entities, much less any entity of the Region. 1.
	www.nblsa.org /regions/southern/events/convention/2005-2006/documents/srblsacondocuments/CaseforProposedBylaws.doc (3666 words)

	Encyclopedia: Patriarch of Constantinople (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In addition to being spiritual leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide, he is the direct administrative head of some four million Ukrainian, Greek, Carpatho-Russian and Albanain Orthodox in the U.S., Canada and Central and South America.
		His titular position is Patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, one of the sixteen autocephalous churches and one of the five Christian centers comprising the ancient Pentarchy.
		The Pentarchy, or the Five Apostolic Sees, are the 5 major Sees of the Christian Church allegedly founded by apostles.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Patriarch-of-Constantinople (1473 words)

	"Ecumenical" Councils - The Byzantine Forum
		Second, there was representation of and/or acceptance by the "pentarchy" at the seven councils, but not at the Western councils (possibly excepting Florence).
		Then you're back at square one, because one fifth of the Pentarchy was not consulted in the Council of Chalcedon, and was considered outside of the voting process before the Council began.
		Plus, the Pentarchy was represented in "Latin form" (which Oriental Orthodox would say is just as good/bad as the "Byzantine form") at all the Councils from the Fourth Lateran on to Vatican II.
	www.byzcath.org /forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=96611&page=16&fpart=1 (6541 words)

	Pentarchy Prime Auspice Registry and Directory Libraries: The Foundation for Prime Directives and Party Declarations in ...
		The object of this book is to provide a starting point to ultimately provide a comprehensive reference instrument that completely encompasses, with minor revisions over time, the entire subject matter pertaining to the title of this book.
		Historical and contemporary examples and references are included to assist future auspices library duty caretakers in discovering and learning what it means to be one with others in an Pentarchy Prime Auspices Library environment.
		Her books are the culmination of decades of active pursuits in universal insights and how those wonderful insights can have practical application in promoting a sentient world.
	www.authorhouse.com /BookStore/ItemDetail~bookid~28970.aspx (468 words)

	Untitled Document
		The Pentarchy is the strong backbone of the Tyrant's Court, the nerve center of the Domain.
		Two feuding Ministers of equal rank and importance may choose to go to the Ministry of Aurochs to find a Judge who will settle the dispute instead of bothering their superiors; in the case of disputes between two Aurochs Ministers, the Ministry of Dragons is consulted.
		The Pentarchy consists of the following Ministries; their badges and rank names are included along with their duties.
	www.bloodchronicles.com /demon/locations (3595 words)

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