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	Pentose Phosphate Pathway
		The pentose phosphate pathway is primarily an anabolic pathway that utilizes the 6 carbons of glucose to generate 5 carbon sugars and reducing equivalents.
		The reactions of oxidative portion of the pentose phosphate pathway are shown.
		The reactions of the non-oxidative portion of the pentose phosphate pathway are shown.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/pentose-phosphate-pathway.html (1082 words)

	Pentose Phosphate Pathway
		The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (also called Phosphogluconate Pathway, or Hexose Monophosphate Shunt) is depicted with structures of intermediates in Fig.
		The remainder of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway accomplishes conversion of the
		The flow of intermediates containing 15 C atoms through Pentose Phosphate Pathway reactions by which 5-C sugars are converted to 3-C and 6-C sugars is summarized in the diagram at right and balance sheet below.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb2/part1/pentose.htm (0 words)

	pentose - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		The pentose phosphate pathway (also called Phosphogluconate Pathway, or Hexose Monophosphate Shunt [HMP shunt]) is a process that serves to generate NADPH and the synthesis of pentose (5-carbon...
		A pentose is a monosaccharide with five carbon atoms.
		The pentose phosphate pathway is primarily an anabolic pathway that utilizes the 6 carbons of glucose to generate 5 carbon sugars and reducing equivalents.
	encarta.msn.com /pentose.html (169 words)

	Pentose phosphate pathway
		The main purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is to generate the NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) needed for reductive biosynthetic reactions, such as fatty acid biosynthesis, and the ribose 5-phosphate necessary for the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and nucleotide coenzymes.
		In the oxidative branch of the PPP, glucose 6-phosphate is converted to ribulose 5-phosphate with the formation of 2 molecules of NADPH.
		This reaction is similar to the ones in glycolysis involving the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate and the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
	www.db.uth.tmc.edu /faculty/alevine/1521_2000/ppp.htm (944 words)

	Glycogen metabolism
		The pentose phosphate pathway (or cycle) converts glucose-6-phosphate to reducing equivalents (NADPH) and biosynthetic precursors (ribose) for the reductive biosynthesis of lipids and nucleic acids.
		The second mode, or non-oxidative branch, of the pentose phosphate cycle includes several interconversion steps of C7, C4, and C3 ketoses and aldoses regenerating glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, all three being metabolites of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis.
		All reactions of the non-oxidative branch are fully reversible, unlike the dehydrogenase reactions of the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway.
	www.whatislife.com /reader2/Metabolism/pathway/glycogen.html (0 words)

	Pentose phosphate pathway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		An important role of the pentose phosphate pathway is to maintain a pool of cellular NADPH, which serves as a hydrogen donor in reductive biosynthesis, and in the defence against oxidative stress.
		The PPP itself serves to convert glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) to ribose 5-phosphate (R5P), which is used in nucleotide biosynthesis.
		As this biosynthetic pathway is also present in glycosomes, this may be the explanation why small amounts of the oxidative branch dehydrogenases are found in these organelles.
	www.icp.ucl.ac.be /~opperd/review/pentose.html (356 words)

	Articles / Impact / Adam and Eve, Vitamin C, and Pseudogenes - Institute for Creation Research
		Stating that only the last enzyme is missing for the pathway to convert glucose to vitamin C might imply to the untrained individual that there is a biochemical pathway that leads to a dead end.
		Actually, the biochemical pathway that leads to the synthesis of vitamin C in rats also leads to the formation of five-carbon sugars in the pentose phosphate pathway present in virtually all animals (Linster and Van Schaftingen 2007).
		In the pentose phosphate pathway, five-carbon sugars are made from glucose (a six-carbon sugar) to be used in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and many energy producing substances such as ATP and NADPH (Garrett 1999).
	www.icr.org /article/3271 (0 words)

	Pentose phosphate cycle - TBI
		NADPH is used in various anabolic pathways, such as reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides or fatty acid synthesis, but also for redox regulation by glutathione and the thioredoxin systems, ROS (reactive oxygen species) signaling.
		The pentose-phosphate pathway (PPP) can be considered as a branch of glycolysis subtracting glucose-6-phosphate and feeding back fructose-6-phosphate and triose phosphates.
		The PPP is subject of optimization to construct yeast strains that can use pentose sugars, such xylose and arabinose, as nutrients [2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
	www.tbi.univie.ac.at /wiki/index.php/PPP (373 words)

	The Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
		E4P is an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway.
		R5P is an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway.
		All pentose phosphate pathway intermediates inhibit the activity of the glycolytic enzyme PGI.
	www.cellml.org /models/vaseghi_baumeister_rizzi_reuss_1999_version01/download (701 words)

	Ribose intervention in the cardiac pentose phosphate pathway is not species-specific -- Zimmer et al. 223 (4637): 712 ...
		Ribose intervention in the cardiac pentose phosphate pathway is not species-specific -- Zimmer et al.
		Ribose intervention in the cardiac pentose phosphate pathway is not species-specific
		In this study reported here the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the oxidative pentose phosphate shunt, was very low in the human heart and was of the same order of magnitude in the myocardium of various animal species.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/223/4637/712 (303 words)

	RiceCyc home and Gramene Biochemical Pathway database
		The Pathway Tools is a web-based tool for viewing gene annotations mapped to various biochemical pathways in plants, rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis thaliana and bacteria E.
		The pathways for rice (RiceCyc) were curated by Gramene.
		The manual curation of pathways is an ongoing process at Gramene and we welcome feedback from the research community.
	www.gramene.org /pathway (0 words)

	D-Ribose
		PRPP is the biochemically activated form of D-ribose and is synthesized from D-ribose-5-phosphate, which is produced in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP).
		The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in the heart: regulation, physiological significance and clinical implications.
		Regulation of and intervention into the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and adenine nucleotide metabolism in the heart.
	www.pdrhealth.com /drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/dri_0226.shtml (1014 words)

	Accelerated rates of glycolysis in the hypertrophied heart: are they a methodological artifact? -- Leong et al. 282 ...
		The nonoxidative branch is reversible and is responsible for the interconversion of glycolytic intermediates with pentose
		H]glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway, is inconsistent with
		The role of the pentose phosphate pathway in myocardial hypertrophy.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/282/5/E1039 (3891 words)

	[No title]
		Glucose 6-phosphate formation by L-type pentose phosphate pathway reactions of rat liver in vitro: further evidence.
		An investigation of the mechanism in vitro of the non-oxidative segment of the pentose phosphate pathway using [5-14C]ribose 5-phosphate as a prediction labelling substrate with rat liver enzyme preparation is reported.
		Glucose 6-phosphate formed during the initial 0.5 h of reaction was heavily labelled in C-1 and thus is consistent with the prediction of the liver (L)-type pentose phosphate pathway (theoretically C-1/C-6 = 0.5).
	www.galenicom.com /en/medline/article/6526380 (238 words)

	Articles :: Mr. Physical Fitness
		Ribose is formed in the body from conversion of glucose via the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP, also known as the hexosemonophosphate shunt or the phosphogluconate pathway, Figure 1).
		In a series of oxygen depletion studies in the myocardium using asphyxia recovery and ATP depletion models evidence was gathered that PRPP availability limits adenine nucleotide synthesis by both the de novo and salvage pathways.12,13,24,25 By providing ribose to the myocardium a pronounced stimulatory effect on PRPP synthesis occurs.
		Ribose intervention in the cardiac pentose phosphate pathway is not species-specific.
	www.mrphysicalfitness.com /beyondc-ribose.htm (2591 words)

	Saccharomyces cerevisiae non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway
		Saccharomyces cerevisiae non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway
		The reactions of the non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway are reversible and are important for generating ribose-5-phosphate, which is required for the biosynthesis of several biomolecules, including RNA and DNA.
		The flow of glucose 6-phosphate through glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway is linked through two enzymes of the non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway, transketolase (Tkl1p and Tkl2p) and transaldolase (Tal1p).
	pathway.yeastgenome.org:8555 /YEAST/NEW-IMAGE?type=NIL&object=NONOXIPENT-PWY (665 words)

	benfotiamine suppressed the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE)
		Activation of the reductive pentose phosphate pathway by high-dose thiamine therapy may achieve this by increasing transketolase activity and stimulating the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate into ribose 5-phosphate (Scheme 1).
		G-6-P, glucose 6-phosphate; F-6-P, fructose 6-phosphate; F-1,6-bis-P, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate; TPI, triose phosphate isomerase; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; GA3P, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; PG, phosphoglycerate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; R-5-P, ribose 5-phosphate.
		The primary intervention by these agents in the STZ-diabetic rat model was the prevention of thiamine deficiency and induction of transketolase expression, with consequent activation of the reductive pentose phosphate pathway shunt [3].
	www.benfotiamineinfo.com /benfotiamine-12.htm (0 words)

	Functional Significance of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Glutathione Reductase in the Antioxidant Defenses of Human ...
		Flux through the pentose phosphate pathway was measured as described for Figure 1.
		Effect of (a) mercaptosuccinate and (b) diethyl maleate on pentose phosphate pathway flux of human sperm in the presence or absence of 10 µM cumene hydroperoxide.
		the capacity of the pathway to be estimated, because it was
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/71/4/1309 (5073 words)

	Steve's place - Core Metabolism
		The PPP is a network of reactions (as opposed to the largely straight-through pathway of glycolysis).
		Consequently, the rest of the PPP consists of a variety of reactions which transfer 2-carbon (transketolase) and 3-carbon (transaldolase) units from sugar to sugar, generating a plethora of trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and even septuloses (epimerisation is also involved in this sequence).
		The PPP is often overlooked in biology, but it is of at least as much importance as glycolysis, and may well have evolved before it.
	www.steve.gb.com /science/core_metabolism.html (3030 words)

	Transcriptional Glucose Signaling through The Glucose Response Element Is Mediated by the Pentose Phosphate Pathway -- ...
		The sugar alcohol xylitol is metabolized to xylulose 5-phosphate, an intermediate of the nonoxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway.
		Consequently, xylulose 5-phosphate is the major metabolite candidate of the nonoxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway responsible for mediating transcriptional machinery induction by glucose catabolism.
		In addition, the role of a pentose phosphate as an inducer of the signaling pathway leading to activation of glucose-responsive genes is concordant with the effect of 2-deoxyglucose in adipocytes (11) and insulinoma INS-1 cells(16).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/271/10/5321 (5063 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		It is initiated by oxidation of arachidonic acid by arachidonate lipoxygenases, and the reactions occur in the cytosol of leukocytes, mast cells, platelets, and lung tissue cells.
		a pathway of fibers originating in the lateral part of the entorhinal area, perforating the subiculum of the hippocampus, and running into the stratum moleculare of the hippocampus, where these fibers synapse with others that go to the dentate gyrus.
		an afferent pathway that conducts impulses from the receptors in the sense organs to one of the primary receiving areas of the cerebral cortex; see also under tract.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_p_09zPzhtm (3173 words)

	Shroomery - The Metabolic Pathway of Psilocybin Production
		The Shikimate pathway is present in many different plants, fungi and bacteria, but is not present in animals, and is important for producing many different aromatic compounds, including many antibiotics and the tryptamine-based psychedelic drugs, like DMT, the ergot alkaloids and psilocybin.
		This is the last major step in the pathway that is significantly inhibited by a self-feedback downregulation mechanism, meaning that if too much of a particular substance is in the cells the enzyme will stop converting tryptophan to tryptamine.
		The pathway for the conversion of tryptamine to psilocybin and psilocin is still unclear, but it is proposed that there are many different steps, since the phosphorylated intermediates baeocystin and norbaeocystin are produced, in addition to psilocybin, which is most likely produced via one phosphorylase enzyme from psilocin.
	www.shroomery.org /6227/The-Metabolic-Pathway-of-Psilocybin-Production (560 words)

	Phosphate - definition of phosphate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		A phosphate, in inorganic chemistry, is a salt of phosphoric acid.
		In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid.
		Phosphates are slowly and incompletely absorbed when ingested, and seldom result in systemic effects.
	ezaskfor.com /ezaf/phosphate.htm (1075 words)

	Revisiting the 13C-label distribution of the non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway based upon kinetic ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Revisiting the 13C-label distribution of the non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway based upon kinetic and genetic evidence -- Kleijn et al.
		C-label distribution of the non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway based upon kinetic and genetic evidence
		pathway is not in accordance with the established ping-pong
	content.febsjournal.org /cgi/content/abstract/272/19/4970 (390 words)

	The chemical logic behind... the Pentose-phosphate Pathway
		NADPH can be produced during glucose-6-P oxidation through a pathway distinct from glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate pathway.
		This pathway is very active in tissues involved in cholesterol and fatty acid (liver, adipose tissues, adrenal cortex, mammal glands).
		glycolysis in orer to produce energy, or recycled through gluconeogenesis to regenerate glucose-6-P. In the latter case, through six consecutive cycles of the pentose-phosphate pathway and gluconeogenesis one glucose-6-P molecule can be completely oxidized to six CO molecules, with concommitant production of 12 NADPH molecules.
	www2.ufp.pt /~pedros/bq/ppp.htm (391 words)

	Pentose Phosphate Pathway
		Equally important reactions of the PPP are to convert dietary 5 carbon sugars into both 6 (
		Transketolase1 and 2 function to transfer 2 carbon groups from substrates of the PPP, thus "rearranging" the carbon atoms that enter this pathway.
		The predominant pathways of carbohydrate metabolism in the red blood cell (RBC) are glycolysis, the PPP and
	www.med.unibs.it /~marchesi/ppp.html (0 words)

	Characterization of Glycolysis and Pentose Phosphate Pathway Activity during Sperm Entry into the Mouse Oocyte -- Urner ...
		PPP was inhibited by cytochalasin B but not by phloretin (Fig.
		Quantitative determination of the pentose phosphate pathway in preimplantation mouse embryos.
		Meiotic induction in cumulus cell-enclosed mouse oocytes: involvement of the pentose phosphate pathway.Biol Reprod 1998; 58:1084–1094.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/60/4/973 (3670 words)

	Amazon.com: pentose (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Pentose metabolism in bacteria (Ciba lectures in microbial biochemistry) by Bernard L Horecker (Unknown Binding - 1962)
		Pentose compounds in the tissues of marine animals (Canada.
		The distribution of pentose compounds in the pancreatic tissues of the ling cod (Ophidon elongatus, Girard) (Canada.
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=pentose&index=blended&page=1 (369 words)

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