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Topic: Penutian languages

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Penutian

Native American languages

Salishan languages

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	Penutian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Penutian is a proposed grouping of language families that includes many Native American languages of western North America, predominantly spoken at one time in Washington, Oregon, and California.
		The original hypothesis of Penutian consisting of 5 language families was suggested by Roland B. Dixon and Alfred L. Kroeber in 1903 and published in 1913.
		Callaghan, Catherine A. Miwok-Costanoan as a subfield of Penutian.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Penutian (985 words)

	Languages & Writing Systems
		Language is a system of conventional spoken or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, communicate.
		Languages of the Finno-Ugric family, such as languages of the Sami (Lapp) and Baltic-Finno groups (e.g., Sami, Finnish, and Livonian), are spoken in parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia.
		The languages of North Asia are those spoken from the Arctic Ocean on the north to South Asia and China on the south and from the Caspian Sea and Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.
	www.crystalinks.com /languages.html (2993 words)

	Language family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The concept of linguistic ancestry is less clear-cut than the concept of biological ancestry, as in cases of extreme historical language contact, in particular the formation of creole languages and other types of mixed languages; it may be unclear which language should be considered the ancestor of a given language.
		Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
		Language contact is common, making clear family classifications difficult — it is often unclear whether lexical similarity is due to borrowing or a common parent language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Language_families_and_languages (1626 words)

	Native American Languages - MSN Encarta
		In such familiar languages, the subject of the sentence is in the nominative case—that is, the subject has the same form and function, whether the sentence is transitive (has a direct object) or intransitive (lacks an object).
		Languages that have switch reference indicate whether a subject or object of a clause is the same as or different from the subject or object of an earlier clause.
		Languages such as Russian and Latin, which distinguish the role of a noun (such as subject, direct object, or indirect object) by case marking are said to have nominal case systems.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761573518_3/Native_American_Languages.html (1197 words)

	NATIVE AMERICAN LANGUAGES. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A language family consists of two or more tongues that are distinct and yet related historically in that they are all descended from a single ancestor language, either known or assumed to have existed.
		Native American languages cannot be differentiated as a linguistic unit from other languages of the world but are grouped into a number of separate linguistic stocks having significantly different phonetics, vocabularies, and grammars.
		At present, the aboriginal languages of the Western Hemisphere are gradually being replaced by the Indo-European tongues of the European conquerors and settlers of the New World—English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Dutch.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/na/NatvAmlang.html (2994 words)

	Plateau Penutian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Plateau Penutian (also Shahapwailutan, Lepitan) is a family of languages spoken in northern California, reaching through central-western Oregon to northern Washington and central-northern Idaho.
		Plateau Penutian as originally proposed was one branch of the hypothetical Penutian phylum as proposed by Edward Sapir.
		Recent appraisals of the Penutian hypothesis find Plateau Penutian to be "well supported" by specialists (DeLancey and Golla (1997: 181; Campbell 1997), with DeLancey and Golla (1997: 180) cautiously stating "while all subgroupings at this stage of Penutian research must be considered provisional, several linkages show considerable promise" (Campbell 1997 likewise mentions similar caveats).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages (325 words)

	Center for the Study of the First Americans
		For example, Basque is an isolate standing alone in Europe, where languages of the Romance Family are spoken in the south, Germanic languages in the north, Celtic languages along the northwestern fringe, and languages of the Slavic Family in the east from the Arctic to the Mediterranean.
		Seven languages called Interior Salish form a subgroup of the Salishan family and are distributed for the most part in the northern part of the Plateau Culture Area, with some extension into the southern part of the area where the Sahaptian languages predominate.
		Language spreads when a population in an area is replaced by another population that speaks a different language.
	www.centerfirstamericans.com /mt.php?a=54 (2579 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Native American languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		NATIVE AMERICAN LANGUAGES [Native American languages] languages of the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere and their descendants.
		The classification "Native American languages" is geographical rather than linguistic, since those languages do not belong to a single linguistic family, or stock, as the Indo-European or Afroasiatic languages do.
		Native tongues: the languages that once mapped the American landscape have almost vanished.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/N/NatvA1mlang.asp (3180 words)

	NPS Archeology Program: Kennewick Man
		This includes language both as a part of culture and as the primary means for its transmission, while recognizing that culture and language "are not necessarily correlated" (Sapir 1921:212-220).
		Firstly, the Numic languages are distributed in a broad fan-like sweep of territory between southeastern California across Nevada and Utah to southern Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and Colorado, with the Comanche (a Shoshonean-speaking group) established on the Great Plains east of the Rocky Mountains.
		However, given the concentration of distinct Penutian subgroups between central California and the Columbia Plateau and the probable predominantly north-to-south movement of early human settlement of the Americas, it is more than likely that Proto-Penutian was spoken in the Columbia Plateau region, perhaps as early as 8,000-9,000 years ago.
	www.cr.nps.gov /archeology/kennewick/Hunn.htm (8917 words)

	Don Macnaughtan - Lane Community College Library - American Indian Languages of Western Oregon
		Penutian languages - a family that is rather loosely defined - were spoken on the central Oregon Coast, along the Lower Columbia, in the Cascades, in the Willamette Valley, and in the Rogue Valley.
		An isolated Salish language (Tillamook) was spoken on the northern Oregon coast, and a small pocket of the Hokan family (Shasta) was spoken in the southern Rogue Valley.
		Penutian and Hokan languages are thought to form the oldest strata of languages in Western Oregon, perhaps going back 10,000 years.
	www.lanecc.edu /library/don/orelang.htm (1141 words)

	Numbers in Over 5000 Languages
		Their ears may not be attuned to the language; or there may be dialectal variation, or even sound change.
		There is nothing inherent in the language variety to tell us what it is. Linguists sometimes use "language" to refer to a mutually intelligible group of dialects (but note that intelligibility can be partial).
		For non-African languages, a macron indicates length and is indicated :.
	www.zompist.com /numbers.shtml (926 words)

	Classification of languages - Some explanations
		Language isolates that cannot be classified by language family at all are listed in the last row of the table.
		The sheer number of language families in the Americas is such that a practical classification, such as the one aimed at here, must lump some of the families together.
		I think that changing the well-established name of a language family because of the addition of one other language, even if it is supposed to have split off first, is an unnecessary complication.
	www.tundria.com /Linguistics/langclass-ex.shtml (1553 words)

	California Indian Languages: Penutian Tribes
		In 1750 AD speakers of Penutian tongues occupied nearly half of California and were a solid block of about 30 groups in the California Heartland.
		Penutian roots are old in California and expanded after Hokan languages were established in the state.
		To the extent that language and culture may be related, Penutian was the most typically “Californian” of any linguistic root language.
	www.parks.ca.gov /?page_id=23733 (412 words)

	Workshop on American Indigenous Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Yokuts as a target language in a shift from Miwok. Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Lingusitics Society, ed.
		The annual Workshop on American Indigenous Languages (WAIL) at the University of California, Santa Barbara is presented by the Native American Indian Languages study group (NAIL), which has been meeting regularly in Santa Barbara since 1990 to discuss issues relating to Native American language and culture.
		The workshop is a forum for the discussion of theoretical and descriptive linguistic studies of indigenous languages of the Americas.
	orgs.sa.ucsb.edu /nailsg (389 words)

	Penutian languages - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Penutian languages - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		A more recent Penutian grouping that is being investigated is the following:
		California Penutian as a separate branch is no longer accepted by many Penutian researchers.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/p/e/n/Penutian_languages.html (852 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Penutian, pt. 1
		You have reached the first page on Penutian Languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		Costanoan belongs to the Utian sub-branch of the Penutian branch of the Macro-Penutian family.
		Although the languages became extinct in the 20th century, efforts are being made to revive them by the Costanoan people.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/penut1h.htm (882 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Penutian, pt. 2
		You have reached the second page on Penutian languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		Languages belonging to this sub- branch include Nez Perce, Tenino, Umatilla, Walla Walla, and Yakima.
		There are also a couple of other Wintun languages, so it may also be regarded as a sub-branch of Penutian.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/penut2h.htm (596 words)

	Scott DeLancey Curriculum Vitae
		LSA Committee on Endangered Languages and Their Preservation, 1994-6 (Chair, 1995-6) Co-organizer (with Victor Golla): Comparative Penutian Workshop (University of Oregon, June 27-July 8, 1994).
		Proceedings of the 1993 Mid-America Linguistics Conference and Conference on Siouan/Caddoan Languages, pp.
		Language and Prehistory in the Americas Conference, University of Colorado, March 22-25, 1990.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~delancey/cv.html (1435 words)

	Bibliography of comparative Penutian
		In Campbell and Mithun, eds., The Languages of Native America, pp.
		Freeland, L. 1930 The Relationship of Mixe to the Penutian Family [with notes by Edward Sapir].
		Paper delivered at the Language and Prehistory in the Americas Conference, University of Colorado, March 22-25, 1990.
	www.uoregon.edu /~delancey/bib/penbib.html (994 words)

	Eugene Buckley's CV
		Meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, Oakland, CA, January 6-9.
		Meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, Boston, January 8-11.
		Meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /~gene/cv.html (757 words)

	Google Directory - Society > Ethnicity > The Americas > Indigenous > Native Americans > Languages
		Articles on teaching, revitalizing, and stabilizing indigenous languages, indigenous language policy, dropout prevention and teacher training.
		Index of links to fonts for various Amerindian languages, both those that use modified English alphabet and those with different writing systems.
		Language learning programs in Cherokee, Choctaw, Lakota Sioux, Navajo, Mohawk, Apache, Kiowa, and other Native American languages.
	google.ru /Top/Society/Ethnicity/The_Americas/Indigenous/Native_Americans/Languages (372 words)

	Linguistic classification of american indians
		Language classification proposed by Charles F. and Florence M. Voegelin (1966)
		means a unique language with few or no elements in common with other languages
		Language families proposed by Campbell and Mithun (1979)
	hjem.tele2adsl.dk /johnmadsen/Indian/indian0.html (159 words)

	William H. Jacobsen, Jr. Vita p2
		Seattle: Department of Romance Languages and Literature, University of Washington, 1962.
		Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (Vice President 1991, President 1992).
		Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory.
	basque.unr.edu /04/4.2.1t/4.2.1.10.2.jacobsen2a.htm (1604 words)

	MESOAMERICAN LANGUAGES
		Mesoamerican languages are grouped into families on a "genetic" basis, and determinations
		Another language family with representatives in Mesoamerica is:
		Recent years have seen changes in the way that the names of native languages are spelled.
	www.utexas.edu /courses/stross/ant322m_files/langfeat.htm (898 words)

	Native American languages: Languages of North America
		Reinventing the Enemy's Language: Contemporary Native Women's Writings of North America.
		North American Indian cultures: a legacy of language and inspired ideas.
		Lost in America: speak two languages and you're bilingual.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/society/A0859888.html (714 words)

	[No title]
		American Indian Languages Spoken at Home by American Indian Persons 5 Years and Over in Households: 1990 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Release date: August 1995 (Data are estimates based on a sample) United States United Region Region States Northeast American Indian languages...............
		Source: Racial Statistics Branch Population Division Bureau of Census Washington, DC 20233 The data in this table are consistent with those published in 1990 CP-3-7, 1990 Census of Population, "Characteristics of American Indians by Tribe and Language," issued July 1994.
		The Subject Summary Tape File (SSTF) 13, "Characteristics of American Indians by Tribe and Language," can be ordered from the Census Bureau's Customer Service Office on (301) 763-INFO(4636) or FAX (301) 457-3842.
	www.census.gov /population/socdemo/race/indian/ailang3.txt (246 words)

	Numbers in Over 5000 Languages
		Numbers from 1 to 10 in Over 5000 Languages (One file)
		Click here to see the entire collection, or click on the map to move to the languages for that area.
		Mesoamerican Indian languages - "Penutian", Uto-Aztecan, Oto-Manguean, Macro-Chibchan, Paezan Yanomaman
	www.zompist.com /numbersu.htm (968 words)

	California Indian Languages: Uto-Aztecan Tribes
		Research indicates that Uto-Azetcan began to diversify in California after Hokan and Penutian were present, but before all of the Penutian languages achieved their later prehistoric distribution.
		Cultural Notes: Less than nine speakers of the original language are left, and they are all more than 50 years old.
		The Kutzadika’a people do not have Mono in their language and history does not offer a clear explanation of its origin.
	www.parks.ca.gov /?page_id=23735 (963 words)

	Languages Native Americans Indigenous The Americas Ethnicity Society
		Languages Native Americans Indigenous The Americas Ethnicity Society
		- Index of links to fonts for various Amerindian languages, both those that use modified English alphabet and those with different writing systems.
		- Articles on teaching, revitalizing, and stabilizing indigenous languages, indigenous language policy, dropout prevention and teacher training.
	www.iaswww.com /ODP/Society/Ethnicity/The_Americas/Indigenous/Native_Americans/Languages (344 words)

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