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	PEONAGE,
		In the 19th century, after the nations of Latin America achieved independence, debt peonage was instituted and became the basis of the economic system.
		Often the debt was so exaggerated that the peonage had to be handed down from generation to generation; but in the 20th century, laws prohibiting such servitude were passed.
		In the U.S. before the American Civil War, forms of peonage existed among Mexicans and Indians of the New Mexico and Arizona territories, and in the South it was experienced by both poor fls and whites.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=218913 (355 words)

	Debt bondage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A modernization of the feudal system was "peonage", where debtors were bound in servitude to their creditors until their debts were paid.
		Peonage is a system where laborers are bound in servitude until their debts are paid in full.
		In Peru a peonage system existed from the 1500s until land reform in the 1950s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Debt_bondage (910 words)

	peonage - Encyclopedia.com
		peonage, system of involuntary servitude based on the indebtedness of the laborer (the peon) to his creditor.
		As the natives fell into debt and lost their own land, they were reduced to peonage and forced to work for the same employer until his debts and the debts of his ancestors were paid, a virtual impossibility.
		By 1910 court decisions had outlawed peonage, but as late as 1960 some sharecroppers in Southern states were pressured to continue working for the same master to pay off old debts or to pay taxes, which some states had levied to preserve the sharecropping system.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-peonage.html (1531 words)

	Peon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The words peon and peonage are derived from the Spanish peón (pe'on).
		The English words peon and peonage were derived from the Spanish word, and have a variety of meanings related to the Spanish usages, as well as some other meanings.
		In the English-speaking world in general, the term is used colloquially to mean a person with little authority, often assigned unskilled or drudgerous tasks; an underling.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Peonage (265 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		Peonage is sometimes classified as voluntary or involuntary; but this implies simply a difference in the mode of origin, but none in the character of the servitude.
		He may also arrest an individual for the purpose of placing him in a condition of peonage, and this whether he be the one to whom the involuntary service is to be rendered or simply employed for the purpose of making the arrest.
		It is conceded that peonage is based upon the indebtedness of the peon to the master.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=197&invol=207 (2202 words)

	Encyclopedia
		Often the debt was so exaggerated that the peonage had to be handed down from generation to generation; but in the 20th century, laws prohibiting such servitude were passed.
		In the U.S. before the American Civil War, forms of peonage existed among Mexicans and Indians of the New Mexico and Arizona territories, and in the South it was experienced by both poor fls and whites.
		Sharecropping, a system of peonage, was popular in the southeastern U.S. from the end of the Civil War until widespread mechanization of the production of cotton and tobacco made the system unprofitable.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..pe045800.a (347 words)

	sociology - Debt bondage
		A modernization of the feudal system was "peonage", where debtors were bound in servitude to their creditors until their debts were paid.
		Peonage means an unfree labour system where laborers are bound in servitude until their debts are paid in full.
		In Peru a peonage system existed from the 1500s until land reform in the 1950s.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/Debt_peonage (833 words)

	Lay This Body Down
		Peonage was the 20th century version of American slavery.
		In all cultures in which it has been present, peonage is a transitional phase between a legal slave culture and a more capitalist society without slavery.
		When federal agents talked with Williams after he was accused of peonage, and he knew that he was going to be investigated, he decided to get rid of the evidence -- his slaves.
	www.aalbc.com /reviews/laythisbodydown.htm (742 words)

	Peonage in the South:The Life Story of a Negro Peon
		Peonage is the system in which a debtor must work out what he owes in compulsory service to his creditor.
		It is of particular interest because it describes not only peonage but also the convict-lease system, whereby fl people were arrested for minor offenses then leased to white farmers by the state for a fee.
		But call it slavery, peonage, or what not, the truth is we lived in a hell on earth what time we spent i n the Senator's peon camp.
	www.h-net.org /~hst203/documents/peonage.html (4256 words)

	Wikinfo \| Peonage (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Peonage is a labor system where laborers are bound in servitude until their debts are paid in full.
		The American South - Such a system was often used in the southern United States after the American Civil War where African-American and poor white farmers, known as sharecroppers, were often forced to purchase seed and supplies from the owner of the land they farmed and pay the owner in a share of the crop.
		One estate in Peru that existed from the late 1500s until the end of peonage had up to 1,700 peons employed and boasted its own jail.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Peonage (273 words)

	Peru - Legacy of Peonage
		Although a thing of the past, the numbing effects of four centuries of peonage on Peruvian society should not be underestimated.
		Outside the protection of the estate, peons correctly felt themselves to be vulnerable to exploitation and feared direct contact with those mistikuna whom they regarded as dangerous, even to the extent of characterizing whites and powerful mestizos as pishtakos, mythical bogeymen who kill or rape natives.
		Peonage under the hacienda functioned in a relatively standard fashion throughout Peru, with variations between the coastal plantations, on the one hand, and the highland estates and ranches, on the other.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-10244.html (728 words)

	West Virginia History Volume 50
		The definition of peonage bedeviled judges in several states and the absence of a common meaning made it difficult to indict individuals for violating the federal antiÄpeonage statute.
		Pete Daniels in his study of peonage as it applied to fls in the South found that "though thousands of immigrants fell prey to peonage, immigrant peonage apparently lasted only several years and was not typical of the practice." Instead, "fls bore the major burden of Southern peonage.
		In closing, Russell noted that peonage was growing in the country and "it was the duty of the good citizens to stop it in its incipiency [sic]." Northcott argued that Dixon and others used the board bill as an excuse to hold the men until they repaid their transportation.
	www.wvculture.org /history/journal_wvh/wvh50-2.html (8224 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: RAYMONDVILLE PEONAGE CASES
		The Raymondville peonage cases, which were the first of their kind in Texas history, were tried in the Nueces County federal court in January 1927.
		The sheriff argued that the murder charges brought against him were simply a political move to flen his name before the peonage case trial and that the murder trial was instigated by his enemies, the "independents," to discredit him.
		During the murder trial he stated that there was nothing to the peonage cases and that if he had filed formal charges against the Mexicans arrested for loafing and let them stay out their fines in jail at the state's expense, he would not have gotten into such a mess.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/RR/pqreq_print.html (738 words)

	Peonage, or the New Slavery. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The dictionary failed to disclose the exact nature of this novel offense, but the facts stated in the news despatches, made it clear that human slavery, with its most revolting features, was openly practiced, under color of local law, and in violation of a Federal statute, in certain remote districts of the South.
		This question of peonage, involving as it does the simplest and most fundamental elements of citizenship, has an important bearing on the attitude of colored voters in the presidential campaign.
		Chesnutt, Charles W. "Peonage, or the New Slavery." Voice of the Negro, 1 (Sept. 1904): 394-97.
	www.chesnuttarchive.org /Works/Essays/peonage.html (1176 words)

	Lay This Body Down
		Peonage was the 20th century version of American slavery.
		In all cultures in which it has been present, peonage is a transitional phase between a legal slave culture and a more capitalist society without slavery.
		When federal agents talked with Williams after he was accused of peonage, and he knew that he was going to be investigated, he decided to get rid of the evidence -- his slaves.
	aalbc.com /reviews/laythisbodydown.htm (747 words)

	Peonage: Why it Thrived...
		These questions can be answered as I expand upon the conditions of and reasons for peonage in the south as well as give examples of how some African Americans were able to escape this system of bondage in the post Civil War era.
		Peonage is defined by the Encarta Dictionary: English (North America) as "a former system used in Latin America and the southern United States under which a debtor was forced to work for a creditor until a debt was paid".
		Peonage was able to thrive even after the Emancipation Proclamation because it seemed to be a good solution to the economic setbacks of the Civil War.
	www.creativeconnectionarts.com /SocialIssues/Peonage.htm (1774 words)

	[No title]
		Peonage; obstructing enforcement -STATUTE- (a) Whoever holds or returns any person to a condition of peonage, or arrests any person with the intent of placing him in or returning him to a condition of peonage, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.
		Trafficking with respect to peonage, slavery, involuntary servitude, or forced labor -STATUTE- Whoever knowingly recruits, harbors, transports, provides, or obtains by any means, any person for labor or services in violation of this chapter shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.
		Civil remedy -STATUTE- (a) An individual who is a victim of a violation of section 1589, 1590, or 1591 of this chapter may bring a civil action against the perpetrator in an appropriate district court of the United States and may recover damages and reasonable attorneys fees.
	uscode.house.gov /download/pls/18C77.txt (2401 words)

	[No title]
		A modernization of the 0 feudal system was peonage, 0 where debtors were bound 8 in servitude to their 2 creditors until their debts 5 were paid.
		Peonage is an unfree labour system where 9 laborers are bound 0 in servitude until 6 their debts are paid 6 in full.
		Peonage systems have existed in many 7 places at many 5 times throughout history.
	www.cleog.com /debt_bondage_.htm (752 words)

	Involuntary Servitude and Peonage
		(a) Whoever holds or returns any person to a condition of peonage, or arrests any person with the intent of placing him in or returning him to a condition of peonage, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.
		If death results from the violation of this section, or if the violation includes kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, the defendant shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for any term of years or life, or both.
		If death results from the violation of this section, or if the violation includes kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or the attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, the defendant shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for any term of years or life, or both.
	www.usdoj.gov /crt/crim/1581fin.htm (1244 words)

	Peonage, or the New Slavery. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		"Peonage, or the New Slavery" Voice of the Negro 1 (September, 1904): 394-97.
		In this article about recent peonage cases in which Alabaman fls were arrested on false charges, sold into hard labor, and flogged, Chesnutt calls for decisive federal action to end the "new slavery" and for the reelection of Theodore Roosevelt as a friend of the colored race.
		The text was scanned from the original magazine copy in the Jackson Library at the University of North Carolina, Greensboro or from a copy secured through interlibrary loan from other libraries across the country.
	www.chesnuttarchive.org /Works/Essays/peonageinfo.html (154 words)

	Legal Definition of 'Involuntary Servitude & Peonage'
		INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE and PEONAGE - a condition of compulsory service or labor performed by one person, against his will, for the benefit of another person due to force, threats, intimidation or other similar means of coercion and compulsion directed against him.
		It must be shown that a person held to involuntary servitude was so held for a 'term.' It is not necessary, however, that any specific period of time be proved so long as the 'term' of the involuntary service was not wholly insubstantial or insignificant.
		1581(a) is the peonage law cited in the indictment.
	www.lectlaw.com /def/i071.htm (335 words)

	Peonage - LoveToKnow 1911
		The peons, as the Indian labourers were called, were of two kinds: (1) the agricultural workman who was free to contract himself, and (2) the criminal labourers who, often for slight offences, or more usually for debt, were condemned to practical slavery.
		Though legally peonage is abolished, the unfortunate peon is often lured into debt by his employer and then kept a slave, the law permitting his forcible detention till he has paid his debt to his master.
		This page was last modified 19:21, 29 Apr 2006.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Peonage (151 words)

	Antipeonage Act Web Site
		Peonage is thus legally required labor to pay a debt or obligation.
		Libertarian Party Presidential Candidate Michael Badnarik is now on record as saying that imprisonment for child support is PEONAGE, and he promises to direct the civil rights divisions of the Department of Justice to crack down on states that in their family law practices violate the 13th Amendment, the 14th Amendment, and the Antipeonage Act.
		New Mexico used its peonage system to enforce all kinds of debts and obligations: debts arising from express or implied contracts, awards for attorney's fees, tort judgments, and the duty of a husband to support his wife and children, whether divorced or not.
	www.antipeonage.0catch.com (9132 words)

	The Debt-Peonage Society by Paul Krugman
		But Congress is now poised to make bankruptcy law harsher, too.
		Warren Buffett recently made headlines by saying America is more likely to turn into a "sharecroppers' society" than an "ownership society." But I think the right term is a "debt peonage" society - after the system, prevalent in the post-Civil War South, in which debtors were forced to work for their creditors.
		The bankruptcy bill won't get us back to those bad old days all by itself, but it's a significant step in that direction.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Economics/Debt_Peonage_Society.html (699 words)

	The Debt-Peonage Society? by Sean Corrigan
		We are also rewarding the foolish via their prior, credit-financed enjoyment of goods and services which were subsequently left uncompensated but which were thus initially bid higher in price, to the detriment of those who could have paid, cash on the nail, out of principal or income.
		It should be obvious that the adoption of such perverse incentives – however ostensibly compassionate the motives – would lead to even more debt peonage, not less!
		I should have thought a man of such eminence in the field as you would have recognised this basic economic verity, whatever his political sensibilities might be.
	www.lewrockwell.com /corrigan/corrigan66.html (426 words)

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