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Topic: Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan

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	Afghanistan Politicized Islam
		Politicized Islam in Afghanistan represents a break from Afghan traditions.The Islamist Movement originated in 1958 among faculties of Kabul University,particularly within the Faculty of Islamic Law which had been formed in 1952with the announced purpose of raising the quality of religious teaching toaccommodate modern science and technology.
		The founders were largely professorsinfluenced by the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, a party formed in the 1930s thatwas dedicated to Islamic revivalism and social, economic, and political equity.Their objective is to come to terms with the modern world through thedevelopment of a political ideology based on Islam.
		With the takeover of government by the PDPA in April 1978, Islam becamecentral to uniting the opposition against the communist ideology of the newrulers.
	www.country-studies.com /afghanistan/politicized-islam.html (1203 words)

	Afghanistan History
		Islam was brought to Afghanistan during the eight and ninth century by the Arabs.
		For its part, the United States government initially paid little attention to the PDPA coup in Afghanistan; its attention was instead focused to the west, where a popular revolution has overthrown their most valuable Middle East ally, the brutal and autocratic Shah of Iran.
		It wasn’t until 1992 that Mujahadeen fighters were able to topple the remnants of the PDPA government – ending the Stalinists attempts to bring revolution to the people of Afghanistan at the point of a gun.
	afghangovernment.com /briefhistory.htm (3065 words)

	Ethnic Factor in Afghanistan
		Afghanistan as a nation in modern sense emerged on the world scene when Ahmad Shah Durrani was elected the head of a Pushtun confederacy in 1747.
		Afghanistan’s past, present and possibly future is linked with the foreign economic resources, which play an important role in the internal dynamics of the country.
		All neighbours of Afghanistan have to understand the historical fact that “Afghanistan as a closed buffer state was a stabilizing factor for its neighbours; Afghanistan as an open failed state undermines the statehood of its neighbours”.25 This is critically important especially for Pakistan, a multi-ethnic state to learn from the failed state of Afghanistan.
	www.afghanology.com /ethnicfactor.htm (7255 words)

	Afghanistan - DAUD'S REPUBLIC: 1973-78 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		He was seen by many as a forceful leader and a known factor after a decade of dashed hopes for a viable constitutional monarchy.
		These erstwhile allies were members of the Parcham faction of the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA).
		Hundreds of members of the Ikwani Musalamin (Muslim Brotherhood, also known in Afghanistan as the Muslim Youth), were arrested--many were later executed.
	countrystudies.us /afghanistan/88.htm (380 words)

	afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Brief history of the status of women in Afghanistan October 4 "Ironically, the closest any Afghan woman ever came to enjoying Western-style social freedom was under the puppet governments installed by Moscow, which tried to give them their place in the new revolutionary order.
		Soviet-era housing complex traces decline of Afghanistan December 4 " In the wrecked remnants of what was once one of Kabul's most prestigious neighborhoods, American bombs have stirred a fragile and ironic hope: the revival of a Soviet-era vision of Afghanistan whose destruction Washington used to trumpet as its greatest Cold War triumph.
		Tariq Ali on the recent history of Afghanistan "The PDPA (---the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan----Afghan Communist Party) which had a strong base in the army and air force carried out a coup d'etat in 1978, toppling the corrupt regime of Daoud.
	www.fsu.edu /~wtcteach/afghanistan.htm (4353 words)

	History of Afghanistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Afghanistan's history, internal political development, foreign relations, and very existence as an independent state have largely been determined by its geographic location at the crossroads of Central, West, and South Asia.
		The PDPA invited the Soviet Union to assist in modernizing its economic infrastructure (predominantly its exploration and mining of rare minerals and natural gas).
		In reaction to the anarchy and warlordism prevalent in the country, and the lack of Pashtun representation in the Kabul government, the Taliban, a movement of religious scholars and former mujahideen, emerged from the southern province of Kandahar.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Afghanistan (3834 words)

	Revolution and counterrevolution
		Political parties were formed, elections were held (under the condition that the king had the final say), and a certain degree of press freedom was granted.
		What the PDPA did was to develop this revolutionary potential reflected in the army through intensive ideological education and to direct it towards the position of the working class.
		Afghanistan set out from the demand for a democratic revolution which would clear the way for capitalist development, but went on to a revolution which could lead the country to socialism.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/51/341.html (6622 words)

	afghan2p3
		There is partial freedom of the press; the country's infrastructure is transformed thanks to the influx of foreign aid.
		The Afghan army and the Parcham (the flag) wing of the Afghan communist party were behind the coup; King Zahir Shah was not unhappy to be able to remain in Rome where he became a pensioner of some unnamed Arab state.
		April 26, 1978 In reaction to a huge funeral procession for an assassinated leader of the PDPA (Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan) the Daoud government arrests most of the remaining leadership of the party.
	www.janrainwater.com /htdocs/afghan2p3.htm (684 words)

	Afghanland.com Afghanistan Timeline since 1919
		PDPA splits in 2 factions: Khalq headed by Taraki and Parcham by Babrak Karmal a pro soviet communist leader with strong ties to USSR embassy in Kabul.
		Elections were held in Afghanistan and the PDPA members made inflammatory statements instead of pushing their agenda which resulted in scraping the idea of Constitutional Monarchy.
		People of Afghanistan rebel against the PDPA Government claiming them as atheist in an Islamic Land of almost 100% devout Muslims.
	afghanland.com /history/timeline/timeline.html (2097 words)

	Questions:
		When the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan overthrew King Daud 1978 the feudal and tribal leaders were frightened at the prospect of loosing their bloody rule.
		The revisionist and opportunist section of the PDPA was led by Babrak Karmal and were called Parcham (flag) after the name of their paper and stood for a moderate policy towards the feudals.
		If European or U.S. parties were to accept the notion that their governments could play a "progressive role in Afghanistan" today, they would be guilty of the worst kind of social chauvinism.
	www.wpb.be /press/WTC/Taimur4-10.htm (2687 words)

	The Saur Revolution and its aftermath
		Afghanistan marked the 20th anniversary of the Saur revolution (the take over by the Taraki Khalq or People's faction, named after the Afghan month in which it took place) in April 1998, which was the catalyst for bloodshed in the country ever since.
		The PDPA (—the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan—Afghan Communist Party) with a strong base in the army and air force, carried out a coup d'etat in 1978, toppling the corrupt regime of Daoud.
		The split in the PDPA government between Nur Muhammad Taraki of the Khalq faction and Hafizullah Amin of the Parchamis faction.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/51/index-nab.html (537 words)

	DAWN - Opinion; September 19, 2005
		As the country went under the dictatorship of the fatally divided Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), politics gave way, in successive stages, to violent resistance to the Marxist regime, a protracted civil war, the contentious rule of the Taliban, and finally the United States-led invasion of Afghanistan.
		Afghanistan’s geography and terrain militate against an extended rule by decree by an alien occupation force which even today is as small as 32,000 troops of the United States and Nato.
		Had he done so, chances are that the ARD parties might have supported the government and their allies, and the home office would eventually have had to go into overdrive producing rubber stamps to reverse that offensive passage in the Pakistan passport.
	www.dawn.com /2005/09/19/op.htm (3705 words)

	Islam in Afghanistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Afghanistan · Armenia · Azerbaijan · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Bhutan · Brunei · Cambodia · China (People's Republic of China
		The Ismaili Shi'a are also known as Seveners because in the eighth century their leaders rejected the heir claimed by those who later came to be known as "Twelvers", as designated by the sixth Imam, Jafar al Sadiq (d.765), as the only imam after him, whom the Ithna Ashari accepted as such.
		Sibghatullah Mujaddedi, leader of the mujahidin Jabha-i Nejat-i Melli, became the head of this order when his predecessor, along with 79 male members of the family, were executed in Kabul by the Taraki-Amin government in January 1979.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Islam_in_Afghanistan (3563 words)

	The 26th Anniversary of the 1978 Saur (spring) Revolution in Afghanistan
		Quetta is a city in the south west of Pakistan and is situated near the border of Afghanistan and Iran.
		Among the audience both youth and veteran political activists from the Khalq and Parcham factions of the PDPA (Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan) were present.
		Afghanistan is practically splintered into different fiefdoms of vicious and criminal warlords.
	www.marxist.com /afghanistan-1978-saur150404.htm (1111 words)

	Mohammad Najibullah Summary
		Mohammad Najibullah (1947-1996) ruled the Republic of Afghanistan from May 4, 1986, until April 15, 1992, spanning a period during which control of the country by the former Soviet Union waned and one of the cold war's final proxy conflicts became, once again, a civil war.
		Mohammad Najibullah (1947–September 27, 1996) was the fourth and last President of Afghanistan during the period of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
		The PDPA staged a successful coup in 1978, but the Khalq faction of the PDPA gained supremacy, and after a brief stint as ambassador in Tehran, Najibullah was dismissed from government and went into exile in Europe.
	www.bookrags.com /Mohammad_Najibullah (2936 words)

	FDPA
		The FDPA is an association of Afghans who love their home country and wish Afghanistan and the Afghan people to be again accepted in the family of peoples as a free and democratic country.
		The FDPA sees itself as a modern alternative to the tribes, religious groups or groups related to a people in Afghanistan, who have sufficiently proven their incompetence in dealing with the problems to be faced and are obviously neither willing to make a restoration nor capable of doing so.
		All population and religious groups, whether man or woman, whether Afghan or not, who are at least 18 years old, are cordially invited to cooperate.
	www.afghanistan-djamhuriat.de /English.htm (751 words)

	ZNet \|Afghanistan \| BALLOTS IN BATTLEFIELDS
		The tribal structure, political parties, trade unions, student unions -- in short every component of civil society -- has been torn apart in the last quarter century.
		The page of America's democracy has been torn with the killing of thousands of innocent people in Afghanistan during the war against its yesterday's puppets, the Taliban and al-Qaeda and Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's band, fought by the Northern Alliance, and its actions in Iraq.
		But a considerably strong pro-democracy movement among the people is emerging day by day and the anti-Imperialism, anti-fundamentalism and anti-Feudalism aspects in this movement need to be supported while hoping that its leadership doesn't fall into the hands of the USA or non-religious reactionary forces.
	www.zmag.org /content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=6531 (3117 words)

	Revolution Can Never Succeed Without Mass Support
		The Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) represented pro-Masco trend while Sazmanan-e-Jawnan-e-Mutraqi (Progressive Youth Organisation) held Maoist ideology and believed in armed struggle.
		Two of the PDPA leaders, Faiz Muhammad and Hassan Sharq, became ministers in Daud s cabinet Both were KGB agents.
		The PDPA control was taken over by Khalaq faction led by Tarakai.Tarakai was known as Superman and Lenin II.
	www.kersplebedeb.com /mystuff/s11/adilkhan.html (1597 words)

	AFGHANISTAN: World's largest source of heroin
		“Opium poppies are springing up from the plains to the mountains of Afghanistan in far higher quantities than in the final year of the Taliban, which the US and Britain overthrew, while vowing to end the region's narcotics trade”, the June 22 British Independent reported.
		In July 1979, the White House assigned the CIA to mount a major covert operation to overthrow the PDPA government.
		As they gained control over areas of the countryside inside Afghanistan, the Mujaheddin required that farmers grow opium to provide the counter-revolution with a source of financing.
	www.lossless-audio.com /usa/973508474.htm (574 words)

	A Pure
		The PDPA (---the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan----AFghan Communist Party) which had a strong base in the army and air force carried out a coup d'etat in 1978, toppling the corrupt regime of Daoud.
		In successive elections, less people have voted for zealotry in Pakistan than in Israel.
		If the United States spills too much blood in Afghanistan then the consequences could be dire within the Pakistan Army in a year's time.
	www.zmag.org /aliqa.htm (1019 words)

	The 26th Anniversary of the 1978 Saur (spring) Revolution in Afghanistan.
		The 26th Anniversary of the 1978 Saur (spring) Revolution in Afghanistan.
		Afghanistan: "Fools rush in..." By Ted Grant and Alan Woods (December 12, 2001)
		Afghanistan: "The Marines have landed" By Alan Woods.
	www.marxist.com /Asia/anniversary_afghan_saur.html (1124 words)

	Tariq Ali: Q & A About War in Afghanistan
		Read Cockburn and St. Clair's Whiteout: the CIA, Drugs and the Press and discover how the CIA gave a helping hand to the opium lords who took over Afghanistan, thus ushering the Taliban into power and helping to finance Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network.
		Complete Coverage of 9/11 and the War on Afghanistan
		In successive elections, fewer people have voted for zealotry in Pakistan than in Israel.
	www.counterpunch.org /tariq3.html (1167 words)

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