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Topic: Peptidoglycan

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Polypeptide

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	peptidoglycan
		Gram-positive bacteria (so-called because they color violet when treated appropriately with Gram stain) have a thick layer of a peptidoglycan (or murein), the form of which determines the organism's shape – bacilli (rod shaped), cocci (spherical shaped), or spirilla (helical shaped).
		In contrast, gram-negative organisms have only a very thin layer of peptidoglycan immediately outside their cell membrane (about one twentieth of the thickness of that found in gram-positive organisms).
		Surrounding this thin wall of peptidoglycan, however, gram-negative organisms have a bilayered membrane composed of phospholipid and bacterial lipopolysaccharide which has the ability to protect the internal structures of the microbe from damaging chemicals.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/P/peptidoglycan.html (0 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a homogeneous layer outside the plasma membrane of eubacteria.
		Peptidoglycan serves a structural role in the bacterial cell wall, giving the wall shape and structural strength, as well as counteracting the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm.
		The peptidoglycan layer is substantially thicker in Gram-positive bacteria (20 to 80 nm) than in Gram-negative bacteria (7 to 8 nm), with the attachment of the S-layer.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=peptidoglycan (373 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Peptidoglycan (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Peptidoglycans are structural components of bacterial cell walls.
		The peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall is a lattice structure formed from linear chains of two alternating amino sugars, namely N-acetyl glucosamine[?] (GlcNAc) and N-acetyl muramic acid[?] (MurNAc).
		Peptidoglycans serve a structural role, giving bacterial cell walls their shape and strength and counteracting the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/pe/Peptidoglycan (144 words)

	Peptidoglycan - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a homogenous layer lying outside the plasma membrane in prokaryotes.
		The peptidoglycan layer is thicker in Gram-positive bacteria (20 to 80 nm) than in Gram-negative bacteria (7 to 8 nm).
		Peptidoglycan serves a structural role in bacterial cell walls giving bacteria shape, strength and counteracting the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Peptidoglycan (222 words)

	Structure and Function of Procaryotes
		Peptidoglycan is a polymer of disaccharides (a glycan) cross-linked by short chains of amino acids (peptides), and many types of peptidoglycan exist.
		The assembly of peptidoglycan on the outside of the plasma membrane is mediated by a group of periplasmic enzymes which are transglycosylases, transpeptidases and carboxypeptidases.
		In Gram-positive bacteria, peptidoglycans may vary in the amino acid in place of DAP or L-lys in position 3 of the tetrapeptide, and in the exact composition of the interpeptide bridge.
	www.textbookofbacteriology.net /structure.html (7723 words)

	The paradox of chlamydial peptidoglycan.
		Peptidoglycan is the characteristic strengthening component of the cell membrane of virtually all bacteria.
		Peptidoglycan consists of long carbohydrate (sugar) chains of N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl galactosamine cross linked by peptide (amino acid) bridges to form a complete bag (a sacculus) around the bacterium.
		Reticulate bodies are the most likely developmental stage to have peptidoglycan, as they are most closely analogous to a typical gram negative bacterium and they undergo division, necessitating the remodelling of any trace amounts of peptidoglycan that would make them vulnerable to penicillin.
	www.chlamydiae.com /docs/biology/genome_peptidog.asp (0 words)

	The Bacterial Cell Wall (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The peptidoglycan polymer is composed of an alternating sequence of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyl-muraminic acid.
		Each peptidoglycan layer is connected, or crosslinked, to the other by a bridge made of amino acids and amino acid derivatives.
		It is a phospholipid bilayer construction similar to that in the cell membrane and is attached to the peptidoglycan by lipoproteins.
	medic.med.uth.tmc.edu /path/00001438.htm (455 words)

	Peptidoglycan O acetylation and autolysin profile of Enterococcus faecalis in the viable but nonculturable state. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Peptidoglycan O acetylation and autolysin profile of Enterococcus faecalis in the viable but nonculturable state.
		The O acetylation of peptidoglycan occurs specifically at the C-6 hydroxyl group of muramoyl residues.
		The presence of this modification to peptidoglycan was shown to inhibit the action of hen egg white lysozyme in a concentration-dependent manner.
	www.galenicom.com /medline/article/16428393/au:Clarke+AJ (300 words)

	Peptidoglycan
		Surface molecules, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan and peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), are known to elicit immune reactions ranging from cytokine release to fever.
		All peptidoglycan can be used for this purpose but Fluka 77145 can be used as chromogenic substrate for lytical enzymes.
		For the peptidoglycan dyed with remazol brilliant blue R (Fluka 77145) a possible working solution is 3 mg/l glycin-buffer (0.2M, pH 10) which cam be measured at 595 nm.
	www.sigmaaldrich.com /Brands/Fluka___Riedel_Home/Bioscience/Miscellaneous/Peptidoglycan.html (0 words)

	Peptidoglycan - Definition, explanation
		Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a substance that forms a homogenous layer lying outside the plasma membrane in prokaryotes.
		It serves a structural role in bacterial cell walls giving bacteria shape, strength and counteracting the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm.
		The formation of the peptidoglycan layer in bacteria, specifically the crosslinking enzyme transpeptidase, is the target for drugs such as penicillin.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/p/pe/peptidoglycan.php (324 words)

	Infection - Peptidoglycan not associated with sensing of bacteria by toll-li...
		Infection - Peptidoglycan not associated with sensing of bacteria by toll-li...
		Peptidoglycan not associated with sensing of bacteria by toll-like receptor 2
		Investigators from France have reported that the sensing of bacteria that occurs via the toll-like receptor 2 does not involve the detection of the bacterial peptidoglycan.
	www.newsrx.com /newsletters/World-Disease-Weekly/2004-12-14/12142004333756WDW.html (178 words)

	The Lantibiotic Mersacidin Inhibits Peptidoglycan Synthesis by Targeting Lipid II -- Brötz et al. 42 (1): 154 -- ...
		C]mersacidin to membranes in the absence of soluble peptidoglycan
		Structure of the peptidoglycan precursor lipid II as synthesized in vitro by M.
		The lantibiotic mersacidin inhibits peptidoglycan biosynthesis at the level of transglycosylation (8).
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/42/1/154 (4946 words)

	Prokaryotic Cell Structure: The Cell Wall
		Peptidoglycan, also called murein, is a vast polymer consisting of interlocking chains of identical peptidoglycan monomers.
		In order for bacteria to increase their size following binary fission, links in the peptidoglycan must be broken, new peptidoglycan monomers must be inserted, and the peptide cross links must be resealed.
		Many antibiotics work by inhibiting normal synthesis of peptidoglycan in bacteria causing them to burst as a result of osmotic lysis (def).
	student.ccbcmd.edu /courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/prostruct/cw.html (0 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan (called murein in older sources), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by unusual peptides containing D-amino acids.
		The cell wall is essential to the survival of many bacteria and the antibiotic penicillin is able to kill bacteria by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan.
		In contrast, Gram-negative bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall consisting of a few layers of peptidoglycan surrounded by a second lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=cell_wall (1159 words)

	Peptidoglycan Gram-negativ Bacteria Pyruvat Oligopeptid Cytoplasma Cytoplasmamembran Gram-positiv Enzym Lysozym ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Sowohl Gram-positive als auch Gram-negative "echte" Bakterien (Domäne Bacteria) besitzen in ihrer Zellwand eine Festigkeit verleihende Schicht aus Murein, ein Peptidoglycan.
		Recognition of pneumococcal peptidoglycan: an expanded, pivotal role for LPS Binding protein.
		Gram-positive organisms Gram-negative organisms Mycobacteria The lipid bilayer cell membrane of most of the Gram-positive bacteria is covered by a porous peptidoglycan layer which does not exclude...
	www.powerwissen.com /L7er4F7wqiGX3FGjGO2EmQ%3D%3D_Peptidoglycan.html (297 words)

	SVIBOR - Project code: 3-01-254
		Among biological activities, the influence of peptidoglycan monomer on humoral and cell activity; immunostimulation characteristics and other effects on the organism will be studied.
		The main goal of the pharmacokinetical research is to achieve the conditions (if pharmacodinamical and toxicological results are positive) for pharmacological opinion, necessary for approval license to start the first phase of clinical trials.
		Tissue distribution of drugs, specially of peptidoglycan monomer and its kinetics will be of special interest.
	www.mzos.hr /svibor/3/01/254/proj_e.htm (327 words)

	Antibiotics
		The beta-lactams all work by interfering with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall — a structure that is not found in eukaryotes.
		The beta-lactam antibiotics bind to and inhibit enzymes needed for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan wall.
		Bacteria may modify the structure of their peptidoglycan wall and thus avoid the inhibitory effects of antibiotics like cycloserine.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/Antibiotics.html (2254 words)

	Diagram of a Gram positive bacterial cell wall, Picture by Russell Kightley Media
		There may be a gap or periplasmic space between the peptidoglycan layer and the plasma membrane.
		Peptidoglycan forms a huge polymer that envelopes the entire cell.
		This apparent gap between the peptidoglycan layer and the plasma membrane mighht be a less dense gel of peptidoglycan.
	www.rkm.com.au /BACTERIA/Gram-positive-wall.html (343 words)

	Genetic Analysis of Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis in Mycobacteria: Characterization of a ddlA Mutant of Mycobacterium ...
		Genetic Analysis of Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis in Mycobacteria: Characterization of a ddlA Mutant of Mycobacterium smegmatis -- Belanger et al.
		Genetic Analysis of Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis in Mycobacteria: Characterization of a ddlA Mutant of Mycobacterium smegmatis
		Feng, Z., Barletta, R. Roles of Mycobacterium smegmatisD-Alanine:D-Alanine Ligase and D-Alanine Racemase in the Mechanisms of Action of and Resistance to the Peptidoglycan Inhibitor D-Cycloserine.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/182/23/6854 (215 words)

	The Individualist: Peptidoglycan
		Antibacterial drugs such as penicillin target the peptidoglycan layer by interfering with its formation, specifically the crosslinking enzyme transpeptidase.
		Mutations in the transpeptidase enzyme (also known as penicillin binding protein or PBP) which lead to reduced interactions between an antibiotic and the bacterial PBPs are a significant cause of emerging antibiotic resistance.
		The peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall is a crystal lattice structure formed from linear chains of two alternating amino sugars, namely N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetyl muramic acid (MurNAc).
	www.dadamo.com /wiki/wiki.pl?Peptidoglycan (406 words)

	Chicken egg white Lysozyme
		Lysozyme is 129 aminoacid residues enzyme (EC 3.2.1.17) which catalyzes hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrins.
		In viruses (or bacteriophages), Lysozyme is used as an agent to break into the host bacterial cell.
		Lysozyme from the tail of the virus (or bacteriophage) destroys the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall and then virus can injects its DNA.
	lysozyme.co.uk (0 words)

	SVIBOR - Papers - project code: 1-07-027
		Summary: The formation of the peptidoglycan monomer complexes with Hg(II),Al(III), La(III) and V(III) ions was investigated by thepotentiometric method developed for the amino acids metalcomplexes.
		The stability constants of the complexes, calculatedon the basis of titrations with alkali, are compared withliterature data for the same metal ion complexes with some aminoacids.
		Title: The use of peptidoglycan monomer, its N-acyl derivatives and its metal complexes in the preparation of medicaments for the correction of theimmunosuppressive and hepatosuppressive states of the organism
	www.mzos.hr /svibor/1/07/027/rad_e.htm (499 words)

	Antibacterial Agents - Lysozyme-mediated peptidoglycan degradation is not re...
		Antibacterial Agents - Lysozyme-mediated peptidoglycan degradation is not re...
		According to a study from the United States, the peptidoglycan-degrading property of lysozyme is not required for bactericidal activity in vivo.
		They continued, "Lysozyme degrades peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall leading to rapid killing of Gram-positive organisms; however, this mechanism cannot...
	www.newsrx.com /newsletters/Drug-Week/2006-08-25/08252006333387W.html (190 words)

	The Infography about Bacterial Peptidoglycan and the Cell Wall
		The following sources are recommended by a professor whose research specialty is bacterial infection of the cell wall.
		Wall peptidoglycan assembly and resistance to penicillin: Facts, doubts and hopes.
		Peptidoglycan types of bacterial cell walls and their taxonomic implications.
	www.infography.com /content/133900905090.html (172 words)

	Activation of the alternate complement pathway by peptidoglycan from streptococcal cell wall. -- Greenblatt et al. 19 ...
		Activation of the alternate complement pathway by peptidoglycan from streptococcal cell wall.
		B by peptidoglycan was shown to occur by immunoelectrophoresis
		Jawdat, D. M., Rowden, G., Marshall, J. Mast Cells Have a Pivotal Role in TNF-Independent Lymph Node Hypertrophy and the Mobilization of Langerhans Cells in Response to Bacterial Peptidoglycan.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/19/1/296 (204 words)

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