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Topic: Per Teodor Cleve

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	VIAS Encyclopedia: Thulium
		Thulium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879 by looking for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements.
		Cleve started by removing all of the known contaminants of erbia (Er) and upon additional processing, obtained two new substances: one brown and one green.
		Cleve named the oxide thulia and its element thulium after Thule, an ancient Roman name for a mythical country in the far north, perhaps Scandinavia.
	www.vias.org /encyclopedia/persys_tm.html (302 words)

	Per Teodor Cleve - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Per Teodor Cleve (Stockholm February 10, 1840 - Uppsala June 18, 1905) was a Swedish chemist and geologist.
		After graduating from the Stockholm Gymnasium in 1858, Cleve matriculated at the University of Uppsala in May 1858, where he received his Ph.D. in 1863.
		Also, in 1874, he concluded that didymium was in fact two elements, now known as neodymium and praseodymium.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Per_Teodor_Cleve (144 words)

	Biography of Cleve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Cleve graduated from the University of Uppsala in 1863, and in 1874 became a professor at that same university.
		Cleve was interested in many branches of science, including chemistry, geology, botany and hydrography.
		Cleve continued the study of the rare earth erbia, from which the Swiss chemist Marignac had isolated ytterbium and scandium.
	genchem.chem.wisc.edu /lab/PTL/PTL/BIOS/cleve.htm (140 words)

	Astrid Cleve von Euler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Astrid Cleve föddes i Uppsala den 22 januari 1875 som dotter till Per Teodor Cleve och hans hustru Alma Öbom.
		Därmed blev Cleve den första kvinnan i Sverige som var filosofie doktor i ett naturvetenskapligt ämne.
		Mellan 1911 och 1917 var Cleve lärare i Stockholm.
	www.nrm.se /kbo/utst/hist/acleve2.html.se (405 words)

	Cleve, Per Teodor -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Cleve became assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Uppsala in 1868 and in addition taught at the Technological Institute in Stockholm from 1870 to 1874.
		It was discovered in 1878 by J.L. Soret and M. Delafontaine and separately in 1879 by Per Teodor Cleve.
		The Swedish writer Per Hallström is widely considered to be his country's first master of the short-story genre.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9024355 (703 words)

	Helium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The flow of heat is governed by equations that are similar to the wave equation used to characterize sound propagation in air.
		It was independently isolated from cleveite the same year by Swedish chemists Per Teodor Cleve and Abraham Langlet in Uppsala in Sweden.
		However, in the Earth's atmosphere, the concentration of helium by volume is only 5.2 parts per million at sea level and up to 15 miles (24 km), largely because most helium in the Earth's atmosphere escapes into space due to its inertness and low mass.
	www.pineville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Helium (4733 words)

	MSN Encarta - Resultados de la búsqueda - Per Albin Hansson
		Per Albin Hansson (1885-1946), político sueco, primer ministro (1932-1946).
		El volumen per cápita del comercio interior y exterior de Bangladesh es bajo.
		Por definición, la industrialización aumenta la renta per cápita nacional.
	es.encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/searchdetail.aspx?q=Per+Albin+Hansson&pg=1&grp=art (274 words)

	Per Teodor Cleve - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Per Teodor Cleve - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The mineral cleveite was named in 1878 by the geologist and explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld in his honour.
		Cleve was the maternal grandfather of Ulf von Euler(1905-1981), a Nobel prize winner, physiologist and pharmacologist.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Per_Teodor_Cleve (216 words)

	Holmium History Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Holmium was discovered in 1879 by the Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve (1840-1905).
		Cleve found the new element in a mineral called ytterite that had been discovered nearly a century earlier by a Swedish army officer, Carl Axel Arrhenius (1757- 1824).
		Ytterite was the subject of considerable research on the part of chemists and mineralogists and was eventually to yield nine new elements.
	www.bookrags.com /history/chemistry/holmium-woc.html (321 words)

	Rare Earth Details
		Holmium was discovered in 1878 by the Swiss chemists Jacques Louis Soret and Marc Delafontaine, and, independently, by the Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879.
		Cleve named the element after his native city of Stockholm, Sweden (the latinized name of Stockholm is Holmia).
		Thulium ranks 61st in abundance among the elements in the crust of the earth and is found in small quantities in such rare earth minerals as euxenite, gadolinite, and blomstrandine.
	www.candldevelopment.com /rare_earth_detail.htm (1787 words)

	Per Teodor Cleve -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Per Teodor Cleve -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		After graduating from the Stockholm (Athletic facility equipped for sports or physical training) Gymnasium in 1858, Cleve matriculated at the (Click link for more info and facts about University of Uppsala) University of Uppsala in May 1858, where he received his Ph.D. in 1863.
		The mineral (Click link for more info and facts about cleveite) cleveite was named in 1878 by the geologist and explorer (Click link for more info and facts about Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld) Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld in his honour.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pe/per_teodor_cleve.htm (200 words)

	Holmium History Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Credit for the discovery of holmium is usually assigned to Per Teodor Cleve (1840-1905), a Swedish chemist who was a professor at the University of Uppsala.
		In 1879, Cleve discovered that the rare earth mineral erbia was not a pure substance, but a mixture of three oxides.
		Cleve selected the name holmium for one of the new elements in honor of his city of birth, Stockholm.
	www.bookrags.com /history/sciencehistory/holmium-wsd (238 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Nils Langlet
		From 1886 to 1896, he studied chemistry under Per Teodor Cleve at Uppsala University, where he obtained a doctorate in 1896, and was made docent in the same year.
		In 1899, he became lecturer in Chemistry and Chemical Technology at the Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, where he received a professorship in the same field in 1911.
		In 1895, while working with Cleve in Uppsala, he made the independent discovery of the element helium (in the same year discovered by William Ramsay) in the mineral cleveite.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Nils_Langlet (306 words)

	Scandium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		To isolate the element he processed 10 kilograms of euxenite with other rare-earth residues to obtain about 2 grams of very pure scandium oxide (Sc Dmitri Mendeleev, in 1869, predicted the existence and some properties of this element, which he called ekaboron, using his periodic law.
		Per Teodor Cleve discovered scandium oxide at about the same time as Nilson but unlike Nilson, Cleve determined that scandium was identical to ekaboron.
		In 1937 metallic scandium was prepared for the first time by electrolysis of a eutectic melt of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides at 700 to 800° C. Tungsten wire in a pool of liquid zinc were the electrodes in a graphite crucible.
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/sc/Scandium.htm (669 words)

	Encyclopedia: Per Teodor Cleve
		People who viewed "Per Teodor Cleve" also viewed:
		Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld by Georg von Rosen Baron (Nils) Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, also known as A. Nordenskioeld (November 18, 1832 — August 12, 1901) was a Finnish geologist, mineralogist and arctic explorer of Finland_Swedish extraction.
		Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Per-Teodor-Cleve (605 words)

	Storia della chimica e della scienza. Biografie di scienziati. Cleve, Per Teodor
		Tra il 1900 e il 1905 fu presidente del comitato per l’assegnazione del premio Nobel per la chimica dell’Accademia svedese delle scienze.
		Le ricerche di C. si diressero con successo anche verso la chimica organica, in particolare verso la chimica del naftalene, con la scoperta di 6 dei 10 possibili dicloruri relativi.
		Scoprì inoltre gli acidi amminosulfonici, per qualche tempo detti acidi di C. Negli ultimi 15 anni della sua carriera, C. tornò a occuparsi di biologia, dedicando due monografie alle alghe svedesi, divenendo con il tempo un’autorità internazionalmente riconosciuta in materia.
	www.minerva.unito.it /Storia/bio%20html/Cleve.html (408 words)

	Holmium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Later in 1878, Per Teodor Cleve independently discovered the element while he was working on erbia earth (erbium oxide).
		Using the method developed by Carl Gustaf Mosander, Cleve first removed all of the known contaminants from erbia.
		Its estimated abundance in the Earth's crust is 1.3 milligrams per kilogram.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/H/Holmium.htm (583 words)

	CLEVE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Search the CLEVE Family Message Boards at Ancestry.com (if available).
		Search the CLEVE Family Resource Center at RootsWeb.com (if available).
		Find graves of people named CLEVE at Find-a-Grave.com (or add one that you know).
	www.worldhistory.com /surname/US/C/CLEVE.htm (73 words)

	Por Teodor Cleve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Por Teodor Cleve (de febrero el 10 de 1840 - de junio el 18 de 1905) estaban un químico y geólogo suecos.
		Cleve descubrió el holmium y el thulium de los elementos en 1879.
		English version: Per Teodor Cleve Next: Ayuda humanitaria Up
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/po/Por%20Teodor%20Cleve.htm (85 words)

	Thulium (Tm) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects
		Thulium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879 by looking for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements (this was the same method Carl Gustaf Mosander earlier used to discover some other rare earths elements).
		Cleve started by removing all of the known contaminants of erbia (Er
		Thulium is a lanthanide element, the least abundant of the rare earths and its metal is easy to work, has a bright silvery-gray luster and can be cut by a knife.
	www.lenntech.com /Periodic-chart-elements/Tm-en.htm (722 words)

	HOLMIUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		In datzelfde jaar ontdekte Per Teodor Cleve onafhankelijk van Delafontaine en Soret het element tijdens het onderzoeken van erbiumoxide.
		Holmium is vernoemd naar de Latijnse naam voor Stockholm: Holmia, de woonplaats van Cleve.
		Holmium beschikt over bijzondere magnetische eigenschappen en wordt industriëel voornamelijk gebruikt als magnetische flux concentrator.
	www.thumpershollow.com /encyclopedia/H/Holmium (301 words)

	79arrhenius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Professor Per Teodor Cleve, his doctoral advisor, was a distinguished scientist and the discoverer of the two metals: holmium (holmio was the Latin name for Stockholm) and thulium.
		Cleve considered theory to be something like Henry Ford's history, that is "bunk." Arrhenius's thesis dissertation was closely fought, and the outcome was only a partial victory for him.
		He received his doctorate degree of the fourth class, the lowest of four possible grades, and designated non sine laude approhatur, approved not without praise.
	blake.montclair.edu /%7Ekowalskil/cf/78arrhenius.html (1196 words)

	Holmium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The result of that effort was two new materials, one brown and one green.
		He named the brown substance holmia (after the Latin name for Cleve's home town, Stockholm) and the green one thulia.
		Holmia was later found to be the holmium oxide and thulia was thulium oxide.
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/ho/Holmium.htm (524 words)

	June 18 - Today In Science History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		He tried to solve the questions of space density of stars as a function of distance from the sun, and the distribution of starts according to brightness per unit volume.
		In 1874, Cleve concluded that didymium was in fact two elements (this was proved in 1885 and the two elements named neodymium and praseodymium.) In 1879, he showed that scandium (discovered by Lars Nilson), was in fact the eka-boron predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in his periodic table.
		Also in 1879, working with a sample of erbia that had all traces of scandia and ytterbia removed, he found two new earths, which he named holmium, after Stockholm, and thulium, after the old name for Scandinavia.
	www.todayinsci.com /6/6_18.htm (1854 words)

	Holmium - netlexikon
		1879 entdeckte der schwedische Chemiker Per Teodor Cleve das neue Element unabhängig von den beiden Schweizern und isolierte es als gelbes Oxid aus Erbium (Erbiumoxid).
		Cleve wendete eine von Mosander entwickelte Methode an; er trennte erst alle bekannten Verunreinigungen ab bevor er versuchte den Rest zu trennen.
		Ob er die Bezeichnung Holmium, vorgeschlagen von Cleve für die schwedische Landeshauptstadt Stockholm, übernahm oder als Ableitung seines Namens betrachtete, ist nicht bekannt.
	www.lexikon-definition.de /Holmium.html (435 words)

	Gun and Game Forums - Uwwww Smith & Wesson Scandium framed commander sized 1911a1
		When scandium iodide is added to mercury vapor lamps a highly efficient artificial sunlight-like light source is produced which is used in indoor or night-time color televisions.
		Approximately 80 kg of scandium is used in lightbulbs globally per year.
		The main usage by volume is in aluminium-scandium alloys for sporting goods (bikes, baseball bats, etc.) When added to aluminium, it can produce improvements in strength, ductility, aging response and grain refinement through the formation of the Al3Sc phase.
	www.gunandgame.com /forums/showthread.php?t=22917 (1488 words)

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